ngo supplyment 2014 july
DESCRIPTION
NGO Supplyment 2014 July Rightsnow - collective for democracywww.samabima.comTRANSCRIPT
2014 cQ,s iuìu mqj;am; iu`. fkdñf,a fnod yßk úfYaI w;sf¾lh
www.samabima.com / [email protected] / sms - 077 386 9222
tka'Ô'́ 'w;sf¾lh
w dK av q fõ r dcH w drl a Il
wud;HxYh hgf;a l%shd;aul jk
tkaÔ´ frðiag%d¾ úiska .ik ,o .,a
myrla fya;=fjka fonrhla weúiaiS
we;' tA tkaÔ´ fonrhhs' .,a myr
jkdys ;u úIh m:h blaujd hñka
udOH idlÉPd meje;aùu" udOH
ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu" ckudOHfõ§ka
mqyqKq lsÍu iy jevuq¿ meje;aùu
we;=¿ wlem lhsjdrejka isÿlsÍu
wkjir neúka tAjdhska j<lsk f,i
okajñka tkaÔ´ frðiag%d¾ MOD/NGO/mon/4 úiska ;ud hgf;a
,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s tkaÔ´ ixúOdk
tlaoyia ydrish .Kklg hjk ,o
pl%f,aLhls'
fuu pl%f,aLh u.ska tkaÔ´
frðiag%d¾ iy Tyqg by<ska isák
n,OdÍka tkaÔ´ ms<sn|j wj;lafiare
l< nj jydu meyeÈ,s úh' pl%f,aLhg
m%;spdr oelaùfï uq,a mshjr jYfhka
tkaÔ´ iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s" udOH
ixúOdk wdÈfhka iukaú;j iE§.;a
isú,a ixúOdk iduQyslh úiska tkaÔ´
frðiag%d¾f.a MOD/NGO/mon/4 pl%f,aLfha i|yka ;yku lvñka
cQ,s 9 od udOH yuqjla mj;ajk
,§' bka wk;=rej isú,a ixúOdk
ksfhdað;hkaf.a iuq¿jla cQ,s 11 od
hkakhs' iafõÉPd ixúOdk
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï mk; hgf;a tjeks
ksfhda. mekùug n,hla ke;s njo
Tyq m%ldY lf<ah'
fï w;r Y%S ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh
o fuu pl%f,aLh rfÜ wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg mgyeks nj olajñka
m%isoaO m%ldYhla ksl=;a fldg we;'
^ksfõokfha isxy, mßj¾;kh fuu
w;sf¾lfha m< fõ'& Bg wu;rj
,xldfõ m%ùk f,aLlhka ;sfofkl=
jk ,xld§m mqj;amf;a .=reod ú.%yh
,shk iS'fÊ' wur;=x. fukau zrdjhZ
mqj;amf;a wdrdê; f,aLlhka jk
.dñ‚ úhkaf.dv iy l=i,a fmf¾rd
úiska fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a woyia
m%udKhla f.kyer olajd we;'
fuu miqìu hgf;a tkaÔ´ ms<sn|j
ixjdohla weröug iuìu mqj;am;
fhdod .ekSug wms woyia lf<uq' fuu
idlÉPdjg mdGl Tng o újD;h'
fonrhg .,a .eiSu fld<U§ meje;aú‚' tys§ tAldnoaO
m%ldYkhla ksl=;a lsÍug ;SrKh úh'
^tu ksfõokh iy fï jkúg w;aika
;nd we;s ixúOdkj, kï fuu
w;sf¾lfhys wjidk msgqfõ m< fõ'&
bka wk;=rej cQ,s 17 jk od fld<U
fldgqfõ§ uyck Woaf>daIKhla o
mj;ajd pl%f,aLh m%isoaêfha brd oud
.sks ;nk ,§'
tkaÔ´ fonrhg .,a .eiSfuka
weúiaiqfKa tkaÔ´ muKla fkdfõ'
fï l % shdj u. sk a cd;Hka;rj
;jÿrg;a wdKavqj wmlS¾;shg m;aúh'
cd;Hka;rh fudkjd lSj;a rg ;=<
cku;h ;udg wjYH mßÈ yeisrúh
yels hehs hk wdKav qfõ u;h
wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka wdKavqfõ
udOH u.ska lshk foaj,aj,g tyd
f,dalh olsk rg ;=< isák m%nqoaO iy
m%.;sYS,S ckfldgia w;ßka fndfyda
fofkla wdKavqfõ jEhu fy<d ÿgy'
úmlaI kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy
uy;d md¾, sfïka; =fõ§ úfYaI
m%ldYhla lrñka w.ue;sf.ka m%Yak
lf<a wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ iy
udkj yñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfha
i|yka whs;sjdislï wNsnjd hk
pl%f,aL ksl =; a l sÍug tkaÔ´
frðiag%d¾g n,h ÿkafka ljqrekao
]ixialrKh[m%fndaO Ñka;l r;akdhl iqo¾Yk .=Kj¾Ok
ngo proof read.indd 1 7/22/14 11:24 AM
2 2014 cQ,s
mjq, ;=<ska iudchg uqla; jk mqoa.,hd iudch ;=<
YslaIKh fjhs' tA i|yd iudch ;=< wdh;k moaO;shla
ia:dmkh fldg we;'
tu wdh;k m%Odk jYfhka rdcH wdh;k iy
rdcH fkdjk wdh;k jYfhka fldgia follg fnÈh
yelsh'
rdcH wdh;k idudkHfhka wdKavqfõ kHdh m;%h
flfrys j.lSug ne£ isà' rdcH fkdjk wdh;k
flfrys tn÷ ne£ula ke;'
rdcH fkdjk wdh;k o kej; fldgia follg
fjka l< yelsh' tkï ,dN ,eîfï wruqfKka
mj;ajdf.k hk wdh;k iy ,dN fkd,nk wdh;k
jYfhks'
,dNh wruqKq lr.;a rdcH fkdjk wdh;k
jHdmdßl wdh;k f,i ye¢kafõ' tAjd idudkHfhka
fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. u; r|d mj;S' fuu wdh;k
msysgqùu rfÜ wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka fukau udkj
ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfhka o ms<s.;a uQ,sl
whs;sjdisluls' rfÜ kS;sh u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk
kshdukhlg hg;aj tu wdh;k i|yd foaYSh fyda
úfoaYSh m%Njhkaf.ka m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr.ekSug
tAjdg mq¿jk'
,dNh wruqKq lr fkd.;a rdcH fkdjk wdh;k
,dN fkd,nk wdh;k fyj;a ixúOdk jYfhka
ie,fla' fuu ,dNh i|yd fkdjk ixúOdk jkdys
mqrjeishka iuQyhla úiska idudðlhka jYfhka tla
/iaù ksYaÑ; wruKq iuQyhla <Õd lr.ekSu i|yd
msysgqjd .kq ,nk ixúOdk úfYaIhls' tAjd ;uka
úiskau oelaula" ld¾h fufyjrla fukau úIh
m:hla ilia lrf.k lghq;= lr;s' ;u lghq;= i|yd
Tjqka wruqo,a iïmdokh lr.kafka uQ,sl jYfhkau
idudðlhkaf.a wruqo,aj,ska iy fm!oa.,slj fyda
fmdÿfõ ,efnk m%odkhkaf.ks' iudcfha we;s ysveila
iïmQ¾K lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a fuu ixúOdkhkag o
rfÜ n,meje;afjk kS;shg wkqj ;u lghq;= lrf.k
hdu i|yd foaYSh fukau úfoaYSh m%Njhkaf.ka
m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSug mq¿jk'
iuyr wjia:djkay s§ ;u úIh m:hg iy
mrud¾:hkag .e,fmk úfYaI jHdmD;Ska fyda
jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd ;=kajk md¾Yajhla
fj;ska .súiqula u; m%odkhka ,ndf.k tu lghq;=
iïmQ¾K lsÍu o fndfyda úg fuu ixúOdk úiska
isÿ lrkq ,efí' fuu ld¾hhka bgqlsÍu i|yd iy
tA i|yd jk mßmd,k úhoï mshjd .ekSu i|yd o
wruqo,a rdcHfhka fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka fyda
fjk;a odkm;shka fj;ska fyda ,nd .ekSug fuu
ixúOdkhkag mq¿jk' furg ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh
fjkqfjka úfoaYSh rgj, wdKavq ,xldfõ wdKavqjg
oaùmd¾Yaúl fyda nyqmd¾Yaúl wdOdr m%odkh lsÍfï§ tu
wruqo,aj,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla ,dN fkd,nk wdh;k
yryd ,nd §ug o tu .súiqïj,ska bv ie,iS we;'
wms fkdokak tka'Ô'´
tkaÔ´ fyj;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
lshkafka rdcHfhka mßndysrj mj;sk
mqrjeishkaf.a ixúOdkhs' tajdhska iuyrla
,dN ,nk wdh;k fyj;a jHdmdßl
wdh;k fjkjd' tu wdh;k ,dNhla
,nk ksid tu ,dNfhka wdKavqjg nÿ
uqo,a f.jkjd'
wfkla j¾.h iudchg fiajdjla
imhk kuq;a ,dN ,eîfï wruqKlska
f;drj mj;ajd .kq ,nk wdh;khs' tajd
,dN fkd,nk ksid nÿ f.ùfuka ksoyia'
weußld tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,
kï tajdg ;u lghq;= lrf.k hkak ta
rfÜ wdKavqj uyck nÿ uqo,ska wdOdr
,ndfokjd' ta jf.au tu wdh;k fj;
uyckhd úiska lrkq ,nk m%odkhka
noafoka ksoyia lrkjd' ,xldfõ wdKavqj
tkaÔ´j,g wdOdr ,nd §ulaj;a nÿ
ksoyia lsÍulaj;a lrkafka ke;=jd ú;rla
fkfjhs" tkaÔ´j,ska noaol=;a wh lrkjd•fjk
rgj,a
tk
a'Ô'´
'j,g n
ÿ i
yk
fok
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tka'Ô'´ ovhu l=ula
i|yd o@
01'fonrhg ., a .ei Su 02'tka'Ô'´' ovhu l=ula i|yd o@ .dñŒ úhkaf.dv
03'tka'Ô'´' rchg mjrd .ekSug bv fkdfouq rks,a
úl%uisxy 04'tka'Ô'´' kd .ekSu iS'fÊ'wur;=x. 05'rcfha jQj;a fkdjQj;a wmg we;s whs;sh l=i,a fmf¾rd 06'ksoyia woyiaj,g fu;rï nh wehs@ Y%S
,xld kS;s{ ix.uh 07'tka'Ô'´' fjkqfjka fkdìhj m%fndaO
Ñka;l r;akdhl
iuìu tka'Ô'́ ' w;sf¾lh
ngo proof read.indd 2 7/22/14 11:24 AM
32014 cQ,s
u;l ;shd.kak' fou¿ka mrod
,en Q ch. %yKh fl<jr
jkafka isxy,hkaj o mrdch lsÍfuks'
ch.%yKfha whs;sh ;ks mjq,lg
nerfjk ;rug" wjidkfha mrdchg
m;ajkafka tu rg;a" ck;dj;a h' hqo
ch.%yKfhka miq" W;=f¾ muKla
fkdj" ol=fKa o m%cd;ka;%Sh wjldYh
yelsf<ñka we;s wdldrh .ek kslug
is;d n,kak' 17 jeks ixfYdaOkh
lgq.d ±ófuka Tng th mgka.;
yel' w¨;au wÈhr" rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk ovhuhs'
,xldfõ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
jHdmdrh iïnkaOfhka l,l isg
Ñ;%Kh fldg we;s l;dka;rh
t;rï hym;a ke;' tla me;a;lska"
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk w;f<diail
l%shdl,dmhka Bg fya;= ù we;;a"
jeäuk;a fï ksfIaOd;aul u;jdoh
iudc.; jqfKa" md,l me,eka;sfha
foaYmd,ksl jHdmD;shl uqlal=jla
jYfhks' tA m%pdrl jHdmdrh flf;la
id¾:l ú‚ o h;a" ztka'Ô'´'Z lS
mu‚ka ñksiqka ;=<" úfYaIfhka
ol=fKa ñksiqka ;=< hï ielhla"
úÑlsÉPdjla we;s lrjk ;rug
th j¾Okh úh' B<Õg" ngysr
f,dalh iy wêrdcHjdoh iu`.
tu ixl,amh ixl,kh flre‚'
tA wdldrfhka" cd;sljd§ lÓldj
;=<" ztka'Ô'´Z hkak" b;d myiqfjka
md,lhdf.a mdúÉÑhg .; yels
m%ydrd;aul iy foaYudul wúhla
njg m;aúh' fï ztka'Ô'´'Zldrhka"
úfoaY l=uka;%Khla fï rfÜ Èh;a
lsÍug leiljk msßila jYfhka
isxy, iudch ;=< yxjvq .eisK'
fï w dfõ.Y S, S y eÕ Sïnr
m%fõYfhka bj;aj" rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk jHdmdrh .ek t<ô isysfhka
hq;=j i,ld ne¨fjd;a fmkS hk
tla jeo.;a ldrKhla ;sfí' tkï"
úfYaIfhka ;=kajeks f,dalfha ́ kEu
rgl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk cd,hla
jHdma; jkafka" tu rfÜ rdcHfha
wiu;aNdjhg iudkqmd;slj njhs'
rdcHhla iajlSh ck;dj iy iudch
flfrys jk ;ukaf.a hq;=lï iy
j.lSï bgq lsÍug wiu;a jk ;rug"
tu rfÜ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
cd,hl wjYH;dj bfí u;=jkafkah'
WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a"
hqoaOh ;=< § fukau" úfYaIfhka
hqoaOdjidkfhka miqj" W;=f¾ ck;dj
uqyqKfok m%Yak rdYshlg ms<sirK ù
we;af;a ,xldfõ rdcHh fkdj" rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkhka h'
ngysr ÈhqKq rgj,aj,;a rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk l%shd;aul fjhs'
tfy;a" tu rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
iy wfma rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
w;r uQ,sl fjkila fndfyda úg
±lsh yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka
m%xYh jeks rgla .;fyd;a" trfÜ
l%shd;aul jk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
fndfyduhla lghq;= lrkafka"
úfYaIs; ck fldgia iy úfYaIs;
wjia:djka uq,a lrf.k nj fmfka'
iaÓr jdiia:dk ke;s ñksiqkag YS;
ld,fha kjd;eka myiqj ie<iSu"
wka; oßø;dfjka fmf<k iudc
fldgiaj,g lEu îudÈh iemhSu"
foaYmd,k irKd.; whs;sh m;d tu
rgg ;=kajeks f,dalfhka meñfKk
ñksiqkag wjYH kS;suh iy fN!;sl
l<ukd iïmdokh lsÍu wd§ zf,!lslZ
laI‚l wjYH;d tA w;ßka m%Odk h'
t u r f Ü u d k j y s ñ l ï
W,a,x>khka iïnkaOfhka lghq;=
lrk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
cd,hl ueÈy;a ùula olskag ke;s
;rï h' fya;=j" ;=kajeks f,dalfha
tjeks lghq;= .ek weÕs,a, È.=
lrñka ;ukaf.a rfÜ tu m%Yak .ek
weialka mshdf.k isàula fkdj"
we;a; jYfhkau" tjeks m%Yakj,g
wduka;%Kh lsÍu i|yd rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk cd,hla tu rgg wjYH
fkdlrk neúks' hï udkj yssñlï
W,a,x>khla isÿfjf;d;a tA .ek ksis
mshjr .ekSfï rdcH hdka;%Khlau
tu rfÜ l%shd;aul fjhs' tfiau"
wêlrKfha iy kS;sfha iajdëk;ajh
iy wdêm;Hh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk cd,hla
tu rgj,g wjYH lrkafka ke;'
ukao h;a" idudkH mqrjeishdf.a isg
ckdêm;sjrhd olajd isÿjk ´kEu
kS;s W,a,x>Khla .ek lghq;= lsÍug
;rï Yla;su;a iajdëk wêlrK iy
kS;s moaO;shla tA rgj, we;s ksid h'
miq.sh ld,fha m%xYfha n,j;aj isá
ckdêm;sjreka fofofkl=u miq.sh
od wêlrKh bÈßhg" rfÜ mj;sk
kS;sh u.skau f.k tk ,È' ;j;a
tka'Ô'´ ovhu l=ula
i|yd [email protected]ñKS úhkaf.dv
ngo proof read.indd 3 7/22/14 11:24 AM
4 2014 cQ,s
m%Odk fmf<a mlaIhl f,alïjrfhl=
^fudyq B<Õg m%xYfha ckdêm;s ùug
o iqÿiqlï we;sj isá wfhls& is,a,r
>kfha ¥IK fpdaokdjla wêlrKh
bÈßfha f.dkq flreKq úg ;u
;k;=frka b,a,d wiajQfhah'
f;areï .ekSfï myiqj i|yd by;
lS ld¾hhka" iudchl zf,daflda;a;r
wjYH;dZ jYfhka o" Bg l,ska lS
ld¾hhka iudchl zf,!lsl wjYH;dZ
jYfhka o ±laùu fhfyls' zi¾fjdaohZ
jHdmdrh" f,!lsl wjYH;d i|yd
fï rfÜ we;s jQ m%Odk fmf<a
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla jYfhka
y÷kd.; yelsh' zi¾fjdaofhkaZ
wfmalaIs; iudc ld¾hNdrhg tyd
hk wjYH;d rdYshla miq.sh ld,fha
fm<.eiq‚' mdrj,a ms<silr lsÍu"
idl aIr;d jHdmdr iy fjk;a
m%dfoaYSh wjYH;djkaf.ka tydg
m%Yak È.a.eiafik ;rug ,xldfõ
iudch;a " iudc wjYH;djkq; a
ixlS¾K jqfKah' tys§" zf,!lsl
wjYH;dZ mrhñka" zf,daflda;a;r
wjYH;dZ fmrg wdfõh'
wo ,xldfõ ñksiqkaf.a wd¾Ól
wjYH;d bgqlr §ug rdcH olajk
wiu;aNdjhg jvd lemS fmfkkafka"
fï rfÜ il, mqrjeishkag" wdikak
jYfhkq;a §¾> ld,Sk jYfhkq;a"
uqyqK§ug isÿj we;s m%cd;ka;%jd§
wfyakshhs' m%cd;ka;%jd§ wfyaksh
hkafkka woyia jkafka" yqfola ksis
l,g ue;sjrK fkdmeje;aùula
fyda md¾,sfïka;=j /ia fkdùula
jeks uy.=Kdldr foaj,au fkdfõ'
lg qkdhl fiajlhka ;ukaf. a
fiajdodhl wruqo,a wdrlaId lrk
f,i b,a,d isá úg fjä ;nd >d;kh
lsÍu" r;=miaj, ñksiqka msßisÿ j;=r
b,aÆ úg fjä ;nd >d;kh lsÍu"
tfia >d;kh lsÍug j.lsjhq;= yuqod
ks,OdÍka ;dkdm;s ;k;=rej,g Wiia
lsÍu" w.úksiqrejßh n,y;aldrfhka
m k a k d ± ó u " f o a Y m d , k s l
wkaf;ajdislhka wêlrKhg m;alsÍu"
w¨;a.u we;=¿ ;j;a fkdfhl=;a
;ek aj, m %pKavldÍ ;; ajhk a
bÈßfha fmd,Sish ksYaYíoj isàu"
ñkSurejka kS;sfhka ksoyia fldg
f.or heùu" wdKavqfõ fyxphshkag
kS;sh l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu iy wdKavq
úfõplhkag kS;shg Wäkq;a o~qjï
lsÍu wd§ wfkaldldr ls%hdjka Bg
we;=<;a fjhs'
rdcHh hk wdh;khu fufia
¥Is;j iy wjkS;slj yeisfrk úg
iy tA fya;=fjka ck;d whs;Ska Èfkka
Èk mEf.k úg" m%cd;ka;%jdoh
wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd úmlaIhl
l % s h dldÍ; ajh muKl a rglg
m%udKj;a jkafka ke;' fjk;a isú,a
n,fõ. o tu wr.,hg odhl úh
hq;=h' W;=f¾ wj;eka jQjkag irK
jk wdldrfhkau" rfÜ hymd,kh
i|yd ueÈy;a ùula o rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,ska ,xldj jeks ;=kajeks
f,dalfha rgl § n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka tlS wjYH;dj fmr±ßjhs'
tfy;a rdcmlaI md,khg wjYH
lrkafka" j¾;udk úmlaIh fu,a,
lrf.k we;s wdldrhg wfkla isú,a
jHdmdrhka o yS,E lr .ekSuhs' rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj,g tfrysj f.k
tAug kshñ; wKmk;aj, ienE w¾:h
thu ñi fjk lsisjla fkdfõ'
WodyrKhla jYfhka" rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk fkdl< hq;= hehs
rdcmlaI md,kh is;k lreKq lsysmhla
ie,ls,a,g .kak' udOHfõ§ka mqyqKq
lsÍu Tjqkag ;ykï h' mqj;am;a
idlÉPd ;eîu Tjqkag ;ykï h'
m%jD;a;s m%ldY ksl=;a lsÍu Tjqkag
;ykï h' fï lshk ish¨ ldrKd"
fï rfÜ ´kEu mqrjeisfhl=g fyda
mqrjeis ixúOdkhlg wfma wdKavql%u
jHdjia:dfjkau iemfhk uQ,sl
whs;Ska h' tAjd ;ykï lsÍu hkq"
whs;shla Wÿrd .ekSug wu;rj" rfÜ
ksjerÈ Ñ;%h ck;djg iïfm%aIKh
ùfï wjia:dj weúÍuls' zf;dr;=re
±k .ekSfï whs;shZ fï rch úiska
ck;djg fkdfokafka hï fia o" rdcH
wjNdú;hka ms<sn| ienE f;dr;=re
fï lshk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,
l%shdldÍ;ajh yryd ck;djg ±k
.ekSug ie,eiaùu je<elaùu;a fï
wdKavqfõ mrud¾:h jk nj meyeÈ,s
h' udOHfõ§ka mqyqKq lsÍu ljqreka
l<;a" th zmdmhlaZ jkafka flfiao@
is¿ñK fyda ÈkñK udOHfõÈhdf.a
udOH Ndú;h tA u.ska ksrdjrKh ùu
yryd rdcmlaI mjq,a jHdmD;shg th
myrla úh yels neúks•
rdcH wdrlaIl iy kd.ßl
ixj¾Ok wud;HxYh
hgf;a ls%hd;aul jk rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk ms<sn`o f,alï l¾hd,h
wOHlaI$f,alïjrhd úiska rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk iïnkaOfhka
2014 cQ,s 01 od;ñka ksl=;a lr we;s
MOD/NGO/mon/4 wxlh mßÈ we;s
pl%f,aLh u.ska udOH idlÉPd"
jevuq¿" udOHfõ§ka mqyqKq lsÍfï
jevigyka" iy udOH ksfõok
ksl=;a lsÍï wd§ ls %hdldrlïys
ksr;ùfuka je<flk f,i rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj,g fhdackd lr
we;'
u Q, slju" wod< pl %f, aLh
ksl=;a l< wdh;kh wh;ajkakd jQ
wud;HxYhg fyda tlS wud;HxYh
hgf;a ls%hd;aul jkakd jQ ljru
jqj wdh;khlg fyda rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk iïnkaOfhka tjeks
ksfhda.hla ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd
n,;, fyda wêldrhka fkdue;s nj
fmkajd fokq leue;af;uq'
fmdÿfõ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
hk úfYaI kduh hgf;a ye¢kafjk
jHjidh wdh;khka k S; s.;
lsÍu iy tajd wëlaIKh lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka 1980§ tjlg mej;s
rch úiska iafõÉPd iudc fiajd
ixúOdk ^,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu iy
wëlaIKh lsÍu& mk; iïu; lr
ls%hdfõ fhdojk ,§'
mkf;a 15 jk j.ka;sh u.ska
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk i|yd
n,meje;afjkakdjQ ksfhda. ia:dms;
lsÍfï wjYH;djh i|yka lrk
,o w;r ta m%ldrj 1999 Tlaf;dan¾
15 jk od ksl=;a jQ rcfha .eiÜ
ksfõok wxl 1101$14 u.ska wod<
fr.=,dis mkjk ,§'
fufia mkjk ,o ksfhd a.
ny q;rhl wjOdkh fhdu qj
ngo proof read.indd 4 7/22/14 11:24 AM
52014 cQ,s
;snqfKa rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,g
ysñjkakd jQ wruqo,a jxpksl f,i
mßyrKh lsÍu fyda tlS wruqo,a whq;=
f,i w;am;a lr.ekSu wd§ ls%hdjka
iïnkaOfhka tu ixúOdkj,g
t,a,úh yels fpdaokd úu¾Ykh
lsÍfï iNdjla˜ ixia:dmkh lsÍu
iïnkaOfhks'
tfia fyhsk a rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk iïnkaOfhka mkjkakdjQ
´kEu fr.=,dishla by; lS iafõÉPd
iudc fiajd ixúOdk mk; iy
mkf;a 15 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj
iïmdokh jQ ksfhda.j, jmißhg
iSudjkakd jQ fr.=,dis úh hq;= nj
fï lreKq ldrKd ;=< meyeÈ,s fõ'
m;f;ka iy .eiÜ ksfõokfhka
m%isoaO l< ksfhda.j,ska ia:dmkh
lrk kS;suh idOlhkaf.ka neyer
lsis÷ fyda wdh;khlg rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk iïnkaOfhka n,mdkakd
jQ lsisÿ wdldrhl ksfhda. ksl=;a
lsÍug fyda rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
iïnkaOfhka wëlaIKuh N+ñldjla
mj;ajdf.k hdug fyda kS;suh
whs;sjdislula" n,hla fyda wêldrhla
fkdue;af;ah'
m%ldY lsÍug we;s whs;sh m%dfhda.slj
Ndú;hg fhoùuls'
fï isÿfjñka mj;skqfha rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk i sh md,kh
hg;g .ekSug rch ork ks¾,þð;
W;aidyhls' tfiau th rfÜ wdKavl%u
jHjia:dfjka iy udkj ysñlï
ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfhka ;yjqre lr
ms<sf.k we;s whs;sjdislï Y=kH lr
oeófï W;aidyhls'
w d K a v q l % u j H j i a : d j
W,a,x>kh jk mßÈ iy úYaj
udkj ysñlï m%ldYkfha olajd
we;s whs;sjdislïj,g mgyeks jk
mßÈ lghq;= lrk ;ekg m;ajkakg
rchg mokï jQ fya;= idOl fuu
W;a;Í;r md¾,sfïka;=jg meyeÈ,s
lrkakg fukau wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
fkdjeo.;a ,shú,a,l ;;a;ajhg
m;alrkakg rch lghq;= lrñka
isákqfha wehs hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re
§ug;a .re w.%dud;Hjrhd bÈßm;a jkq
we;aoehs oek .ekSug wm leue;af;uq'
^úmlaI kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d
2014 cQ,s 11 Èk md¾,sfïka;=fõ§ l<
úfYaI m%ldYh&
tfiau" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
ms<sn| cd;sl f,alï ld¾hd,fha by;
mshjr furg wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
oreKq f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍuls -
úfYaIfhkau wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
14 jk jHjia:dj m%ldrj ish¨u
mqrjeishkag iy;sl lr ,nd§
we;s NdIKfha" woyia m< lsÍfï"
m%ldYkfha" iduldój /iaùfï iy
iud.ufha ksoyi fuu l%shdj ;=<
oeäj W,a,x>kh fõ' wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ 14 jk j.ka;sfhys
ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka
ljr fyda iSudlsÍula 1980 j¾Ifha
iïu; lrk ,o by; lS mkf;a lsisÿ
j.ka;shla u.ska isÿ fkdjq‚'
iduldój /iaùfï whs;sh" ksoyia
u; oeÍug iy m%ldY lsÍug we;s
whs;sh fukau ljr udOHhlska fyda
f;dr;=re ,nd§ug we;s whs;sh iy
iduldój tla/iaùfï yd ix.ï
meje;aùfï whs;sh;a udkj ysñlï
ms<sn`o úYaj m%ldYkh ;=< mjd ms<s.
ekSug ,laj we;' ^udkj ysñlï
ms<sn`o úYaj m%ldYkfha 19 iy 20
j.ka;s& jevuq¿ iy mqyqKq jevigyka
ixúOdkh lsÍu iDcqju iduldój /
iaùfï whs;sh hg;g .efka' udOH
yuqjla le|ùu hkq flfkl=g woyia
tka'Ô'´ rchg mjrd .ekSug bv fkdfouq
rks,a úl%uisxy
mßj¾;kh - m%.S;a ,shkdrÉÑ
ngo proof read.indd 5 7/22/14 11:24 AM
6 2014 cQ,s
tlu lreK iïnkaOfhka oy
mdrl§ úismia wdldrhlg
lreKq lSu fï wdKavqfõ mqreÿ
l%ufõoh nj fmfkkakg ;sfí'
wdKavqj jev wjq,a lr.kafka yd
úYajdih;a f.!rjh;a flf<id
.kafka tA wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍfuks'
oeka rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk md,kh
lsÍug hEu ;=<o kej; jrla
m%o¾Ykh jkafka wdKavqj wd;la
md;la ke;sj lghq;= lrk wdldrhhs'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfï frðiag%d¾ ld¾hd,fhka
ksl=;a l< uq,a ,smsfhka ish¨ rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj,g okajd ;snqfKa
mqj;am;a idlÉPd" udOHfõ§ka i|yd
jevuq¿ muKla fkdj mqj;am;a
ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu o fkdl< hq;=
njls' thg úfrdaO;d t,a, jk úg
yd tys wm%fhda.sl nj fmkS hk úg
lSfõ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, jev
igyka ;=< fkdue;s kï muKla
tjeks foa fkdl< hq;= njhs' jd¾Isl
jevigyfka tn÷ lghq;= we;=<;a
fldg ;sìh hq;= nj miqj lSfõh'
;j;a jfrl lSfõ fuh kS;shla
fkdj u`. fmkaùula muKla njhs'
oeka w¨;a l;djlao t<shg meñK
;sfí' tkï rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug kj kS;s f.fkk
wdrlaIdj ms<sn| m%Yakhla we;ehs
lshñks' wdKavqj bÈßm;a jQfha
wdrlaIdj fokakg fkdj jefâ
kj;a;kakgh'
jevuq¿ udOH idlÉPd" udOH
ksfõok kj;k ,smshla ksl=;a
jkafka bka miqjhs' tu kS;sh n,a,dg
oud mqj;am;a idlÉPd lrkakg
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk bÈßm;a
ùu ksid jefâ ynla nj wdKavqjg
fmfkkakg we;' oeka kj kS;s
f.fkkakg hkafka tA i|yd fjk;a
udj;la fidhd .ekSug úh yelsh'
th ;j;a wkd.ekSula fõoehs oekau
lsj fkdyel'
wdKavqj lshk f,i jevuq¿"
udOH ksfõok" udOH idlÉPd
fkdl< hq;= kï th Wmfoia
§ula fkdj kS;shls' wvqu ;rñka
,shdmÈxÑ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
1426 lg tA wkqj lghq;= lrkakg
isÿfjhs' tA w;r úúO j¾.fha
ixúOdk we;' we;eï ixúOdk
iqNidOkh i|yd jQ ixúOdkhs'
we;eï ixúOdkj, iajrEmh wkqju
tAjdg ;sfnkafka m%pdrl j¾.fha
lghq;=hs' tA ish,a,gu udOH jev
lsÍu ;ykïh' wdKavqfõ uq,a ,smsfha
;sfnkafka tfyuh'
zwïn,kaf.dv foaYfm%aó
ixúOdkhZ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla
f,i cd;sl f,alï ld¾hd,fha
,shdmÈxÑ wdh;khls' tys ,shdmÈxÑ
wxlh 34904 f,i i|yka úh'
wdKavqfõ uq,a kS;sh tA wdldrfhka
fhfokafka kï fuu foaYfm%aó
ixúOdkhg udOH ksfõokhlaj;a
ksl=;a l< fkdyelsh' oeka lshk
wdldrhg lrkjd kï ish¨ jevuq¿"
udOH idlÉPd" udOH ksfõok .ek
jd¾Isl jev jd¾;dj, i`oykafldg
bÈßm;a fldg ;sìh hq;=h'
yÈishl§j;a bka msgia;r lghq;=
fkdl< hq;=h' foaYfm%aókag lghq;=
lrkakg isÿjkafka tA wdldrfhks'
mßir ixúOdk rdYshla furg
,shdmÈxÑ ù we;' tA ish,a,gu mdfya
lrkakg ;sfnkafkaa uyckhdg
mßir m%Yak ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd
§uhs' jevuq¿ udOH idlÉPd udOH
ksfõok" udOHfõ§ka i|yd jevuq¿
wd§ ish,a, tA i|yd wjYhhs' we;eï
njhs' tA wkqj ,dN fkd,nk iud.ï
f,i iud.ï ueÿf¾ ,shdmÈxÑ l<
wdh;k o rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
f,i ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= njhs'
fu ish¨ l;d ;=< fmdÿfõ tla
jqjukdjla meyeÈ,sh' tkï rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj, lghq;= md,kh
lsÍug wdKavqjg wjYHj we;s njhs'
wdKavqj thg l%u iy úê fidhk
njhs'
óg fmr wjia:d lsysmhl§ o
wdKavqfõ fuu jqjukdj fmfkkakg
;sì‚' jfrl ksoyia udOH
jHdmdrfha jevuq¿jlg lvd mek
th kj;ajd thg meñK isá úfoaYSh
iïm;a odhsldjka fofofkl= ráka
msg;a lr yeßfhah' tys§ wdKavqj
lsfõ ixpdrl ùidj,ska meñK
jevuq¿jlg iyNd.s ùu jrola
njhs' tfia jqjo jevuq¿ i|yd lshd
fjku ùid l%uhla ke;' wdKavqfõ
we;eï jevuq¿ we;=¿j fndfyda
jevuq¿j,g úfoaYslhka tkafka
ixpdrl ùid ,ndf.kh' furáka
msgrgj, jevuq¿ i|yd hkafka o
tf,isks' wdKavqjg tA lsisjla wod<
ke;' g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a
ixúOdkh udOHfõ§ka i|yd
ixúOdkh l< jevuq¿jlao wdKavqj
ueÈy;aù úiqrejd yeßfhah' tA
tka'Ô'´' kd .ekSuiS'fÊ'wur;=x.
ngo proof read.indd 6 7/22/14 11:24 AM
72014 cQ,s
úg mßir m%Yakhla u;=jkafka
yÈisfhah' tjeks fudfyd;l tA i|yd
wjYH foa l< hq;=h' wdKavqfõ ;yxÑ
hgf;a th l< fkdyelsh' jd¾Isl
jev jd¾;dj, tAjd bÈßm;a lsßfï
yelshdj yeu úgu ,efnkafka ke;'
u;ameka yd ÿïjeá úfrdaë
ixúOdk jeks fjk;a iudchSh
wruqK i`oyd jk ixúOdkj,g
o fuu ;;a;ajh wod<h' wdKavqj
;u ;yxÑh ksfõokh lrk úg
fï lsisjla i,ld n,d ke;s nj
fmfkkakg ;sfí' oeka fjk;a nhs,d
lshkakg mgkaf.k ;sfnkafka tA
ksidh'
miq.sh isÿùïj,ska fukau
wdKavqfõ ;yxÑfhka o fmkS
hkafka tys m%Odk jqjukdj
ù ;sfnkafka udOHfõ§ka
mqyqKq lsÍu yd oekqj;a
lsÍu je<elaùu njhs' tfia
jqjo m%Yakh jkafka tAjd
keje;aùug wdKavqjg ;sfnk
whs;sh l=ulao hkakhs'
úmlaI kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy
uy;d md¾,sfïka;=fõ m%Yak
lf<a wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
brd oukakg yokafka wehs
hkqfjks'
woyia m%ldYkfha yd
ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sh o rfÜ
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ we;s
uQ,sl whs;sjdislula nj Tyq
fmkajd ÿkafkah'
› ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
14^1& j.ka;sfhka furg mqrjeishkag
;sìh hq;= uQ,sl whs;Ska kjhla
i|yka fldg we;' tys m<uqjekak
NdIKfha ksoyig yd m%ldYkh
we;=¿ woyia m<lsÍfï ksoyig we;s
whs;shhs' fojekak /iaùfï whs;shhs'
f;jekak iud.ufha ksoyihs'
wdKavqj oeka jeg n¢kakg yokafka
fï ish,a,gh' th rfÜ mj;sk
kS;shgo tfrys ùuls'
fï wdKavqj rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk .ek fmdÿfõ úfrdaOhla
olajk nj ldg;a fmfkkakg
;sfnk ldrKhhs' fyd¢ka lreKq
fidhd n,k úg fmkS hkafka
fuu úfrdaOh fohdldr njhs'
tla me;a;lska udkj ysñlï"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd udOH ksoyi .ek
l%shd lrk ixúOdk iu`. úfrdaOhla
wdKavqjg we;' wfkla w;g fmdÿfõ
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk úfrdaOhlao
fmfkkakg ;sfí' thg fya;= fjk;a
ldrKd njo fmkS hhs'
udkj ysñlï .ek l;d lsÍu
wdKavqjg úiùu f;areï.; yels
ldrKhls' wdKavqfõ udkj ysñlï
le/Ügqj ljqre;a okakd ldrKhls'
y,dj;§" r;=miaj,§" ksoyia fj<|
l,dmfha§" je,slv§ fjä;eîïj,ska
l< ñksia >d;k .ek mÍlaIK ke;'
tAjdg j.lsjhq;a;ka ke;' fmd,sia
w;awvx.=fõ isáh§ fï jk úg 34
fofkl= ñhf.dia we;s nj lsh;s"
udkj ysñlï ixúOdk fï ish,a,
m%Yak lrhs' th wdKavqjg Èrjkafka
ke;s nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= ke;'
miq.sh ld,fha >d;khg ,la
jQ udOHfõ§ka .ek m%ydrhg ,lajQ
udOH wdh;k .ek È.gu l;d lsÍu
o wdKavqjg ord.; fkdyelsh' ;¾ck
.¾ck u.ska fkdks, f,i lrk
udOH u¾okh o ;ju l%shd;aulh'
tAjdg tfrys jk ixúOdk .ek
wdKavqfõ úfrdaOh iajNdúlh' tfia
jqj o th ck;djg ys;lr ke;'
iqNidOk lghq;=j, fhfok
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk .ek o
wdKavqjg úfrdaOhla we;s nj
fndfyda lreKqj,ska ikd: fjhs'
hqoaOfhka miqj W;=re kef.
kysr m%;sixialrK yd iqNidOk
lghq;=j,g meñ‚ fndfyda ixúOdk
wdmiq .sfha fï wdKavqj ;ukag jev
lrkakg bv fkdfok nj lshñks'
ls,sfkdÉÑ m%foaYhg meñ‚ úfoaYSh
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhlg wjYH
jQfha uyckhdf.a Ôjfkdamdh
ixj¾Okh lrkakgh' tA i|yd
ish¨ lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g
wdOdr lsÍug Tjqkg wjYH úh'
wdKavqj lSfõ ù f.dú;ekg muKla
wdOdr §u rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ksid tA
wkqj lghq;= lrk f,ihs' wod<
ixúOdkh lsfõ ;uka meñ‚fha
uyckhdg wjYH foa lsÍug ñi
rdcH m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lrkakg
fkdjk njhs' tu u;.egqï u;
;uka uq,ska /f.k wd uqo, muKla
úhoï fldg tu ixúOdkh wdmiq
.sh nj oek.kakg ,eì‚'
tf,i W;=re kef.kysr
m%foaYj,g meñ‚
we;eï ixúOdkj, jev
lghq;=j,g wdKavqj bv
fkdÿka ksid tn÷ ixúOdk
rdYshla wdmiq .sh nj lsh;s'
tu ;;a;ajh i;H njg
fndfyda f;dr;=re we;'
wdKavqfõ fuu yeisÍug
fya;=j kï fjk;a lreKla
úh yelsh' th kï úfoaYSh
wdKavq furg iqNidOk
yd m%;sixialrK lghq;=
i|yd wdKavqjg uqo,a fkd§
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,g
§uhs' weußldkq rdcH
ksfhdað;hd .d,af,a mej;s
furgg wdOdr ,nd.ekSfï
iuq¿fõ§ tA nj m%isoaêfhau m%ldY
lf<ah'
wdKavqj W;=re jika;h" kef.
kysr kfjdaoh wdÈh wgjd.;af;a
úfoaYSh rgj,ska m%;sixialrK jevg
úYd, uqo,la ,efnkq we;ehs is;d
úh yelsh' tfia jqjo úfoaYSh wdKavq
uqo,a tõfõ tlaflda ;u rcfhau
ksfhdað; wdh;k u.sks' ke;fyd;a
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.sks' tA
.ek wdKavqjg úfrdaOhla we;sùfï
fya;=j is;d .ekSu t;rï wmyiq úh
fkdyelsh'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ish,a,
b;d msßisÿ yd ld¾hlaIu hehs wms
fkdis;uq' tfia jqjo rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk flfrys wdKavqfõ we;s
i;=re wdl,amfhka fldaá m%fldaá
ngo proof read.indd 7 7/22/14 11:24 AM
8 2014 cQ,s
wdrlaIl wud;HdxYh hgf;a
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
f,alï ld¾hd,h ;nd .ekSu w;sYh
nrm;, fodaihls' m%cd;ka;%jd§
iudchl wdrlaIl wud;HdxYh
iu`.ska fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j
;nd .ekSu o fkdlrkakls' tA
ish,a," cd;sl wdrlaIdjg wh;a
fkdjk ck iudcfha ld¾hka jk
fyhsks' wdrlaIl fiajdjka i;=
±ä úkh Í;s yd iSud hgf;a ck
iudcfha ixúOdk l<ukdlrKh
lsÍfuka ck iudchg ;sìh hq;=
ksoyi wysñ jkafkah'
tkuq;a tf,iska fkd;sìh
hq;= ck iudcfha fndfyda foa
fï rfÜ ;nd we;af;a wdrlaIl
wud;HdxYh hgf;ah' isú,a wdrlaIl
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ isg" mqoa.,hska
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï fomd¾;fïka;=j"
k.r ixj¾Ok wêldßh" bvï
f.dvlsÍfï yd ixj¾Okh
lsÍfï ixia:dj" wd.uk ú.uk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" fjr<drlaIl
fomd¾;fïka;=j" ,xld f,dðiaálaia
iud.u" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
f,alï ld¾hd,h jeks fndfyda
fomd¾;fïka;= yd wdh;k md,kh
flfrkafka wdrlaIl wud;HdxYfha
f,alï hgf;ah' f,alïg by<ska
we;af;a wdrlaIl weu;s jk
ckdêm;s mu‚'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
iïnkaOfhka u;=j we;s wdrjq,
jvd;a nrm;< f,i .Kka
.efkkafka wdrlaIl wud;HdxYfha
fï wê n,h ksidfjks' wdrlaIl
wud;HdxYh hgf;a rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,g flrekq ±kqï §ï i;=
lsisÿ kS;suh n,hla fyda ne£ula
fkdjq‚' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
f,alï ld¾hd,fha m%Odkshd u.ska
flrekq tu ±kaùug wkqj udOH
ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu" udOH yuq
meje;aùu" udOHfõ§ka mqyqKq lsÍu
jeks foa Tjqkaf.a ks, jd¾Isl
ie<eiafuys fkdue;s úg fkdl<
hq;= hehs flreKq ±kqï §fuys lsisÿ
.Kkl uqo,la rgg wysñ jQ nj
f;areï.; hq;=j we;' wfkla
w;g rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
fï lrkafka wdKavqj l< hq;=
jevhs' tAjd tu ixúOdkj,ska jeä
jeäfhka lr.;a;d kï yE,a¨
jkafka wdKavqfõ lr u; ;sfnk
nrhs' thj;a f;areï .ekSug
wdKavqjg yels nj fmfkkakg
ke;'
oeka wdKavqj W;aiy
lrñka isákafka rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,g woyia m%ldY lsÍu
kj;kakg fyda iSud lrkakg
fyda nj b;du meyeÈ,sh' udOH
ksfõok mqj;am;a idlÉPd jevuq¿
kj;ajkakg hkafka tA i|ydh'
fïjdg wdKavqfõ wjir .; hq;=
nj o bÈßfha§ lsjfyd;a mqÿu úh
hq;= ke;' th oekgu;a hï;dla
ÿrg m%ldY ù we;' tfia jqj o th
furg wdKavql%u jHjia:djg o
mgyeks W;aidyhls' fï wdKavqj
jevlrkafka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
wkqju fkdjk ksid tA .ek o mqÿu
úh hq;= ke;'
fï fudfydf;a fïjd lrkakg
hEfuka wdKavqfõ cd;Hka;r
m%;srEmhg jk foa .ekj;a wdKavqj
fkdi,lk nj fmfkkakg ;sfí'
tA lshkafka wdKavqfõ jqjukdj tA
;rïu nrm;< njhs'
fuf,i uyckhdf.a woyia
m%ldY lsÍu iSud lsÍfuka fmkS
hkafka wdKavqfõ ÿ¾j,;djh ñi
wka hula fkdfõ' woyia m%ldY
ùug wdKavqj ìhm;aj isák nj
fmfkkakg ;sfí' thg fya;=j
;u n,h msßfyñka ;sfnk nj
wdKavqjgu f;areï f.dia ;sîu úh
yelsh' tfia jqjo fujeks jevj,ska
isÿjkafka wdKavqfõ msßySu ;j;a
fõ.j;a ùuhs' wdKavqfõ ksrej;
;jÿrg;a m%o¾Ykh ùuhs'
tneúka woyia m%ldYkfha
ksoyi iSud lsÍug hEu wdKavqj
;ukaf.au ñkS j< lmd .ekSula
ùug fyd|gu bv we;'
^2014 cQ,s 17 Èk ,xld§m
mqj;amf;a .=reod ú.%yh fjkqfjka
iS'fÊ' wur;=x. ,shk ,o ,smshls'&
j,x.=jla o fkdúk' tksid tA ish,a,
bj; oud iqmqreÿ f,i ls%hd lsÍfï
whs;sh yd n,h" ish¨ rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk i;= úh' tkuq;a tfia
fkdjqfKa" fï wdKavqj fkdfhl=;a
wdldrfhka È.= lrk iSud ;yxÑj,g
wod< ke;s ffk;sl n,h" wdrlaIl
wud;HdxYfha wkq.%yh we;sj
n,y;aldr f,i ls%hdjg ke.Sfï
wk;=rla we;s fyhsks' tksid rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk .Kkdjl yjq,la
wdKavqfõ ksfõokhg úreoaOj jyd
ish iduqysl úfrdaOh m%ldY lf<ah'
tA úfrdaOh cd;Hka;r wjOdkhg o
fhduq lf<ah'
wdKavqj tA iu`. u|la miq
neiafiah' ±ka lshkafka rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk wëlaIKh i|yd
kS;s f.fkk njh' kS;s u.ska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o ksfõokfha
;snQ foa Bg jvd iúia;rd;aulj"
meyeÈ,s wl=ßka ,shd ;nkakgh'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fld;ek
flfia ,shdmÈxÑ lr ;snqK;a tAjd
ish,a, kej; rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
f,alï ld¾hd,fha ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=
nj;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fj;
,efnk úfoaYdOdr wksjd¾hfhka
md,kh úh hq;= nj;a ±ka lshkafkah'
tfia tAjd md,kh lsÍu" wdrlaIl
wud;HdxYh hgf;a jk úg" tAjd
rdcH fkdjk j¾.fhka rdcH.;
;;a;ajhg m;a jkq we;' tA l;d
yuqfõ" úfrdaO;d u.ska u;= flreKq
ish¨ lreKq ldrKd j,x.= jkafkah'
fï wdKavqj w; ;shkafka uQ,sl
whs;Skag h' ck iudcfha kS;Hkql+,
ixúOdk i;=j ;sìh hq;= yd fuf;la
;snQ whs;Skag h' tkuq;a tA iïnkaO
ck udOHh ueÈy;a ùfï wvqjla o
we;' jeäuk;a jdrK wdKavqj fhduq
lrkafka udOH yd we;s .kqfokqjgh'
tfiajQj;a fï l;dkaorfha udOH yd
mqrjeishd i;= whs;sh wjYH whqre
ia:dk.; fkdjkafkah' ia:dk.;
jkafka rdcH fkdjk ixjOdk i;=
whs;Ska mu‚'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk úiska
udOH ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu yd udOH
yuq meje;aùu;a udOHfõ§ka mqyqKq
lsÍu;a iSud lsÍug fyda md,kh
lsÍug wdKavqjg fyda wdrlaIl
wud;HdxYhg lsisÿ whs;shla
ngo proof read.indd 8 7/22/14 11:24 AM
92014 cQ,s
ke;' udOH yuqjl lreKq ±laùu"
m%cd;ka;%jd§ whs;shls' lreKq ±k
.ekSu" mqrjeis whs;shls' mqyqKq lsÍï
jD;a;Sh wjYH;djla jk ksid" th
jD;a;Sh whs;shls' tneúka udOHhg
yria ùu .ek l;d l< hq;af;a th
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk i;= whs;shla
f,i muKlau biau;= lsÍfuka
fkdfõ' udOH yd mqrjeishd i;=
whs;shla o f,iskah'
wdKavqj lrkafka l=ulao" flfiao
iy wdKvqj lrk fyd| krl" yß
je/oao ms<sn|j ±k .ekSug whs;shla
mqrjeishdg we;' tys m%Odk jdylhd
udOHh' fï wdKavqj tA mqrjeis whs;sh
kS;s.; fkdlrk idla l,dmfha
tlu wdKavqjh' tjeks f;dr;=re
±k .ekSug mqrjeishdg we;s whs;sh
,nd fkdfok foaYfma%ó wdKavqjla
f,i fï wdKavqj m%cd;ka;%jdohla
.ek l;d lr;s' fï wdKavqj is;d
isákafka wdKavqfõ ish¨ f;dr;=re
cd;sl wdrlaIdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re
f,i ryiH úh hq;= hehs lshdh'
ish,a, jid ;nd f.k wjYH foa
muKla ;u md,kh hgf;a we;s
udOH fuj,ï u.ska m%pdrh lsÍu"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fkd;lk fï
wdKavqfõ foaYmd,kfhys tla m%Odk
yev .eiauls'
tu foaYmd,khg wkqj" rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk ksoyfia mej;Su
mriamrhls' tksid rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk lafIa;%h fj; iSud ;yxÑ
È.= jkafka" tu lafIa;%fhys we;eï
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" m%cd uQ,
bÈlsÍï yd ixj¾Ok ld¾hhkaj,g
jvd" m%cd uQ, fiajd yd m%cd whs;Ska
iïnkaOfhka ueÈy;a jk fyhsks'
tjeks ixúOdk wdKavqfõ l,alsßhdj
.ek fidhd n,k w;r tA iïnkaO
m%ldYk o ksl=;a lr;s' udOH
idlÉPd o mj;aj;s' ðkSjd o h;s' tA
bv b;sßlr ;enqjfyd;a tjeks rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk" ðkSjd hkjdg
wu;rj" ðkSjd isg fuys meñfKk
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï
fldñifï ksfhdað;hska yuqjkakg
o udkj ysñlï flduidßia úiska
m;a l< YS% ,xldj ms<sn| mÍlaIK
lñgqjg wod<j woyia" f;dr;=re
yd úia;r udOHhg ,nd §ug o
miqng fkdjkq we;' tneúka ±ka
wdKavqjg wjYHj we;af;a tjeks
f;dr;=re iudchg fkd,efnk fia
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk md,kh lr
;nkakgh' tksid rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk úiska tjeks úIh lafIa;%
iïnkaOfhka ie,iqï lrk
ls%hdldrlï yd tA fjkqfjka ,nd
.kakd wruqo,a md,kh lsÍfï
whs;sh" fï wdKavqj flfia fyda
ish;g .kakg ±ka ;Skaÿ lr we;'
tjeks wruqo,a Ndú;h .ek
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk t;rï
újD; ke;' thg tla m%Odk
fya;=jlaj we;af;a" fï ixúOdk
Tjqka l;d lrk m%cd;ka;%jdohg
yd j.ùug" Tjqkaf.a ixúOdk hg;a
lr fkd;eîuh' tAjdfha o rcjreka
ìfidajreka we;' tAjdo mjq,aj,gu
nQo,a jkafkah' tjeks fpdaokd
ms<sn|j —iKi˜ rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkh iïnkaOfhka fidhd neÆ
jd¾;d óg by;ska —rdjh˜ mqj;am;
m<lf<ah' tjeks fpdaokd fjk;a
m%n, rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,g
yd tAjdfha kdhlhskag tfrysj o
bÈßm;aj we;' we;eïjd wêlrKh
olajdu f.dia we;' fï iudcfha
msßySu iu`." wdKavq muKla fkdj"
rdcH wdh;k muKla fkdj" ck
iudcfha ish¨ wjhj" fn,ySk ù
msßyS hñka we;'
tksid isÿúh hq;af;a udOH úiska
wdKavqj" rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj, ls%hdldrlï yd meje;au
iïnkaOj jeo.;a f;dr;=re yd
úia;r iys; ck iyNd.s ixjdohla
f.k hEuh'
tA fjkqjg rdcH fkdjk
lafIa;%fha ls%hdldrlï yd wruqo,a
wdKavqjg ßis fia md,kh lrkakg
bv §fuka rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
fj; bÈßm;a flfrk fpdaokd
i|yd úi÷ï ,efnkafka ke;' fï
wdKavqjg tjeks úi÷ï wjYHh
o ke;' wjYH jkafka ish,a, ;u
md,kh hg;g .ekSu mu‚'
udOHh ysñlrejkag flfia jQj;a
udOHfõ§kag tjeks iSud ;yxÑ
iu.ska ck iudch md,kh lsÍu
fjkqfjka yjq,a úh fkdyel' tjeks
ish¨ f;dr;=re" úia;r" úYaf,aIK
yd ixjdo i|yd wjldY ,nd .ekSug
udOHfõ§kag whs;shla we;' hq;=lula
we;' j.lSula we;' Tjqka bkafka
wdKavq md,kh iy ck iudcfha
meje;au ms<sn| ish¨ f;dr;=re"
úia;r" u;jdo" úYaf,aIK yd ±kqu
l=i,a fmf¾rd
rcfha jQj;a
fkdjQj;a wmg we;s
whs;sh
ngo proof read.indd 9 7/22/14 11:24 AM
10 2014 cQ,s
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,
ls%hdldÍ;ajh iïnkaOfhka rdcH
wdrlaIdj iy kd.ßl ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| wud;HxYh hgf;a ls%hd;aul
jk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ms<sn`o
f,alï l¾hd,h miq.sh 2014 cq,s ui
07 jk Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o m%ldYhla
yryd —udOH idlÉPd le|ùu"
jevuq¿ meje;aùu" udOHfõ§ka
iïnkaO mqyqKq jevigyka
meje;aùu iy udOH ksfõok
ksl=;a lsÍu˜ hk ls%hdldrlïys
ksr; ùfuka ish¨u rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk j<lajd,kakg lghq;=
lr we;' wod< m%ldYh ksl=;a l<
n,OdÍ wdh;kh fï iïnkaOfhka
i|yka lr ;snqfKa wod< rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk Tjqkag imhk
,o ks¾Kdhlhka blaujd lghq;=
lsÍu fujeks ;SrKhlg t<eöug
wdikak;u fya;=j jQ njhs'
fujeks ksfhda.hla ksl=;aùu
iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh
úu;shg m;aj isà' tfiau tjeks
ksfhda.hla ksoyia iy m%cd;ka;%jd§
.=Kfhka hq;a iudchl meje;au
iïnkaOfhka we;s l< yels §¾>
ld,Sk wksgq úmdl flfrys o wmf.a
wjOdkh fhduqj we;'
hqo ls%hdj,sfhka miq YS% ,xldj
tAldêm;s ñ,sgß rdcHhl ;;a;ajh
mqrjeishkg ,nd §ug h' tksid
wdKavqj yd rdcH iïnkaOfhka
fukau" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
ms<sn|j o ish¨ f;dr;=re yd
úia;r" úYaf,aIK yd u;jdo
mqrjeishka yuqfõ ;eîfï hq;=lu
yd j.lSu udOHfõ§ka i;=h'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk i;= ish¨
wvq mdvq" f,v frda." fudavlï
md,kh l< hq;af;a wdKavqfõ
´kE tmdlï wkqj fkdj"
udOH úiska ck iudch yuqfõ
lrk ixjdo" idlÉPd" úia;r
lsÍï iu`.skah' ck iudcfha
m%cd;ka;%jd§ meje;afuys tla
jeo.;a ,laIKhla úh hq;af;a
tjeks iudc yev .eiauls'
tkuq;a wo udOH u.ska
flfrkafka rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk tl;=j wdKavqfõ
m%cd;ka;% úfrdaë mshjrg tfrysj
bÈßm;a lrk úfrdaOh iy Bg;a
jeäfhka wdKavqjg wjYH rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk ms<sn| fpdaokd"
woyia yd u;jdo m%pdrh lsÍu
mu‚' tneúka rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk i;= —j,a nQre ksoyi˜
.ek;a f,dl= ;,auiqka jeks
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ;=kla
ms<sn|j mÍlaIK mj;ajk nj;a
uq,a msgqfõ isria;,hg kef.
kafkah' tA ixúOdk ljf¾±hs
kï fkdjk w;r" tAjdg úreoaOj
bÈßm;a flrekq fpdaokd ksYaÑ;j
bÈßm;a flfrkafka o ke;'
tksid wjidkfha iudc u;h
yokakg W;aidy flfrkafka
fmdÿfõ ish¨ rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk tl yd iudkj fodai
iys; hehs lSugh'
tf,i fpdaokd k.kafka
msßisÿ" m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavqjla
kï" udOHh tfia yeisÍug
hï iudjla Èh yel' tfy;a
fï wdKavqjg tfrysj bÈßm;a
flfrk fpdaokd ,ehsia;=j ;rï
È.= fpdaokd ,ehsia;=jla rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk fj; bÈßm;a
l< fkdyel'
rdjh - 2014 cQ,s 20
olajd fõ.fhka we§ hk iajNdjhla
tA wkqj wmg ksÍlaIKh fõ'
l,dmh ;=< jvd;au yuqodlrKhg
,lajQ rdcHhl ;;a;ajhg YS% ,xldj
m;aj we;' f,dj tA tA rgj,a ;=<
2012 j¾Ifha we;sjQ isÿùï mdol
lr.ksñka Bonn International Center for Conversion kï wdh;kh
úiska 2013 j¾Ih i|yd ilia l<
rgj,a yuqodlrKh ùu ms<sn|
f.da,Sh jd¾;djg wkqj YS% ,xldj
l,dmfha fiiq rgj,a wNsnjñka
yuqodlrKh w;ska 36 jk ia:dkhg
m;aj we;" tA mdlsia:dkh 47 jk
ia:dkfha;a we*a.ksia:dkh 58 jk
ia:dkfha;a wi,ajeis bkaÈhdj 74
jk ia:dkfha;a miqj;a§h' fkamd,h
iy nx.a,dfoaYh fuu ,ehsia;=fõ
ms<sfj,ska 86 iy 123 hk ia:dkj,
miqjk w;r Ökh ,ehsia;=fõ 84
jk ia:dkfha mj;S'
tA w;ru rfÜ ;;a;ajh ;j;a
oreKq w;g yerùfï yelshdjlska
hq;a mshjrla o wkq.ukhj we;' tA
yÈis ;;a;ajhlg uqyqK §fï ljru
fyda wjYH;djhla fï wjia:dfõ
rg ;=< fkd;snqKd jqj o uyck
wdrlaIdj ms<sn| wd{d mkf;a 12
jk j.ka;sh m%fhdackhg .ksñka
fmd,Sish i;= n,h iuia; Èjhskgu
tl fia j,x.= jk mßÈ hqo" .=jka
ksoyia woyiaj,g fu;rï nh wehs@Y%S ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh
ngo proof read.indd 10 7/22/14 11:24 AM
112014 cQ,s
iy kdúl yuqodjka w;g m;alsÍug
lghq;= lr ;sîuhs' YS% ,xld kS;s{
ix.uh by; i|yka fr.=,dish
kS;suh mokulska f;dr" widOdrK
iy n,h w;sl%uKh lr Ndú;d
lsÍulah hk ia:djrfhys isg
lghq;= lrkafkuq' wod< fr.=,dish
.eiÜ ksfõokhla yryd bÈßm;ajQ
wjia:dfõ§ rfÜ ck;djg tA úiska
we;s l< yelsj ;snQ wka;rdh
uekúka y÷kd .ksñka thg úreoaO
jkakg o YS% ,xld kS;S{ ix.uh
lghq;= l<y'
hymd,kh ms<sn| f,dal
jHdma; o¾Ylfha o;a; igykaj,g
wkqj idOdrK;ajh iy j.ùu
iïnkaOfhka jk hymd,k m%ñ;shg
wod<j Y%S ,xldjg 2012 j¾Ifha§
ysñj we;af;a iDK 0'60 l w.hls' fï
w.h 2002 j¾Ih f;la YS% ,xldjg
ysñj ;snQ iDK 0'15 l w.fha isg
isÿjQ meyeÈ,s wj.ukhls' fï yd
iudkju hymd,kh iïnkaOfhka
YS% ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh m%;sY;hla
f,i 2002 § ;snQ 42] l w.fha isg
2012 j¾Ih jkúg 30] la olajd
my< f.dia we;' fï ixLHd f,aLk
iy o;a; iuia;h úiska meyeÈ,sju
ms<sìUq lrkqfha rg ;=< úl,am u;
oeÍug we;s whs;sh" woyia m<lsÍfï
whs;sh" iduldó f,i /iaùug we;s
whs;sh iy udOH ksoyi wfydaisj
f.dia we;s ;ruhs'
n¾g%kaâ ri,a kï od¾Ykslhd
b;d meyeÈ,sj i|yka l<dla fuka
—urKhg;a jvd" uq¿ukskau úkdYj
hdug;a jvd" f,dalfha fjk;a ljru
fohlg;a jvd ñksid ìhjkakdjQ
hula we;akï tA wka lsisjla fkdj
woyiah˜
YS% ,xldfõ kS;s{ lafIa;%fha
ls%hdldßlhkaf.a ksfhdackh orkakd
jQ m%uqL fm< wdh;kh jYfhka
iy rg ;=< kS;sfha wdêm;Hfha
iqrlaIs;Ndjh fjkqfjka lemù
ls%hdlrkakka jYfhka YS% ,xld
kS;s{ ix.uh iudch ;=< lsis÷
fyda ixjrKhlska fyda ;=,khlska
f;drj mek ke.S ls%hd;aul
jk ndOd t<jk iq¨ j¾;udk
;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka úu;sfhka
iy wúksYaÑ;;djfhka hq;=j fuu
m%ldYh m%isoaO lrkakg lghq;=
lrkafkuq'
tfiau my; iqúfYaIS ldrKd
iïnkaOfhka kej; wjOdkh
fhduqlsÍu wjia:dkql+, jkq we;ehs
wm l,amkd lrkafkuq'
• fkdfhla fpdaokd
u; fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg m;ajQ
iellrejkaf.ka wdikak jYfhka
33 l muK ixLHdjla miq.sh ld,h
;=< fmd,sia w;awvx.=fõ miqjoa§u
urKhg m;aj we;' fï iïnkaOfhka
j.lSu oeßh hq;= fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag
tfrysj lsis÷ mshjrla fï olajd
ls%hdjg kxjd fkdue;s w;r idjoH
fkdjk ukqIH >d;k ls%hdjkag
Tjqka jrolrejka lrk wdldrfha
lsisu kS;s ls%hdjla fuf;la wkq.
ukh ù fkdue;'
• fmdÿ uyck;djf.a
o wkque;sh uOHfha fmd,Sish
iy fjk;a wdrlaIl wxY úiska
isÿl< fiiq >d;khka .Kkdjla
iïnkaOfhka j.lsjhq;= ks,OdÍka
w;awvx.=jg f.k Tjqka kS;sh yuqjg
f.k tAug fï olajd;a lsis÷ mshjrla
f.k fkdue;'
• miq.shod w¨;a.u" fírej,
iy o¾.d k.rh hk m%foaY wdYs%;j
we;sjQ l,yldÍ isÿùï uOHfha
úfYaI ld¾h n,ld fin¿ka ie,lsh
hq;= ixLHdjla wjg /£ isáh§ mjd
ksjdi" lvidmamq" l¾udka;Yd,d
iy wd.ñl uOHia:dk we;=¿
f.dvke.s,s 75 - 80 ;a w;r ixLHdjla
.sks ;nd úkdY lr we;' tfiau
fulS úkdYldÍ isÿùï yd iïnkaO
idlaIs uq¿ukskau bj;a lr oeóug o
tlS úfYaI ld¾h n,ld fin¿kaf.a
odhl;ajh ,nd f.k we;'
• w,a,ia ls%hd iy jxpd ¥IK
lghq;= u¾okh lsÍu i|yd msysgqjd
we;s iajdëk fldñika iNdfjys
ls%hdldÍ;ajhg fndfyda fia ndOd
t,a,ù we;' fldñiu fj; iy
bka msg;g ks,OdÍka m;alsÍfï iy
udrelr heùfï ls%hdj,sh uq¿ukskau
ys;=jlaldÍ iy w;a;fkdau;sl
m%;sm;a;Ska u; mokïj we;'
• wêlrK lafIa;%fha m;alsÍï
iïnkaOfhka iïm%odhslju wod<
lr.kakdjQ fcHIaG;ajh iy
ld¾hfha ksr;ùfï úYsIag;ajh jeks
idOl fkdi,ld yßñka wkqÑ;
m;alsÍï isÿlsÍu yryd iuia;
wêlrK lafIa;%fhau iajdëk;djh
nrm;< ;¾ckhlg ,la lr we;'
• cd;Hka;r iïu;hkag
uq¿ukskau mgyeks iy ndysr f,i
ls%hd;aul lrk ,o ñ,shk .Kkl
jákdlñka hq;a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
ksis fgkav¾ mámdáfha neyerj
w;a;fkdau;sl ;SrK u; mokïj
úfoaYSh fldka;%d;a iud.ï fj;
msßkud we;'
rg ;=< Woa.;j we;s fkdfhla
m%Yakj,g úi÷u we;af;a ks¾,Êð;
;SrK yryd udOH ksoyi iSud lr
oeóu ;=< fkdj rg ;=< ls%hd;aul
md,k moaO;Ska ksjerÈ wdia:dkhlg
ngo proof read.indd 11 7/22/14 11:24 AM
12 2014 cQ,s
fhduq lr wod< ÿ¾j,;d i|yd
j.lsjhq;a;kag tfrysj kS;suh
mshjr .ekSu ;=<h'
foaYiSud rys; udOHfõÈfhda
ixúOdkh úiska tA tA rgj, udOH
ksoyi mokï lrf.k isÿl<
fYa%‚.; lsÍfuys YS% ,xldjg ysñj
we;af;a 165 jk ia:dkhhs' th
175 la jk iuia; rgj,a .Kkska
my<u ;;a;ajhla jk w;r YS%
,xldj Wiafnlsia;dkh" ,sìhdj iy
rejkavdj hk rgj,go miqmiska
isà' wdishdfõ rgj,a 40 la w;=ßka
by; fY%a‚.; lsÍfuys,d YS% ,xldjg
ysñj we;af;a 35 jk ia:dkhhs' fï
ish¨u jd¾;d m%isoaêfha y÷kd.;
yels lreKq iy o;a; idOl fldg.
ksñka bÈßm;ajQ tAjd fõ'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ms<sn`o
f,alï l¾hd,h ms<sn| cd;sl
f,alï ld¾hd,h by; lS pl%f,aLh
ksl=;a lrkakg fmr rg ;=< udOH
ksoyi yd whs;sjdislï iïnkaO
ienE ;;a;ajh tA wdldr úh'
rdcH wdrlaIl wud;HxYfha
mQ¾K wkqoekqu we;sj ksl=;a jQ fï
l=m%lg pl%f,aLh woyia m%ldY
lsÍfï whs;sh oeä fia .,.%yKhg
.kq ,nk w;r thska we;sjk
M,úmdl lsisjla rg zwdishdfõ
wdYap¾hhZ njg m;a lsÍug odhl
fkdjkq we;'
tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s OQrh
oerE f;dauia fc*¾ika hkq udOHfha
ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksidfjka ish OQr
ld,h ;=< fkdfhla mSvdjkag iy
wjysr;djkag uqyqK ÿka kdhlfhls'
tfia ;sìh§;a woyia ksoyfia .,kh
ùug bvlv ie,iSu u; i;Hh
ksielju by<g tiefjkq we;ehs
Tyq oeäj úYajdi lf<ah' tfiau
ish ks¾fodaISNdjh wjidkfha tA u;
/f|kq we;ehso Tyq úYajdi lf<ah'
—wmf.a rcfha moku jkqfha
ck;djf.a woyiah' tA ksidfjka
wmf.a uQ,sl wruqK ilia úh
hq;af;a Tjqkaf.a woyia ksjerÈ lsÍu
fjkqfjkah' tfiau wmg wjYH
jkafka m%jD;a;s m;% fkdue;sj
rchla mj;ajdf.k hdu o
ke;fyd;aa rchla fkdue;sj m%jD;a;s
m;% muKla mej;Su o hk foflka
iqÿiq tla fohla f;dard .ekSu
flÈkl fyda ug mejreKfyd;a ud
tla fudfyd;l fyda mels,Sulska
f;drj fojekak f;dard .kafkñ'˜
hehs f;dauia fc*¾ika 1787 j¾Ifha
lsishï Èfkl m%ldY lf<a Tyq
t;rïu ksoyia udOHfha meje;au
w.h l< wfhl= neúks'
mYapd;a hqo YS% ,xldj ishqï iy
Èfkka Èk nrm;< jkakdjQ w¾nqohl
ksu.akj we;s tllah hkak wmf.a
wjfndaOhhs' rfÜ m%cd;ka;%jd§
ixia:djka iy iïm%odhka mßydkshg
m;aùu j¾;udkfha h:d¾:h njg
m;aj we;'
17 jk ishjfia jdih l<d jQ m%lg
whsßIa od¾Ykslfhl= jk tâukaâ
n¾laf.a jpkj,ska fï ;;a;ajh
iudf,dapkh lr olajkafka kï —
whym; n,j;a ùu isÿjkqfha hym;a
ñksiqka lsisjla fkdlr isàfukah'˜
rdcH wdrlaIdj iy kd.ßl
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wud;HxYh hgf;a
ls%hd;aul fjñka by; lS wdldrfha
pl%f,aLhla ls%hdjg kxjkakg rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk ms<sn| f,alï
ld¾hd,h oerE ;e; wka lsisjla
fkdj tAldêm;s ñ,sgß rdcHhl
;;a;ajhg rg .uka lrkjdh hkakg
,enqKq w;sYh iÔù idOlhls'
by; lS pl%f,aLh ksoyia iy
m%cd;ka;%j§ iudchla mj;ajd .ekSu
wruqKq lr.ksñka rfÜ wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj úiska iy;sl lrk ,o
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%;sm;a;Ska
tl,du W,a,x>kh lrkaklah
hkak YS% ,xld kS;s{ ix.ufha
úYajdihhs' tfiau tlS pl%f,aLh
rg ;=< kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ms<sn|
iïu;hkag o meyeÈ,sju m%;s.dój
mek ke.S we;'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 06
jk mßÉfþoh ;=< olajd we;s
j.ka;sj, oelafjk rdcH m%;sm;a;s
yd tAjdg wod< uQ,O¾uhkag o by;
pl%f,aLfhys wka;¾.;h fukau
tys jHx.d¾:hka o meyeÈ,sju
tÈßj f.dia we;' tmuKlao fkdj
th wdKvql%u jHjia:dfõ 04 jk
mßÉfþofhys tkakdjQ NdIKfha"
iduldó f,i /iaùfï iy iud.
ufha ksoyi iïnkaOfhka jk
whs;sjdislïj,g o wNsu; jD;a;shl
ksr;ùu i|yd jk whs;sjdislug
o fï pl%f,aLfha wka;¾.;h
iïmQ¾Kfhkau mgyeksh'
wmf.a ms<s.ekSug wkqj
fuu ls%hdj wka lsisjla fkdj
rfÜ fkdfhla ;rd;srïys iudc
ia:djrhka w;r ìhuqiq ye`.Sï we;s
lr tAldêm;s md,kfha meje;au
w;sYh wka;rdhlr uÜgula
olajd by< oud .ekSu yryd rfÜ
uyck;dj ;=<ska u;=j wd yels
úreoaO u;jdohka ksy~ lr oeóug
.;a W;aidyhls'
fï ish¨ lreKq ie,ls,a,g
.ksñka" rfgys wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfjka m%Njh ,nkakdjQ uQ,sl
whs;sjdislïj,g tfrysj hñka
rdcH wdrlaIl wud;HxYh hgf;a
ls%hd;aul jk idudkH ks,Odßfhl=
úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o by; lS
pl%f,aLhg YS% ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh
jYfhka wm wmf.a n,j;a úfrdaOh
m< lr isákafkuq' tmuKlao fkdj
rgg cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka
m%n, ydks f.k tAfuys iu;a fuu
tAldêm;s pl%f,aLh jydu yl=,d
.kakd f,i wm rcfha j.lsjhq;=
wdh;kj,g n,lr lshd isákafkuq'
^YS% ,xld kS;s{ ix.uh úiska bx.%Sis
niska m%isoaO l< iïmQ¾K m%ldYfha
isxy, mßj¾;kh&
mßj¾;kh - m%.S;a ,shkdrÉÑ
ngo proof read.indd 12 7/22/14 11:24 AM
132014 cQ,s
f.oßka msg;aj ykaÈhg hkakg
fudag¾ ihsl,hg f.dvjqKq úg;a
wmg fy,aughla me<| f.k" ,hsika
bkaIqjrkaia iy mqoa., ye÷kqïm;
idlal=fõ odf.k hkakg isÿj
we;' tfia ke;akï ykaÈfha udr
.ig uqjdù isák fmd,sia rd<ydñ
flfkl=f.a fõIfhka wdKavqj wm
u; ;u n,mrdl%uh úysÿjkq we;'
;ks mqoa.,hka f,i wm tlsfkld
leue;s leue;s wdldrhg lghq;=
lrkjd fjkqjg wdKavqj úiska mkjd
we;s kS;s Í;s" wK mk;a fr.=,disj,g
hg;aj Ôj;a ùug isÿj we;af;a ula
ksidoehs Tn l,amkd lr ;sfío@ ;ks
mqoa.,hka jYfhka wm Ôj;ajkafka
iudch kï iuia;hla ;=< jk w;r
tu iuia;h ;=< Ôj;ajk ish¨
fokdf.a fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka
lghq;= lrkjd hehs lshk wdKavqfõ
md,khg hg;a ùug wmg isÿj we;'
n,j; a wdK av qjl a iy ty s
mqrjeisfhl= jk ;ks mqoa.,fhl=
w;r fkdmEysh yels n, mr;rhla
;sfnk w;r mqrjeishd flfrys
wdKavqfõ mSvkh wiSudka;slj t,a,
fõ' m%cd;ka;%jd§ kHdh wkqj tkaÔ´
fyj;a rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk hkq
wdKavqj iy mqrjeishd w;r ;sfnk"
iudk wruqKq we;s mqrjeishkaf.a
tl;+kah' Tjqka isÿlrkafka ;uka
leue;s wdldrfha m%;sixialrK
isÿlrjd .ekSug wdKavqjg n,mEï
lsÍu iy u.fmkaùuh'
ngysr rgj,§ fuu rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj, wjYH;djh tu rgj,
wdKavq úiskau b;d by<ska ms<sf.k
we;;a tu wdKavq md,kh fndfydaÿrg
ms<s.;a m%cd;ak;%jd§ iy udkj
ysñlï uQ,O¾u u; f.dvke.S we;s
ksid tu ixúOdkj,g l%shd;aul ùug
b;sßj we;s úIh m:h idfmalaIj iSud
iys;h' .dñ‚ úhkaf.dv uy;d
b;d ksjerÈj fmkajd fok mßÈ
—''';=kajk f,dalfha ´kEu rgl
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk cd,hla
jHdma; jkafka tu rfÜ rdcHfha
wiu;aNdjhg iudkqmd;sljh' tkï
rfÜ wjYH;djh mßir ¥IKh"
tka'Ô'´' fjkqfjka fkdìhj'''m%fndaO Ñka;l r;akdhl
tka'Ô'´'f,alïjrhdf.a ,smshg tfrysj fldgqj
ÿïßh ia:dkh bÈßmsg isú,a iudc l%shdldÍka tla
/iaj úfrdaOh mE whqre
ngo proof read.indd 13 7/22/14 11:24 AM
14 2014 cQ,s
idlaIr;djh" jeisl s< s Ndú;h"
ukaofmdaIKh jeks ldrKd kï
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk jeä jYfhka
ìys jkafka t Ajd b,lal fldg
f.kh' tfiau rfÜ wjYH;djh
m%cd;ak;%jdoh" udkj ysñlï" kSs;sfha
wdêm;Hh" iq¿;r whs;sjdislï"
w;=reoykaùï je<elaùu wdÈh kï
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, b,lalh
th njg m;afõ' uq,ska oelajq ldrKd
fndfydauhla rgl ixj¾Okh;a iu`.
úifok w;r fojkqjg oelajQ ldrKd
ksid rgla ixj¾Okh fkdjk nj fï
jk úg f,dalh ms<s.;a isoaOdka;hls'
tkï rgla ixj¾Okh ùug wjYH
foaYSh iy úfoaY wdfhdack jeä
jkafka rgl m%cd;ka;%jdoh" kSs;sfha
wdêm;Hh wdÈh fl;rï Yla;su;a
mokula u; mj;skafkao hkakg
iudkqmd;sljh' rgla md,kh jkafka
kS;sfhka fkdj n,j;a mqoa.,hka
lsysmfofkl=f.a wjYH;djh wkqj
kï tu rgg úfoaY wdfhdaclhka
fkdmeñfKk w;r foaYSh jYfhka
uqo,a yo,a we;s wh mjd rg ;=< uqo,a
wdfhdackh lsÍug ìh fj;s'
, x l d f õ f ï j k ú g
m%cd;ka;%jdofhys ysÕhla ^äfudl%is
fv*sisÜ& mj;sk nj rfÜ úmlaI
kdhljrhd we;=¿ fndfyda fofkl=
ms<sf.k we;' th wdKavqj úiska
m;a l< W.;a mdvï iy m%;sikaOdk
fldñika iNd jd¾;dfjys o m%ldYs;h'
tjeks ;;ajhla ;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh"
udkj ysñlï" hymd,kh .ek
jev lghq;= lrk rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,g muKla fkdj mßir
ixúOdkhlg fyda ksjdi idod fok
ixúOdkhlg o ish lghq;= ksis f,i
mj;ajdf.k hd fkdyel'
,xldfõ wdKavqj rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,g tfrysj l% shd;aul
ùu f;areï .; hq;af;a fuu miq
ìu ;=<h' l=i,a fmf¾rd úiska
fmkajdfok mßÈ wdKavqj úiska rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj, whs;sjdislï iSud
lsÍu fmdÿfõ iuia; mqrjeishkaf.
au whs;sjdislï iSud lsÍula f,i
,dxlslhka nyq;rhla f;reï fkd.
kafka wehso hkak úuid ne,sh hq;=h'
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk hkq ngysr
wêrdcHjd§kaf.a ksfhdað;hkah hk
mgq w¾: ksrEmKh ;=< isr lf<a
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiskah' wog
mjd we;eï Bkshd ,snr,a nqoaêu;=ka
mjd ms<s.kafka tu cúfm úiska
f.k wd tu w¾: ksrEmKhhs' óg
wu;rj uE; ld,Skj rdcHfha u;jd§
WmlrK iy rdcH u¾ok WmlrK
fhdojd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
iïnkaOfhka ÿ¾u;hla m%p,s; lr
we;s w;r ;j;a fndfyda fofkl=
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk foi n,kafka
wdKavqj úiska ,nd ÿka tu lKaKdäh
;=<sks'
rfÜ wfkla ´kEu wdh;khl
mßoafoka rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,
o ¥IK" wl%ñl;d" kdia;sh ;sìh yels
w;r tAjdg tfrysj l%shd;aul ùug
fmdÿ kS;sh Yla;su;a lr.kakjd
úkd wKavqjg fï fudfydf;a wjYH
foa iu`. fï ldrKd mg,jd.; hq;=
fkdfõ'
rchg fufia rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk jyl`ÿre ù ;sfnkafka wehs@
,xld§mfha .=reod ú.%yh ,shk iS'fÊ'
wur;=x. fmkajd fok wdldrhg
udkj ysñlï iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh
ms<sn| wdKavqfõ lerÜgqj ljqre;a
okakd mßÈ ijq;a;= ù we;s ksid tA
ud;Dld ms<sn|j jev lrk ixúOdk
wdKavqj olskafka ;ukag tfrys
msßila f,ih' tfiau Tyq ;jÿrg;a
fmkajd fokafka hqo aOfhka miq
ixj¾Ok jevj,g cd;Hka;r m%cdfõ
n,j;a rgj,a ;ukag iDcqju wdOdr
fokq we;ehs wdKavqj úYajdi l<;a
tu wdOdr ,nd fokafka rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk yryd ùu ksid wdKavqjg ish
tka'Ô'´' f,alïjrhd úiska tjk
,o ,smsh iy tu ,smshg úfrdaOh
m< lrñka th m%isoaêfha mq¿iaid
±óug iqodkñka isák ksu,ald"
ì%fgda" irjkuq;a;= we;=¿ isú,a
iudc l%shdOrhka
ngo proof read.indd 14 7/22/14 11:24 AM
152014 cQ,s
foaYmd,k wNsm%dhka fï uqo,aj,ska
lr.; fkdyels ù we;s njhs' tu
ksid ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka
lghq;= lrk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
o ish;g .ekSug wdKavqjg wjYH ù
we;s njhs'
fï iïnkaOfhka cd;sl idu
uKav,fha úOdhl wOHlaI wdpd¾h
fcydka fmf¾rd olajd we;s woyi o
wjOdrKh lsÍu m%fhdackj;ah' Tyq
lshk wdldrhg Yla;su;a wdKavqjla
úu;sl woyiaj,g ìh ke;s w;r
Tjqka tu úu;sl woyia ;u wdKavqfõ
jevms<sfj<gu tl;= lr .kS' tfy;a
ÿ¾j, wdKavqjla iEu úgu úu;sl
woyia olskafka ;ukag ;¾ckhla
f,ih' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk hkq
úu;sl woyia orK fldgila jk
w;r fï wdKavqj fï jk úg B<`.
Pkaohlska ;uka mrdch fõ hehs
úYd, ìhlska miqjk ksid úu;sl
woyiaj,g muKla fkdj Pkao
odhlka oekqj;a lsÍug mjd Tjqka
ìhù we;s nj Tyq ;jÿrg;a fmkajd
§ we;'
Y s % ,xld kS; s{ ix.uh fï
iïnkaOfhka ksl=la l< m%ldYfhka
rfÜ rdcH wdh;kj, lvd jeàu
fmkajd § we;s w;r tu lvd jeàu
j<lajd .ekSu fjkqjg th fy<s
ùu je<laùug rg ;=< úl,am u;
oeÍug we;s whs;sh" woyia m< lsÍfï
whs;sh" iduldó f,i /iaùug we;s
whs;sh iy udOH ksoyi wfydais jk
wdldrhg wdKavqj l%shd;aul ùfï
;j;a tla wÈhrla f,i fuu tkaÔ´
frðiagd¾f.a ,smsh fmkajd § we;'
fï ksid rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
ms<sn| wdKavqfõ úfõpkh iy
tAjdfha lghq;= md,kh lsÍug .kakd
mshjrhka ioaNdjfhka lrkq ,nk
tlla fkdjk nj b;d meyeÈ,sh'
fï ms<sn|j md¾,sfïka;=fõ§ úfYaI
m%ldYhla l< úmlaI kdhl rks,a
úl%uisxy uy;d fmkajd ÿkafka
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, uQ,H
wl%ñl;d jeks oE isÿfõ kï tAjd
md,kh lsÍug 1980§ tjlg mej;s
rch úiska f.k wd iafõÉPd iudc
fiajd ixúOdk ^,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu iy
wëlaIKh lsÍfï mk;& Ndú;d l<
yels nj;a" wdrlaIl wud;HxYh
uq,aù rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk md,kh
lsÍug ork W;aidyh iïmQ¾Kfhkau
wdKvql%u jHjia:djg iy uQ,sl
whs;sjdislïj,g fukau cd;Hka;r
jYfhka ne£ we;s udkj ysñlï
iïu Q; Sk a g o mgyek s njh s '
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, úIh
m:h md,kh lsÍug tlS mk;
hgf;a fr.=,dis mekùu jkdys
n,d;sl%uKhla njo Tyq fmkajd fohs'
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ngo proof read.indd 15 7/22/14 11:24 AM
16 2014 cQ,s
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ngo proof read.indd 16 7/22/14 11:24 AM