fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;

Nfhskhdp

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

A. gpujhd / epiyf;Fj;J mstpil B. tl;l mstpil C. eLf;fhy; D. epiyahd fhy; E. FLkp

Nfhskhdp 1.4.2

NfhskhdpahdJ td;ikahd jputpaj;jpdhyhd rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; cr;rpfspy; nghUe;jf;$bajhd %d;W ru;trkdhd epiyahd fhy;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,f; fhy;fspd; Edpfs; cz;lhf;Fk; Kf;Nfhzpapd; Rw;Wtl;l ikaj;jpD}lhf rPuhd GupAila jpUF xd;W nry;fpd;wJ. ,J eLf;fhy; vdg;gLk;. eLf;fhYld; xU tl;l mstpil fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. tl ; l mst pilf ; F mUf py ; mjw ; Fr ; nrq ; Fj ; j h f e piyf ; Fj ; J mst pil nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapy; jpUfpd;/tl;l mstpilapd; KOr;Row;rpapd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; tl;l mstpilapy; vQ;rpa Rw;wpd; gpd;dj;ijAk; mstplyhk;.

xU KOr;Row;rp

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

tl;l mstpil 50 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fUtpfspy; tl;l mstpilapd;/jpUfpd; xU KOr; Row;rpapd; NghJ eLf;fhy; mm Gupapilj; J}uj;jpw;$lhf mirAk;

,opntz;zpf;if

50 gpupTfspy; Roy eLf;fhy; mirAk; J}uk; = 1/2 mm

/ 1gpupTf;$lhf tl;l mstpil Roy eLf;fhy; mirAk; J}uk;

mm01.0

mm100

1

50

2/1

tl;l mstpil 100 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fUtpfspy; Gupapilj;J}uk; 1 mm Mf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opntz;zpf;ifAk; 0.01mm MFk;. NtW rpy fUtpfspy; tl;l mstpil 200 gpupTfshfTk; Gupapilj;J}uk; 1 mm MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opntz;z;f;if 0.005mm MFk;.

fz;zhbj; jl;nlhd;wpd; kPJ Nfhskhdpia itj;J eLf;fhiyg; gjpj;J/ cau;j;jp fz;zhbj; jl;Lld; eLf;fhypd; KidAk; tpk;gj;jpd; KidAk; njhlr; nra;AkhW nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyia eLf;fhypd; Mbtpk;gk; Nky; fz;zhbj; jl;by; Njhd;Wk; ,t; tpk;g EdpAk; eLf;fhypd; EdpAk; xd;iwnahd;Wk; njhLtjd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,e;epiyapy; tl;l mstpilapd; G+r;rpak; epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapd; G+r;rpaj;Jld;

G+r;rpa tOitj;Jzpjy;

Note : ,q;F jsthb gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy Vnddpy; jsthbf;F jbg;G ,Ug;gjdhYk; ,urg; G+r;rpy; njwpf;Fk; tpk;gk; gpufhrkhf njuptjdhYk; Nkw;gug;gpy; nghUe;Jif mtjhdpg;gJ fbdkhFk;.

2

1

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

Neu;g;g+r;rpa tO

Nfhskhdpapd; ehd;F fhy;fSk; fz;zhbj;jl;il njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ glj;jpy; fhl;bathW Nfhskhdpapd; tl;l mstpilapd; xU gpupT epiyf;Fj;J mstpilAld; nghUe;jpapUg;gpd; fUtp Neu;g;g+r;rpatO cilajhff; fUjg;gLk;.

Neug;g+r;rpa tO = nghUe;Jk; gpupT x ,opntz;zpf;if = 5 x 0.01 = +0.05mm

kiwg;g+r;rpa tO

Nfhskhdpapd; ehd;F fhy;fSk; fz;zhbj;jl;il njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ glj;jpy; fhl;bathW Nfhskhdpapd; tl;l mstpilapd; xU gpupT epiyf;Fj;J mstpilAld; nghUe;jpapUg;gpd; fUtp kiwg;g+r;rpatO cilajhff; fUjg;gLk;.

kiwg;g+r;rpa tO = (tl;l mstpilg; gpupTfs; - nghUe;Jk; gpupTfs;) x ,opntz;zpf;if = (50 - 48) x 0.01 = -0.02mm

Nfhskhdpapy; g+r;rpa tO ,Ug;gpDk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ nghJthf ,U thrpg;Gf;fspd; tpj;jpahrk; fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; g+r;rpa tOitf; fzpf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. thrpg;G vLf;Fk; NghJ gpd;dbg;G tOit(Back lash error) jtpu;g;gjw;F vg;NghJk; jpUF xNu jpirapy; Row;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

NOTE

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

thrpg;G vLf;fg;gLk; NghJ epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapd; g+r;rpaf; Fwpf;F Nky; vLf;fg;gLk; thrpg;Gf;fs; Neu;(+) vdTk; mjw;Ff; fPo; vLf;fg;gLk; thrpg;Gf;fs; kiw( -) vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLk;. Nfhskhdp %d;W fhy;fspy; jhq;fg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; 1. cWjpr; rkepiyiag; Ngzy;. 2. %d;W Gs;spfspD}L xU jsk;(fpil) nry;Yk;.

gad;ghLfs;

1. ehzaf;Fw;wp Nghd;w rpwpa nghUl;fspd; jbg;G 2. jl;bYs;s Jthuj;jpd; rpW Mok;. Eg: CD 3. NfhsNkw;gug;Gfspd; tistpdhiu Jzpjy;. 4. rpy cNyhff; Nfhy;fspy; Vw;gLk; mm tupirapyhd rpwpa khw;wq;fis mstply;.

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp NfhsNkw;gug;gpd; tistpdhiuia Jzpjy;.

NfhskhdpahdJ fz;zhbj; jl;nlhd;wpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;L mjd; eLf;fhiyg; gjpj;J fz;zhbj;jl;il kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Nfhskhdpapd; Muk;g thrpg;G Fwpf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; jug;gl;l tisNkw;gug;gpd; kPJ Nfhskhdpia itj;J eLf;fhiy cau;j;jp ehd;F fhy;fSk; NfhsNkw;gug;ig njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Nfhskhdpapd; thrpg;G Fwpf;fg;gLk;. Nfhskhdpapd; ,U thrpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; eLf;fhy; cau;e;j cauk; h ,idj; jUk;.

nfhs;if

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

26

22

3

3

223

230cos

2

2

h

h

aR

h

h

a

R

ax

xa

x

ao

Nfhskhdpapd; ghjq;fis jhnshd;wpy; gjpj;J Fw;Wf;fspd; milahsq;fisg; ngw;W mLj;jLj;j Gs;spfSf;fpilg;gl;l J}uj;ij Ntzpau; ,Lf;Fkhdpiaf; nfhz;L mse;J a apd; ruhrupg;ngWkhdk; fzpf;fg;gLk;. ghlrhiy Ma;T$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhskhdpapd; tPr;R (–7mm) - (+7mm)

NOTE

Nfj;jpu fzpjj;jpd;gb

22

2

2

)2(

2

22

22

h

h

xR

hxRh

hRhx

hRhxx

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

cjhuzq;fs;

thrpg;G = 2.00mm + (23 x 0.01) mm = +2.23mm

thrpg;G = 0 + (34 x 0.01mm) = +0.34mm

thrpg;G = - *3.50mm + (50 - 35) x 0.01mm+ = - 3.65mm

,U thrpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk;? A apy; thrpg;G = 2.00mm + (49 x 0.01mm) = + 2.49mm B apy; thrpg;G = -*3.50mm+(50-37)x0.01mm+ = - 3.63mm thrpg;Gfspd; tpj;jpahrk; = 2.49 - (-3.63) = 6.12mm

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b (Travelling microscope)

A - EZf;Ff;fhl;b

B - ghu;itj;Jz;L

C - Nkil

D - epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpau;

E - fpil Ntzpau;

F - ePu; kl;lk;

G - cUg;ngUf;Fk; tpy;iy

H - EZf;Ff;fhl;bia fpilahf/ epiyf;Fj;jhf epiyepWj;Jk; jpUF

S1 - EZf;Ff;fhl;bia Ftpag;gLj;Jk; jpUF Fkpo;

S2 - Nkilia kl;lkhf;Fk; jpUF

S3 - epiyf;Fj;J tOf;Fk; jhilia Ez;efu;j;Jk; jpUF epiyf;Fj;J

Ez;nrg;gkhf;fp Fkpo;

S4 - fpil Ntzpaiu/ tOf;Fk; jhilia Ez;efu;j;Jk; jpUF ,il

Ez;nrg;gkhf;fp Fkpo;

S5 - fpil mirit epiyepWj;Jk; jpUF.

S2

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

,jpYs;s EZf;Ff;fhl;b fpilahfTk; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; miraf;$bajhFk;. ,t; mirT Ntzpau; mstpilapd; 0.01mm ,w;F jpUj;jkhf msf;fyhk;.

0

0 50

24mm gpujhd mstpil

Ntzpau; mstpil

,jpy; 50 Ntzpau; gpupTfs; gpujhd mstpilapd; 49 gpupTld; nghUe;Jk;. gpujhd mstpil 1/2mm uPjpapy; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 50 Ntzpau; gpupT ePsk; = 49 x 1/2 mm 1 Ntzpau; gpupT ePsk; = 49/50 x 1/2 = 49/100 ,opntz;zpf;if = 0.5 - 0.49 = 0.01mm

,jidg; gad;gLj;jp mstPL vLf;Fk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait

fUtpapd; Nkil/jsk;/Mjhuk; fpilahf tUk; tiu ,jpYs;s ePu; kl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;J fUtpapd; ghjq;fshf cs;s jpUFfs; rup nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (ePu; kl;lj;jpYs;s tspf;Fkpop kj;jpf;F nfhz;L tug;gly; Ntz;Lk;)

EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; FWf;Ff;fk;gp fpilahfTk; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; ,Uf;FkhW rup-nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gpd; FWf;Ff;fk;gp njspthf njupAk;tiu EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; ghu;itj;Jz;bid Kd;gpd; mirj;J nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

rpy fUtpfspy; 10-6m tiu mstplf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,f;fUtp micrometer vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

NOTE

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp kapu;j;Jisf;Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; msj;jy;

Kjypy; ePu;kl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;J ghjq;fshf cs;s jpUFfs; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;L Nkil/Mjhuk; fpilepiyf;F kl;lkhf;fg;gLk;. gpd; EZf;Ff;fhl;b fpilepiyf;F kl;lkhf;fg;gLk;. fpilahd miktpw;F jpUg;gg;gl;L FWf;Ff;fk;gpfs; fpilahfTk; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; ,Uf;FkhW rup nra;ag;gLk;. gpd;du; FWf;Ff;fk;gp njspthfj; Njhd;Wk; tiu ghu;itj;Jz;L Kd; gpd;dhf mirj;J nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;.

fpilf; FWf;Ff;fk;gp

epiyf;Fj;Jf; FWf;Ff;fk;gp

gpd;du; jug;gl;l kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mr;R EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; xNu mr;rpy; ,Uf;FkhW mjw;F Kd;ghf Vwj ;jho 5cm J}uj;j py ; Fohapd; Kfk; ,Uf;fkhW jhq;fpapy; nghUj;jg;gLk;.

gpd;du; FohapdJ Kfj;jpd; tpk;gk; FWf;Ff;fk;gpapy; njspthfj; njupAk; tiu EZf;Ff; fhl;bapYs;s Fkpo; S1 rup nra;ag;gLk; (Kfj;jpdJ tpk;gk; njspthf njupAkhW Ftpag;gLj;jg;gLk;). rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fohapd; Kfk; njspthfj; njuptjw;F mjw;F Kd;ghf mUfpy; kpd;Fkpo; %yk; xspu;T gLj;jg;gLk;

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

ghu;itg; Gyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; tpk;gk;.

Fohapd; epiyf;Fj;jhd cs;tpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fpilf;FWf;Ff; fk;gp tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpia njhLk; NghJ epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapy; thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;. mNjNghy; tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;jpd; fPo;g;gFjpia njhLk; NghJk; thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;. ,q;F ngwg;gLtJ Fohapd; Kfj;jpd; jiyfPo; tpk;gkhFk;.

Fohapd; fpilahd cs;/mf tpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; epiyf;Fj;J FWf;Ff;fk;gp gpd;tUk; epiyfspy; tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;ij njhLk; nghOJ fpilahd mstpilapy; thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;.

nghUs; nghUs;

tpk;gk; tpk;gk;

A

B

A

B

C

D

D

C

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

cjhuzk;

tpk;g epiy gpujhd mstpil

Ntzpau; mstpil

thrpg;G(mm)

A

B

D

79

80

52

53

42

36

25

17

79 + (42x0.01) = 79.42

80 + (36x0.01) = 80.36

52 + (25x0.01) = 5 2.25

53 + (17x0.01) = 53.17

epiyf;Fj;J mftpl;lk;

fpil mftpl;lk;

ruhrup mftpl;lk;

mm94.0

42.7936.80

mm92.0

25.5217.53

mm93.02

86.1

2

92.094.0

,t;thW kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; ntsptpl;lj;ijAk; Jzpayhk;.

,q ;F Fohapd ; mftpl ;lk ; Fohapd ; xU KidapNyNa msf;fg ;gLtjhy ; ,J jpUj;jkhdjy;y. Vnddpy; Fohapd; cs;tl;lk; Foha; topNa rPuw;W ,Uf;fyhk; . vdNt ,ur ,ioiag; gad;gLj;jp Fohapd; mftpl;lk; jpUj;jkhff; fzpf;fg;gLk;.

NOTE

C

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

,ur ,ioiag; gad;gLj;jp kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mf Miuia Jzpjy;

Kjypy; kapu;j;Jisf;Foha; J}a;ikahf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Rj;jkhf;Fk; xOq;F Kiw 1. fhuf;fiuryhy; fOTjy; 2. mkpyf;fiuryhy; fOTjy; 3. J}a ePuhy; fOTjy; 4. cyu;j;jy; (#lhd tsp) gpd;du; kapu;j;Jisf; FohapDs; ,urk; GFj;jg;gLk; ,jw;F ,U Kiwfisf; ifahsyhk;. 1. Fohapd; xU Kidia ,urj;jpDs; mkpo;j;jp Fohapd; eLg;gFjpia ntg;gNkw;wp tspia ntspNaw;wpa gpd; ntspKidia tpuyhy; %b eLg;gFjpia Fspu;tpf;f ,urk; cs;nsLf;fg;gLk;. 2. kapu;j;Jisf;Fohapd; xU Kidahy; ,wg;gu; Fohiag; nghUj;jp ,wg;gu; Fohapd; kWKidia kbj;J gpd; Fohia mOj;jp tspia ntspNaw;wpa gpd; Fohapd; kWKid-ia ,urj;jpDs; itj;J mOj;jpa Fohia jsu;j;Jk; NghJ ,urk; cs;nsLf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; kapu;j;Jisf;Foha; rPuhdjh? vdg; ghu;f;f FohapDs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,urepuy; epiyepWj;jg;gl;L mjd; ePsk; efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLk;.

l l l

vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,urepuypd; ePsk; l khwhj xNu ngWkjp cilaJ vdpd; Foha; rPuhd Jis cilajhFk;. gpd;du; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ur epuypd; jpzpT(m) tpQ;Qhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhirf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLk;.

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

l

D

jpzpT = fdtsT x mlu;j;jp

l

mr

l

mD

l

mD

lD

m

lDm

2

2

2

2

4

4

)2

(

Miu

nraw;ghL

efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp ,wg;gu; Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq;fs; - efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> ,wg;gu;Foha; jhq;fp

nfhs;if - Ntzpau; mstpiliaf; nfhz;l cgfuznkhd;wpd; gpujhd mstpilapd; n gFjpfs; Ntzpau; mstpilapd; N gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhapd; kpfr;rpwpa mstPL = 1 gpujhd gpuptpd; ePsk; - 1 Ntzpau; gpuptpd; ePsk; x gpujhd mstpilapd; 1 gpupT ePsk;

nra;Kiw jug;gl;l efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; kpfr;rpwpa mstPL fz;lwpe;J gjpag;gLk;. efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gpujhd ghfq;fs; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b fpilahd mikTf;F jpUg;gg;gl;l gpd; mjd; Kd;jhq;fpapd; cjtpAld; jug;gl;l ,wg;gu; Foha; fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gLk;. g pd ;du ; Fohapd; Kfj;j pd ; tpk ;gkhdJ FWf;Ff;fk ;g pa py ; njspthfj ; Njhd;WkhW EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; jpUF nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;.

N

R1

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

C A

B D

X3 X1 X2 X4

H

E

F

G y3

y1

y2

y4

Fohapd; fpilahd mftpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; epiyf;Fj;Jf; FWf;Ff; fk;gp tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;jpd; fpilg;gFjpfis (A,B) njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; fpilNtzpaupy; thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;. ,Nj Nghy; ntsptpl;lj;jpd; gFjpfisj; njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; (C,D) thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;. gpd;du; mftpl;lj;jpd; Nky; gFjpfis fpilf;FWf;Ff;fk;gp njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; (E,F) epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpaupy; thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;. ,NjNghy; ntsptpl;lj;jpd; gFjpfis (G,H) njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

thrpg;Gf;fSk; fzpj;jy;fSk;

mftpl;lj;jpw;fhd thrpg;Gf;fs;

fpil x1 x2

epiyf;Fj;J y1 y2

ntsptpl;lj;jpw;fhd thrpg;Gf;fs;

fpil x3 x4

epiyf;Fj;J y3 y4

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;) njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

juk; 12>13

mftpl;lj;jpd; ruhrup

ntsptpl;lj;jpd; ruhrup

2

)()( 1212 yyxx

2

)()( 3434 yyxx

KbT - fzpj;jy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; KbTfisf; Fwpg;gply; fye;Jiuahly; - KbTfs; kw;Wk; tOf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;.