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PREFACEOn February 22-24,2007, seventy Next Generation Fellows from the West Coast

and across the nation including government officials, representatives from

business, government, law, international institutions, the military, nonprofit

organizations, academia, and the media gathered at the Faculty Club of the

University of California,San Diego, for a meeting of the Next Generation Project:

U.S. Global Policy and the Future of International Institutions. The West Coast

Assembly was co-sponsored by the Graduate School of International Relations

and Pacific Studies, led by Dean Peter F.Cowhey, and The American Assembly. It

was the second of six meetings taking place across the country,

culminating with a national Assembly held in Washington D.C. with the Woodrow

Wilson International Center for Scholars in June, 2008, timed to coincide with the

run-up to the presidential election. The Fellows at the West Coast Assembly,

representing a range of views, backgrounds,and interests, were divided into three

equal groups for four discussion sessions on U.S. foreign policy and the interna-

tional system in the 21st century. A volume of background reading was compiled

to provide common ground for the diverse group of Fellows. The table of

contents from the background material can be found at the appendix of this report.

The Next Generation Project is directed by Francis J. Gavin,Tom Slick Professor

in International Affairs and Director of Studies at the Strauss Center for

International Security and Law at The University of Texas at Austin. The project isably assisted by a senior advisory council and steering committee of

distinguished leaders, whose names and affiliations are listed at the end of this

report. The senior advisory council is chaired by Admiral B.R. Inman, Lyndon B.

Johnson Centennial Chair in National Policy,The University of Texas at Austin, who

attended the West Coast Assembly and delivered a formal address. The steering

committee is led by Andrew P.N. Erdmann, Consultant, McKinsey & Co., Inc.

After introductory remarks, the West Coast Assembly opened with a stimulating

panel of experts with diverse world views. The panel, moderated by Peter

Cowhey, was comprised of Greg Arnold, Managing Partner, CE2 Capital

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Partners LLC; Sonya Summerour Clemmons,President & CEO, SSC Enterprises

Biopharma Business Solutions;and Howard A. Shelanski,Associate Dean,School

of Law-Boalt Hall, University of California, Berkeley. In addition to the speech

by Admiral Inman the Fellows heard an address by Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean

of Princeton Universitys Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International

Affairs. The panel and Admiral Inmans address can be found on the Next

Generation Projects dedicated website, www.nextgenerationproject.org, along

with a link to this report and additional information about the initiative. The site

will be continually updated as the project progresses.

The Assembly gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Ford

Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, The Coca-Cola Company,

the Hickrill Foundation, the Nasher Foundation, and others. A complete list of

funders can be found on the projects website.

The American Assembly and the Graduate School of International Relations

and Pacific Studies take no position on any subjects presented here for public

discussion. In addition, it should be noted that Fellows took part in this meet-

ing as individuals and spoke for themselves rather than for their affiliated organ-

izations and institutions.

We would like to acknowledge and express special gratitude to the discussion

leaders and rapporteurs who guided the Fellows in the sessions and helped to

prepare the draft of this report: Alexis Albion, Hilary Aldama, Sharon Burke,

Joan Dempsey, Patrick Gorman, J.C. Herz,and Colin Kahl, with particular thanks to Joshua W. Busby, the Next Generation Projects deputy director.

David H. Mortimer

The American Assembly

3NEXT GENERATION PROJECT2

THE NExtGenerationProject:

U.S. GLObal Policy & the future ofinternational institutions

WEST COAST ASSEMBLY

DISCLAIMER At the close of their discussions, the Next Generation Fellows in the West Coast

Assembly of the Next Generation Project at the Faculty Club at the University of

California, San Diego, February 22-24, 2007, reviewed as a group the following

statement. This statement represents general agreement, however,no one was asked

to sign it. Furthermore, it should be understood that not everyone agreed with all of it.

INTRODUCTION

The landscape of global issues and actors has changed remarkably in the lastfifteen years in ways that challenge traditional models of governance.While the

world has changed, we have not changed nearly enough. We are not only in

need of a post-Cold War foreign policy; we are in need of a long-term strategy

that includes but looks beyond terrorism.That global policy must encompass a

broad geographic perspective and an expansive set of challenges and opportu-

nities. We increasingly need to widen our view from Europe and the Middle

East to Asia and the developing world. Terrorism and proliferation remain

critical issues that must be addressed. At the same time, other issues must

command more attention and resources, including economic openness, global

public health, and climate change.


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THE NEW GLOBAL LANDSCAPEFrom a rich and varied discussion that covered a wide array of topics, four

key themes emerged.

BEYOND NATIONAL SECURITY

No longer do we as individuals look primarily to the center, to the nation-state

(or at least the federal government),or to international institutions for solutions

to all core global policy challenges. Even as counterterrorism and security threats

have preoccupied us in the last few years, many of us see a world of transnational

challenges and opportunities beyond the narrow lens of national security.

While we acknowledge the dangers and

downsides of this globalized world, we see

many possibilities for positive-sum cooperation

rather than zero-sum outcomes.For example,

many of us view China in terms of mutual

opportunities rather than military competi-

tion. We recognize the potential problems for us in terms of outsourcing and

competition for energy resources. But viewing China primarily as a threat is

anachronistic and possibly dangerous.We worry that thinking about global prob-

lems in this way may become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

THE ECLIPSE OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE

While providing security largely remains the preserve of governments, fewer

international problems are of the sort where state-to-state diplomatic and

military activity or international institutions will be decisive on their own. Even

security issues like proliferation and terrorism are harder for states to control

in a world of shadowy criminal networks able to take advantage of the democ-

ratization of information, travel, and weaponry.

In our view, businesses, philanthropies, non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), and subnational governments are able agents of innovation and positive

social change. In certain instances, these organizations focus and flexibility

While we are optimistic about the possibilities for improving human welfare

here at home and around the world, the shadow of terrorism, institutional

inadequacy, and polarized and superficial public debate make us anxious about

the future and the role of the United States in the world.This sense of worry

is reinforced by Americas damaged international standing, including among a

number of our traditional friends and allies.

We acknowledge that almost every threat

we face cannot be tackled alone. Recognizing that this complex global environment

includes a new array of actors, our responses

must exploit innovative policy tools. No one

institution or even set of institutions will pro-

vide the answers we need. We must do a better job of matching talent to

problems by encouraging creative partner ships, non-traditional collaborations,

and policy entrepreneurship across sectors.

Our discussions laid the groundwork to assess the strengths and weakness of

our current national and international institutional architecture. Perhaps most

importantly, fellows with a wide range of backgrounds and per spectives discussed

these complex questions in a productive, respectful, and creative manner.

The discussion sessions were structured with several goals in mind. We identified

the factors and forces we believe will matter most in the years to come. Before

we leapt into remedies, including domestic and international responses, we

examined the new global landscape we face and the goals we should prioritize.

We explored the complexity, connections, and trade-offs involved in U.S. global

policy. We focused on the future while trying to avoid the partisan and ideo-

logical battles of the past.

The first section of our report identifies what we believe are the foundations

of the changing global environment within which the United States must operate.

The second section explores how public opinion both domestic and foreign

affects the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. In the final section, we identify

interests and challenges and suggest a menu of possible options t o improve U.S.

global policy.


We acknowledge that almostevery threat we face cannot

be tackled alone.

many of us view China in

terms of mutual opportunities

rather than military competition


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domestic educational system but also on how we attract and allow talented indi-

viduals from other countries to work in the United States. For global problems

like climate change, what large states like California do to shape the decisions of

thousands of private actors is extremely important, particularly when there is a

lack of decisive action and consensus at the national and international level.

THE SHADOW OF TERROR

While we are optimistic about the future, we recognize that there are potential dangers from an array of sources including the possibility of threats rang-

ing from conventional nation-state adversaries to decentralized terror networks

that could wield the means of mass violence.

We look to government to keep us safe, but the failure to prevent the 9/11

attacks, to manage the conflict in Iraq, and to deal with the aftermath of

Hurricane Katrina have all contributed to a crisis of confidence in the public

sphere. The United States must become

more proactive in anticipating and respond-

ing to future threats. The consequences of

repeated shortcomings, particularly another

large-scale terror attack on U.S. soil, would

impact not only the United States, but would

also have dire implications for the future of

an open, confident, and integrated world.

PuBlic OpinionAttitudes towards U.S. public opinion were mixed. While many were surprised

by poll data showing U.S. public support of multilateralism, humanitarian inter-

vention, the United Nations,and other international institutions,the consensus

was that for many years foreign policy was not a primary concern for the

American public and rarely a decisive voting issue. Public opinion of foreign

policy is often driven by its domestic consequences, e.g. jobs and avian flu.

Because of the lack of public awareness and discourse on global issues, decision

makers are largely insulated,and thus disconnected, from the electorate in the

enables them to operate more effectively than governments. In this vein, we

look quite favorably upon the activities of organizations such as the Bill &

Melinda Gates Foundation in addressing problems of global public health and

other issues. Part of this de-centered view is a product of our skepticism

about the competence and leadership of

both national and international governmental

institutions.While recent policy failures confirm

this view, the diffusion of technology has

empowered individuals and small groups to

operate beyond the bounds of state control.

Reform of national and international institutions is in many cases essential and

long overdue; in those cases where existing institutions are proving inadequate,

new ones may need to be created. The reform project seems necessary but

potentially intractable, whether it be the National Security Council, in the

United Nations family of institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or

the World Bank. We recognize their utility in some policy domains, but we are

uncertain whether energies are always best spent working to make these insti-

tutions better or encouraging new structures and collaborations to flourish.

We already see militaries, NGOs, and corporations working collaboratively to

provide humanitarian relief. We also have philanthropies partnering with

research consortia and international institutions to develop vaccines. Firms and

advocates have teamed up to work on corporate social responsibility.We support

decentralized innovation, while recognizing that these activities are not withoutproblems. Where we once had an expectation of public sector response, we

now have a patchwork of public-private initiatives. We see a need not only to

acknowledge this reality but actively shape it.

DOMESTIC POLICY AS FOREIGN POLICY

Moreover, with concerns about economic competitiveness, energy security, and

transnational migration rising to the fore, we are increasingly uncomfortable with

the division between domestic and international issues. Having enough engineers

and scientists to compete in the global economy depends not only on our


the diffusion of technology

has empowered individuals

and small groups

The United States must

become more proactive in

anticipating and responding

to future threats.


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vital. The United States can serve a powerful catalytic role in world politics,

helping to foster cooperation in areas of common concern.

At the same time, leadership does not mean perpetual dominance by a single

power or cooperation solely on American terms. None of our current

challenges can be solved by the United States alone. American leadership is

necessary, but not sufficient. True partnership is essential, especially with existing

and emerging powers.

The United States should promote a dynamic international order that is resilientand agile enough to address continuing and emerging challenges, including a

number of looming and potentially unprecedented dangers to human health

and well-being.

Moreover, as we promote liberty and common human values, we should resist

the urge to impose a one-size fits allmodel on other countries. Every country

must chart its own course toward development and human dignity. But as we

support their efforts, it is imperative that the United States,by example, promote

the notion that the rule of law provides the essential foundation for all viable and

just forms of government. Although the

constitutions and charters of countries will

inevitably vary, governing laws must be

legitimate, transparent, consistently applied,

and not subject to the whims of powerful

individuals and groups.

Finally, when addressing global challenges, we must avoid overreactions that

produce self-fulfilling prophecies and create more problems than they solve. In

responding to the threats revealed by the 9/11 attacks, for example, it was

widely felt that the U.S. war on terror was framed and prosecuted in a

manner that eroded Americas standing in the world. Similarly, if, in the decades

ahead, the rise of China is viewed as a threat to be managed or contained

rather than as an opportunity for strategic partnership and mutual economic

prosperity, we may produce an unnecessary confrontation.

remain largely the same as they were at our founding: security, prosperity, and

liberty. Keeping America safe and maintaining our way of life depends on a

secure homeland, a healthy and open global economy (including increasingly

efficient flows of trade, capital, labor, people,and information),cooperative and

friendly relations among nations and peoples, and promotion and protection of

basic human rights.

CONTINUING CHALLENGES

In a globalizing world of rapid demographic and technological change, humanity

faces a series of challenges.These include issues such as: terrorism, transnational

criminal networks, illicit trafficking, the war in Iraq, nuclear proliferation, the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, energy security, climate change and environmental

stewardship, global health,unfair trading practices, poverty and inequality, weak

and failing states, humanitarian crises, transnational migration, and alterations in

the global distribution of influence stemming from the emergence of China and

India as great powers.

The problems today are more intertwined

than they were ten or twenty years ago and

the role of technology and economic integra-

tion is making the world smaller, faster, and

more transparent. Given the complex inter-

dependencies among these challenges, many

of us resisted the notion that it was useful torank them or productive to address them

piecemeal. For example,it is difficult to say that energy security is more important

than terrorism, regional instability in the Middle East, or climate change when all

of them are intricately linked. Addressing any one in isolation risks unintended

consequences in other spheres of concern.

PRINCIPLES AND PROPOSALS FOR ACTION

It is imperative that we establish a set of core principles to navigate this complexity.

Reestablishing and exercising sustained and credible American leadership is


the role of technology and

economic integration is mak-

ing the world smaller, faster,

and more transparent.

it is imperative that the

United States, by example,

promotethe rule of law


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in the formation of new institutions and arrangements. It is especially important

to utilize new institutional frameworks to forge strategic and economic

partnerships with pivotal developing countries, emerging great powers, and

non-state actors to address areas of common concern such as climate change

and nuclear proliferation.

Improve public diplomacy. There was widespread sentiment that the U.S. gov-

ernment does a poor job of integrating public diplomacy at the front-end of

its global policy. Instead, there is too much emphasis on marketing Americandecisions after the fact. It is also imperative that the United States listen, and

remain open to self-reflection, rather than simply broadcasting American

perceptions abroad.

Reconceptualize the global war on terror. Terrorism remains a significant

challenge that must be addressed through coordinated national and international

action. However, many expressed concern that the appropriate responses to

terrorism have been framed too narrowly and too militarily. Some suggested

viewing the global war on terror as a global counterinsurgency campaign that

placed more emphasis on addressing the roots of terrorism through non-

military means. There was also support for disaggregating the terrorist threat

and tailoring our responses to the particular nature of the challenge in different

countries and regions.

Transform U.S. capabilities to address weak and failing states and post-conflict

environments. The United States enjoys considerable advantages in conventional

warfighting, but has experienced difficulties in recent years in nation-building,

stability operations, and counterinsurgency.The military must continue to adapt

to develop the capabilities and capacities to address these challenges. However,

many felt that additional resources and authorities needed to be devoted to civilian

agencies to make them operational and expeditionary in these settings. There

was also support for creating a robust civilian reserve that would tap into the

expertise across the government, the private sector, and NGOs. The United

States should vigorously support these efforts and engage constructively with its

global partners within these institutions.

Using these principles as guideposts, a number of specific proposals were put forth:

Public-private partnerships. Many of the skills, experience, and on-demand

capacity to address complex challenges require extensive partnering with the

private sector and NGOs. For example,efforts by the U.S. government to prepare

for and prevent pandemics,such as avian flu,would benefit from leveraging ongoing

efforts by corporations to create early warning systems.

Expand and leverage transnational networks. Many of the most important

relationships shaping global security and prosperity occur outside traditionalinternational relations such as diaspora communities. Burgeoning transnational

communities of shared interests, identities, affinities, and vocations should be

tapped to forge connections that facilitate collaborative problem solving and

improve cross-cultural awareness.

Enhance domestic understanding of the

international world. Americans need to

become more effective global citizens, eco-

nomically, politically, and socially. This change

will require improvements at all levels of

education.Educational exchanges should be substantially expanded as an effective

means of enhancing cross-cultural awareness and forging shared values.

Manage human capital. Expanding human capital in the United States through

education and attracting skilled immigrants from abroad is essential to our

continued economic growth and competitiveness, as well as a prerequisite for the types of innovations required to address pressing challenges.

Transform international institutions. Sixty years ago, the United States put in

place a new security and economic architecture that served both international

and national interests.Today this system is broken, in need of reform, transfor-

mation, or new invention.In areas where existing institutions such as the United

Nations, NATO, or the G-8 can be reformed and adapted to new challenges,

the United States should vigorously support these efforts and engage construc-

tively with its global partners within these institutions. However, where reform

or transformation of existing bodies is politically infeasible, America should lead


Americans need to become

more effective global citizens.


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private sector, international organizations, and at-risk nations to improve basic

health infrastructure (including clean water systems), prevention, research, early

warning, and rapid response capability. Additional resources should also be

devoted to the National Institute of Health and the Centers for Disease Control.

Beyond the obvious benefits for health and regional stability, these measures

would also serve to enhance the image of America abroad and could form an

important pillar of a revived U.S. engagement strategy in the developing world.

Emphasize and Restore Stability in the Middle East. In the coming years, asizeable reduction in U.S. forces from Iraq is likely. Given the geostrategic

importance of the Middle East, it is imperative that the United States work in

partner ship to stabilize the situation in Iraq, advance the resolution of the Israeli-

Palestinian conflict, resolve the standoff with Iran on nuclear weapons, and

address the role of moderate influences in the region

A CLOSING THOUGHTFROM THE WEST COASTExisting institutions have a proud record. But in a changing world the old ways

will just not do. It is the responsibility of the next generation to breath new life

into old wisdom.

Rethink foreign assistance. Foreign assistance is vital to promoting U.S.

economic and security interests,a s well as Americas image in the world, but the

current system is broken. Dozens of official agencies and programs dispense

foreign assistance with uneven impact, and too little effort is made to leverage

outside efforts by the private sector and NGOs.We need an integrated, trans-

parent, outcome-based approach that encourages coordination across government

agencies, and benefits from the efficiency and innovation of private partners.

We must ensure that foreign aid gets to the people who need it and a top

priority must be relieving the burdens of poverty in Africa and other develop-

ing regions of the world. Also included in our list of priorities should be greater

attention to promoting economic prosperity and regional stability in the Americas.

Create a win-win energy policy. Energy security was widely viewed as one of

the principal challenges facing the United States and the world. Energy is intricately

linked to economic well-being, geopolitical competition, the war on terror,

climate change, and the trajectory of technological innovation. If energy policy

is handled poorly, we could easily end up

addressing one challenge only to create

additional problems elsewhere. The U.S.

government must partner with private

industry to make a major investment in

encouraging the development of alternative

energy technologies and the required

distribution infrastructure.The United States

must also play a leading role in efforts to forge a new global compact on

climate change that seeks to harness the power of the market to encourage

innovation, perhaps through the creation of a global cap and trade system. By

encouraging technological innovation and global demand for alternative energy,

America can simultaneously slow climate change, reduce dependence on for-

eign oil, and strengthen the U.S. economy by capitalizing on emerging markets,

including in China and India.

Improve the global health infrastructure. The threat of global health crises,

including pandemics that could claim millions of lives, was widely seen as a

serious threat in the years ahead.The U.S. government should partner with the


The United States must play

a leading role in efforts to

forge a new global compact

on climate change


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PARTICIPANTS

FELLOWS

Cecilia AguillonDirector, Business Developmentand Government RelationsKyocera Solar, Inc.San Diego,C A

Tobias AguirreExecutive Director Sustainable Fishery Advocates(Fishwise)Santa Cruz, CA

Alexis K.AlbionDeputy StrategistOffice of the Coordinator for CounterterrorismU. S. Department of State

Washington,DC

Hilary V.AldamaUniversity of Texas School of LawAustin,TX

Laila Al-MarayatiSpokespersonMuslim Women's LeagueLos Angeles,C A

Jill L.AngeloAssociate Director The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and LawAustin,TX

Greg ArnoldManaging Partner CE2 Capital Partners LLCRancho Santa Fe, CA

Mary Ann BeysterPresidentThe Foundation for Enterprise DevelopmentLa Jolla, CA

PROJECT LEADERSHIP

Francis J.GavinTom Slick Professor inInternational AffairsLBJ School of Public AffairsThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

Joshua William BusbyLecturer/FellowLBJ School of Public AffairsThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

B A C K R O W :

A l b i o n , G r a c z e w s k

i , R i c e , L a m

b , D e m p s e y , A g u

i r r e ,

S i n g h , D . S m

i t h , A r n o l

d , L u c i e r , H a n s o n

F O U R T H R O W : M a r t i n , K

l i n e , S . G o r m a n , F e l d m a n , R a t n e r , K i r e o p o u l o s , C h e r n i a v s k y , L

i u , S c h a k e , S . S m i t h , S p a n e r , A n g e l o ,

J . H a n s o n , C a l b r e a t h

T H I R D R O W :

K e h , P r i n c e , R u t h , V a s

i s h t h , I

r v i n , J a m e s , K

r a l e v , B

u k s p a n , Z

u c k e r , L a t i f , K

e l l e y , B

u s b y , C

a m p b e l l , K

h a n n a , K a h l ,

P h u ,

W r i g

h t

S E C O N D R O W :

D a v

i s , M a y

f i e l d ( I R / P S S t a f f

) , W i l l i a m s ,

S o l i s ,

H o p

i d a ,

O s b o r n ,

A l d a m a ,

S a e n z ,

G r e e n

b l a t t , S a n t ,

H o u s e ,

D e l

R o s s o ,

H a n

d , L u t a r , A g u

i l l o n ,

M o r

i d a n i ,

M a l e s k y ,

S t e d m a n

F R O N T R O W :

C a s t i l l o ( I R / P S i n t e r n ) , S h a h , A

l - M a r a y a t i , H e r z , G a v i n , I n m a n ,

C o w h e y ,

H o l l i f i e l d , S u m m e r o u r C l e m m o n s ,

B e y s t e r , K i y , K e l l y , B i b b ( I R / P S S t a f f )

EE

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Neri BukspanManaging Director/Chief AccountantCredit Market ServicesStandard & Poor'sNew York, NY

Sharon E. BurkeDirector, National Security ProjectThird Way

Washington, DC

Dean CalbreathReporter San Diego Union-TribuneSan Diego, CA

CDR Jane CampbellCDR,U.S. Navy Commander, Naval Surface ForcesSan Diego, CA

Christine Y. ChenSenior Editor Foreign Policy Magazine

Washington, DC

Emma CherniavskyCouncil Director Human Rights Watch

Los Angeles, CA

Sonya Summerour ClemmonsPresident & CEOSSC Enterprises Biopharma BusinessSolutionsFlowery Branch, GA

Elizabeth ColagiuriSenior Special Assistant to the Dean

Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public AffairsPrinceton University Princeton, NJ

Peter F. CowheyDean, Graduate School of International Relations andPacific StudiesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla,C A

Susan B. DavisAssociate Director, Center for Hemispheric Policy University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL

Stephen Del RossoChair, International Peace andSecurity Carnegie Corp oration of New York New York, NY

Joan DempseyVice PresidentBooz Allen HamiltonMcLean,VA

Daniel F. FeldmanPartner Foley Hoag LLP

Washington,DC

Geoffrey GarrettPresidentPacific Council on International Policy Los Angeles, CA

Patrick GormanPrincipalBooz Allen HamiltonMcLean,VA

S. Siobhan Gorman Washington CorrespondentThe Baltimore Sun

Washington,DC


Tim GraczewskiDirector, Global AlliancesOracleRedwood Shores,C A

Jonathan GreenblattFounder Ethos Water Los Angeles, CA

Bailey S. HandOffice of the Secretary of Defense

Washington,DC

Brian HansonAssociate Director Roberta Buffett Center for International and Comparative StudiesNorthwestern University Evanston, IL

Jay HansonSenior Director, Product DevelopmenteBay Inc.San Jose, CA

J.C.Herz White House Special ConsultantDepartment of Defense

Alexandria,VA

Davida E. HerzlCo-Founder and Executive Director The Scripps Foundation for Scienceand the EnvironmentSan Diego,C A

James F.HollifieldArnold Professor of InternationalPolitical Economy;Director, John G.Tower Center for Political StudiesSouthern Methodist University Dallas,TX

Edgar HopidaPublic Relations Director Council on American IslamicRelations, San Diego (CAIR-SanDiego)San Diego,C A

Brett HouseEconomistInternational Monetary Fund

Washington,DC

Admiral B.R. Inman, USN (ret.)Lyndon B. Johnson Centennial Chair in National Policy LBJ School of Public AffairsThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

Morenike IrvinChair The Riordan FoundationLos Angeles,C A

Francis J. James Justice & Security Sector Advisor Bureau for Crisis Prevention andRecovery UN Development Programme

New York, NY

Colin H. KahlAssistant Professor of PoliticalScienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN

Douglas KehDeputy Chief of Staff UN Development ProgrammeNew York, NY

EE

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Elizabeth PhuAssistant for TransnationalThreats Policy Department of DefenseOffice of the Secretary of Defense

Washington,DC

James PrincePresidentDemocracy CouncilLos Angeles, CA

Ely RatnerPh.D. Candidate,Political ScienceUniversity of California, Berkeley Institute of International StudiesBerkeley,C A

Major Robert C. RiceMajor U.S. Marine CorpsOceanside, CA

Barton D. RuthFarm Owner/Operator Rising City, NE

Thomas A. SaenzCounsel to the Mayor

City of Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Matthew SantPartner Irell & Manella LLPNewport Beach, CA

Kori SchakeDistinguished Professor of International Security StudiesUnited States Military Academy at West Point,

West Point, NY

Sonal ShahVice PresidentGoldman, Sachs & Co.New York, NY

Howard A. ShelanskiAssociate DeanSchool of Law- Boalt HallUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley,C A

Patricia S.SinayFounder & Principle ConsultantCommunity Investment StrategiesSan Diego,C A

Vikram SinghStrategistDepartment of Defense

Washington,DC

Anne-Marie SlaughterDean

Woodrow Wilson School of Publicand International AffairsPrinceton University Princeton, NJ

David Gaddis Smith

Foreign Editor San Diego Union-TribuneSan Diego,C A

Stephen A. SmithChief Investment Strategist

Whittier Trust Company South Pasadena, CA

Cesar A. SolisCaptainSan Diego Police DepartmentSan Diego,C A

21

Tyler KelleyChief Operating Officer Bel Air Investment Advisors LLCLos Angeles, CA

Lorelei KellyPolicy Director, Real Security InitiativeThe White House Project

Washington,DC

Parag KhannaFellowNew America Foundation

Washington,DC

Antonios KireopoulosAssociate General Secretary for International Affairs and PeaceNational Council of Churches USANew York, NY

Richard KiyPresident & CEOInternational Community FoundationSan Diego,C A

Tony L. KlineDeputy ChairmanK & F Baxter Foundation

Pacific Palisades,C A

Nicholas KralevDiplomatic CorrespondentThe Washington Times

Washington,DC

Paul LambPrincipalMan on a Mission ConsultingVallejo, CA

Khalid Latif Muslim ChaplainPrinceton University Office of Religious LifeIslamic Center at NYUNew York, NY

Justin LiuChief Operating Officer Tireco, Inc.Compton, CA

Greg LucierChairman & CEOInvitrogen CorporationCarlsbad,CA

Ildiko (Lani) LutarPresident & CEOSan Diego County TaxpayersAssociationSan Diego, CA

Edmund J. MaleskyAssistant Professor Graduate School of InternationalRelations and Pacific StudiesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA

Jena MartinConsultantLaurel,MD

Sahar MoridaniConsultantLos Angeles,C A

Robert OsbornDirector, Business DevelopmentGemini Mobile TechnologiesSacramento, CA

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CDR Jonathan SpanerStrategic Advisor to the Commander U.S. Central CommandOdessa, FL

Stephen J. StedmanDirector Ford Dorsey Program inInternational Policy StudiesStanford University Stanford, CA

Vishal VasishthVice PresidentRevolution LivingVentura, CA

Jessica Wallack Assistant Professor Graduate School of InternationalRelations and Pacific StudiesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla,C A

Christopher WilliamsResearch Coordinator America Abroad Media

Washington,DC

Thomas WrightSenior Researcher Princeton Project onNational Security

Woodrow Wilson SchoolPrinceton University Princeton, NJ

Howard Alan ZuckerAssistant Director-General

World Health OrganizationGeneva,Switzerland

E Discussion Leader EE Rapportuer H Speaker O PanelistL Observer

L


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CHAIRMAN

B.R.Inman

Lyndon B. Johnson Centennial Chair in National Policy LBJ School of Public AffairsThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

MEMBERS

William R.Archer,Jr.Senior Policy Advisor PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Washington,DC

Henry S. BienenPresidentNorthwestern University Evanston, IL

Coit D. BlackerDirector Freeman Spogli Institute for International StudiesStanford University Stanford, CA

Albert CarnesaleProfessor, School of Public AffairsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Warren ChristopherSenior Partner O'Melveny & Myers LLPLos Angeles,C A

William T. Coleman, Jr.Senior Partner O'Melveny & Myers LLP

Washington,DC

Diana FarrellDirector McKinsey Global InstituteSan Francisco,C A

Thomas S.FoleyPartner Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & FeldLLP

Washington,DC

Lee H. HamiltonDirector The Woodrow Wilson Inter nationalCenter for Scholars

Washington,DC

Carla A. HillsChairman and CEOHills & Company

Washington,D.C.

Richard M. HuntVice ChairmanThe American Council on Germany New York, NY


SENIOR ADVISORY COUNCIL

The decline of America is not worth focusing on; its just change .

We're lucky that our government is porous enough to be influencedby competent outside actors.

There's an assumption that if we lead, everyone follows.We're notin that world anymore.

International relations could take a page from the playbook of infor-mation technology.

There is a big institutional gap between the end of a major miltary conflict and peace.

Its a nation full of weathervanes with no one willing to act as acompass to lead the way.

The media is an institution with its best days behind it.

Now in the era of YouTube, an engaged individual, for better or worse, can insert things into the consciousness.A single 20-year-oldwith a

video camera can change the outcome of a Presidential race.

American leadership i s not unilateral power - it's catalytic power.

HEARD AT THE ASSEMBLY


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CHAIRMAN

Andrew P.N. Erdmann

ConsultantMcKinsey & Co., Inc.Chicago, IL

MEMBERS

Lisa AndersonDeanSchool of International andPublic AffairsColumbia University New York, NY

Philip C. BobbittA. W.Walker Centennial Chair The Univer sity of TexasSchool of LawAustin,TX

Arthur J. BurkePartner Davis Polk & Wardwell LLPLitigation DepartmentMenlo Park, CA

Daniel BymanDirector Center for Peace and Security StudiesGeorgetown University

Washington,DC

Amy L.Chua John M. Duff, Jr. Professor of LawYale Law SchoolNew Haven, CT

Peter F. CowheyDeanThe Graduate School of InternationalRelations and Pacific StudiesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla,C A

Tom J. FarerDeanThe Graduate School of International StudiesUniversity of Denver Denver,CO

Betty Sue FlowersDirector The Lyndon Baines JohnsonLibrary and MuseumAustin,TX

Aaron L. FriedbergProfessor of Politics andInternational Affairs

Woodrow Wilson School of Publicand International AffairsPrinceton University Princeton, NJ

James C. Langdon Jr.Partner Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & FeldLLP

Washington,D.C.

Richard G. LugarUnited States Senator R-Indiana

Washington,DC

Joseph S. NyeSultan of Oman Professor of International Relations

John F. Kennedy Schoolof GovernmentHarvard University Cambridge, MA

William Powers,Jr.PresidentThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

Jeffrey D. SachsDirector The Earth InstituteColumbia University New York, NY

Brent ScowcroftPresident and Founder The Scowcroft Group

Washington,DC

Donna ShalalaPresidentUniversity of MiamiCoral Cables, FL

James B. SteinbergDean and J.J. Pickle Regents Chair inPublic AffairsLBJ School of Public AffairsThe University of Texas at AustinAustin,TX

Paul A.VolckerChairmanInternational Accounting StandardsCommittee FoundationNew York, NY

SENIOR PROJECTADVISOR

Richard W. FisherPresident and CEOFederal Reserve Bank of DallasDallas,TX


STEERINGCOMMITTEE


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BACKGROUNDREADINGSSESSION I THE WORLD AS IT IS

SESSION II THE WORLD OF THE FUTURE

Seeing the Futures Philip Bobbitt New York TimesDec. 8,2003 Global Scenarios, Prepared by Andrew P.N. Erdmann

Mapping the Global Future: National Intelligence Councils 2020 Reporthttp://www.dni. gov/nic/NIC_2020_project.html

SESSION III WHAT WE BELIEVE ABOUT AMERICA AND THE WORLD

Global Views 2006 The U.S. and the Rise of China and Indiahttp://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/GlobalViews06Final.pdf

Pew Global Attitudes Projecthttp://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252

Confidence in U.S. Foreign Policy Indexhttp://www.publicagenda.org/foreignpolicy/pdfs/foreign_policy_index_fall06.pdf

SESSION IV WHAT SHOULD OUR PRIORITIES BE?

National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/

National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2002http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html

A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, 1996http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/1996stra.htm

Toward an Effective International Legal Order : FromCoexistence to Concert?Tom Farer Cambridge Review of International Affairs July 2004

Forging a World of Liberty Under Law: U.S. National Security in the 21st CenturyExecutive Summary of the Princeton Project on National Security http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ppns/report/FinalReport.pdf

James F.HollifieldArnold Professor of InternationalPolitical Economy Director, John G.Tower Center for Political StudiesSouthern Methodist University Dallas,TX

Aaron LobelPresident and Chairman of the BoardAmerica Abroad Media

Washington,DC

Mark McKinnonVice ChairmanPublic Strategies Inc.Austin,TX

Susan K. PurcellDirector Center for Hemispheric Policy University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL

Stephen P. RosenDirector Olin Institute of Strategic StudiesHarvard University Cambridge, MA

Scott D. SaganDirector Center for InternationalSecurity and CooperationStanford University Stanford, CA

Howard ShelanskiAssociate DeanSchool of Law Boalt HallUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley,C A

Anne-Marie SlaughterDean

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International AffairsInternational AffairsPrinceton University Princeton, NJ

Ashley J.TellisSenior AssociateCarnegie Endowment for International Peace

Washington,DC

Justin VaisseCharge de missionCentre dAnalyse et de PrevisionMinistere des Affaires etrangeresParis, France

Andrew Baruch WachtelDean,The Graduate SchoolDirector, Center for International andComparative StudiesNorthwestern University Evanston, IL

Steven WeberDirector

Institute of International StudiesUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA

Amy B. ZegartAssociate Professor of Public Policy UCLA School of Public AffairsLos Angeles,C A



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ABOUT THE AMERICAN ASSEMBLY

The American Assembly, founded by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1950, is affiliated

with Columbia University. The Assembly is a national, non-partisan public affairsforum that illuminates issues of public policy through commissioning researchand publications, sponsoring meetings, and issuing reports, books, and other literature. Its projects bring together leading authorities representing a broadspectrum of views and interests. Assembly reports and other publications areused by government,community, and civic leaders, and public officials. AmericanAssembly topics concern not only domestic and foreign policy, but also issues

that include arts and culture,philanthropy, health,business, economy, education,law, race, religion, and security.

PROJECT LAUNCHAUSTIN,TEXAS

JUNE 12,2006

Co-sponsors: Robert S. StraussCenter for International Security and Law at The University of Texas at AustinLyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

STAGE 1SOUTHWEST ASSEMBLYDALLAS,TXOCTOBER 19-21, 2006

James F. Hollifield,Director, John G.Tower Center for Political StudiesSouthern Methodist University www.smu.edu/tower

WEST COAST ASSEMBLYSAN DIEGO,C AFEBRUARY 22-24, 2007Peter F. Cowhey, Dean, GraduateSchool of International Relationsand Pacific StudiesUniversity of California, San Diegowww-irps.ucsd.edu

MOUNTAIN STATES ASSEMBLYDENVER, CO

JUNE 14-16, 2007Tom J. Farer,Dean, Graduate School of International StudiesUniversity of Denver www.du.edu/gsis

STAGE 2MIDWEST ASSEMBLYEVANSTON, IL

OCTOBER 18-20, 2007Henry S. Bienen, President,Northwestern University Andrew Wachtel, Director,Center for International andComparative Studieswww.cics.northwestern.edu

NORTHERN WESTCOAST ASSEMBLYTBAWINTER 2008

SOUTHEAST ASSEMBLYMIAMI, FLSPRING 2008Donna Shalala,President, University of MiamiSusan K. Purcell, Director,Center for Hemispheric Policy www6.miami.edu/chp

STAGE 3NATIONAL ASSEMBLYWASHINGTON,DC

JUNE 2008Lee H.Hamilton,Director,Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholarshttp://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.com


U.S. GLOBAL POLICY & THE FUTURE OF

INTERNATIONALINSTITUTIONS

THE AMERICAN ASSEMBLY

TRUSTEES

Stephen Stamas , Chairman

Charles Benton

Lee C. Bollinger, ex officio

Bradley Currey,Jr.

David R. GergenB.R.Inman

John F.McGillicuddy

Donald F. McHenry

David H. Mortimer

Raymond D. Nasher

Paul A.Volcker

Frank A. Weil

Clifton R.Wharton, Jr.Alice Young

TRUSTEES EMERITI

Clifford M. HardinKathleen H. MortimerEleanor Sheldon

STAFF

David H. Mortimer, Chief Operating Officer

Rochelle S.Pollock, Associate Director

Shula Brudner, Director of Development

Karla Garcia, Financial Associate

Mark Leneker, Program Coordinator

Terry Roethlein, Program Coordinator

Megan Wynne, Program Coordinator


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Richard C.AtkinsonDouglas BereuterFredric S. Berger*William A. BoldCarlos CasasusM. Javade ChaudhriRichard ChenPeter Cowhey*Diana Lady DouganPaul W. DrakeRobert F.Ellsworth*Phyllis EpsteinAaron FeldmanDavid Freitas 97Kenneth B. Hamlet*Frances Hesselbein

James D. Jameson** Jerome S. KatzinSusan LewZhong Yuan Li

Susan Howell Mallory*Robert K.Neilson*Brian PowersMark J. Rinella 92Charles RobinsLawrence B. RobinsonRichard N. SinkinKwan L. So*Manuel Weinberg

Jack K.WhiteDavid J. Zuercher

EMERITI

Nicholas B. BinkleyLucy L. Killea 75R. B.Woolley, Jr.Hans W. Schoepflin

*Executive Committee member **Executive Committee chair

The Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS), at the

University of California,San Diego, is devoted to the study of international affairs,

economics,and policy education. It stands as the only professional school of inter-

national affairs that is exclusively focused on Asia and the Americas. IR/PS pro-

vides a unique resource for training leaders, creating ideas, and building networksfor the Pacific Century. Interdisciplinary yet integrated curricula prepare students

to perform with distinction in senior policy positions in the public and non-

profit sectors, as well as in the top management of multinational firms and

financial institutions. IR/PS is a full member of The Association of Professional

Schools of International Affairs and is ranked in the top ten for its Master's and

PhD programs by Foreign Policy Magazine.

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Membership List as of February 1, 2007

NEXT GENERATION PROJECT32

THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONALRELATIONS AND PACIFIC STUDIES (IR/PS),UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO


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