NghinCuLchSNhnLoi

ArnoldJosephToynbee

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TableofContentsLINIULINGIBINTPCHNG1GIITHIU

I.NGHINCUVLCHSII.NGHINCUSOSNHCCNNVNMINHIII.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI

CHNG2QUTRNHHNHTHNHCCNNVNMINHIV.CUHICHACLIPV.THCHTHCVTRLIVI.UIMCANGHCHCNH[24]VII.THCHTHCCAMITRNGSNGVIII.PHNGSCHNHA

CHNG3QUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHIX.NHNGNNVNMINHBGIAMHMX.BNCHTQUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHXI.PHNTCHQUTRNHPHTTRINXII.KHCBITNYSINHTSPHTTRIN

CHNG4QUTRNHSUYTNCACCNNVNMINHXIII.BNCHTVNXIV.NHNGGIIPHPNHMNHXV.SMTKIMSOTIVIMITRNGXVI.THTBITRONGQUTRNHTXCNH

CHNG5STANRCACCNNVNMINHXVII.BNCHTCASTANRXVIII.CHIARTRONGXHIXIX.SPHNHATRONGTMHNXX.MIQUANHGIACCXHIANGPHNRVCCCNHNXXI.NHPIUCAQUTRNHPHNRXXII.CHUNHAQUTRNHPHNR

MCLCLINIULINGIBINTP

CHNG1GIITHIUI.NGHINCUVLCHSII.NGHINCUSOSNHCCNNVNMINHIII.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI(1)CCNNVNMINHVXHINGUYNTHY(2)QUANIMSAILMVTNHDUYNHTCANNVNMINH(3)THIIMSOSNHGIACCNNVNMINH(4)LCHS,KHOAHCVVNCHNG

CHNG2QUTRNHHNHTHNHCCNNVNMINHIV.CUHICHACLIP(1)TVN(2)CHNGTC(3)MITRNG

V.THCHTHCVTRLI(1)MANHMITHNTHOI(2)PDNGTHNTHOIGIIQUYTVN

VI.UIMCANGHCHCNHVII.THCHTHCCAMITRNGSNG(1)SKCHTHCHCANHNGXSKHKHN(2)SKCHTHCHCAVNGTMI(3)TCNGCATAING(4)NHNTKCHTHCHCAPLC(5)NHNTKCHTHCHCASTRNGPHT

VIII.PHNGSCHNHA(1)VD(2)SOSNHGIABAGIIHN(3)HAINNVNMINHYUMNH(4)TCNGCAHIGIOLNCCHPHICCGIO

CHNG3QUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINHIX.NHNGNNVNMINHBGIAMHM(1)NGIPOLYNESIA,NGIESKIMOVNGIDUMC(2)NGIOSMANLI(3)NGISPARTA(4)CCCIMCHUNG

X.BNCHTQUTRNHPHTTRINCACCNNVNMINH(1)HAIDUVTSAILM(2)TINTRNHTKHNGNH

XI.PHNTCHQUTRNHPHTTRIN(1)XHIVCTH(2)STHOILUIVTRLICACNHNSNGTO(3)STHOILUIVTRLICACCTHIUSSNGTO

XII.KHCBITNYSINHTSPHTTRINCHNG4QUTRNHSUYTNCACCNNVNMINH

XIII.BNCHTVNXIV.NHNGGIIPHPNHMNHXV.SMTKIMSOTIVIMITRNG

(1)MITRNGTNHIN(2)MITRNGCONNGI(3)MTKTLUNPHNH

XVI.THTBITRONGQUTRNHTXCNH(1)CCHCASMPHNG(2)BNHCRUMI(3)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGCITIPHDU(4)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGTHCHYUMNH(5)TIMPHNGSNGTO:TNSNGKTHUTSMLITN(6)STSTCACHNGHAQUNPHIT(7)SAYMENCHINTHNG

CHNG5STANRCACCNNVNMINHXVII.BNCHTCASTANR(1)NGHINCUTNGQUT(2)PHNHAVPHCSINH

XVIII.CHIARTRONGXHI(1)THIUSTHNGTR(2)TNGLPBTRQUCNI(3)TNGLPBTRQUCNICATHGIIPHNGTY(4)TNGLPBTRNGOIQUC(5)TNGLPBTRBNNGOICATHGIIPHNGTY(6)NHNGNHHNGNGOILAIVBNX

XIX.SPHNHATRONGTMHN(1)NHNGCONNGLACHNVCCHNGX,CMXC,VLISNG(2)BUNGTHVTCH(3)OTHOTVTVO(4)CMGICCUNTRIVMCCMTILI(5)CMGICLNLN(6)CMGICNHTQUN(7)CHNGHAHOIC(8)CHNGHAVLAI(9)TNHTSIUNGHIMCACHNGHAVLAI(10)STCLPVPHPBINHNH(11)PHPTISINH

XX.MIQUANHGIACCXHIANGPHNRVCCCNHN(1)THINTISNGTOTRONGVAITRCUTINH(2)CUTINHMANGGM(3)CUTINHVICMYTHIGIAN(4)NHHINTRITDIMTNMTVVUA(5)THNGHINTHNTRONGMTCONNGI

XXI.NHPIUCAQUTRNHPHNRXXII.CHUNHAQUTRNHPHNR

LINIUngD.CSomervellsgiithchldovsaongquytnhtmlcsutpu

bschca ti trong liniucangnhngtrangtip theo.Nhngt lcchabitnhngldo,mtscuhicginchoti,nhiunhttHoaK,mongmuncchngmtbntmlcvnhngphntivitscphthnhtrongthigiantitrckhitichoxutbnphncnlicacngtrnhvmidnhbanutnhngibtrhonqulubichintranh.Yucunyvcngbcthit,songtichatmccchgiiquytvqubnrnvicngtcthichin.CnhthchotikhingSomervellthngbovitiquathrngmtbntmlc,dongthchin,chontt.Thlvncgiiquyttheocchmmnnht.KhiticmtrntaybnthocangSomervell,thhnbnnmtriquaktkhicc

tpIVnVIvhnchnnmtkhicctpInIIIcphthnh.Tichorng,mtkhitcphmnocnangtrongqutrnhthchinthhotngphthnhs lmtcphmythmgnbvicucsngcangisngto.Songy,cucchintranh1939-1945,cngvinhngthayivhoncnhvcngvicmnemli,lmcntrmilinhqubuy(cctpIVnVIcxutbnch21ngytrckhicucchinnra).Strhonstiptcnukhngcbntmlcny.TinghincubnthocangSomervell,vmcdngrtkhologilinhngtngvtngcachnhti,songtivncnnhthmtcunschmidongikhcvit.Tibsungvchnhsalivnphongmtvich(visngmticholrtrnglngcangSomervell).Nhngtikhngichiubn tm lcnyvibngc tngdngmt,ng thiquytnhkhng thmvonhngonmngSomervelllcb,vtitinrngbnthntcgikhcthlnginhnxtkhchquanvnhngphnnolcnthithaykhngcnthittrongtcphmcamnh.Ngitmlckhololuncungcpchotcgimtshtrqubumtcgikhng

thtmnhthchinc,vtitinchcrngcgitngcquacunschgckhicnbnnysngiu.KhnngvnchngcangSomervellquthcrttitnhbingthnhcngtrongvicgiclunimcacunsch,trnhbyphnlnnidungcanbngnhngtngnguynbn,ngthitmgnsutpschxungchcnmt.Nuttranhimvnychobnthnmnh,chnhticngkhngthhonthnhcn.TicmthyrtvinhdkhicunschcNhxutbnihcOxfordphthnhy

.TicngxinchnthnhcmncV.MBoulter,ngithchinphndanhmcchocunschnycngnhcctpInIIIvIVnVItrc.

ARNOLDJ.TOYNBEE1946

LINGIBINTPCunNghinculchsnhnloicangToynbeetrnhbymtlunimn

nhtvlinlcvbnchtvmhnhltngcalchsnhnloi,ktkhihnhthcxhigilnnvnminhlnutinxuthin.Lunimcminhha,vtronggiihnchophp,cchngminhtimigiaionbngnhngvdsinhngrtrattonbchiudilchsnhnloivncccnhshcthinayghinhn.Mtsvdminhhacphntchhtscchitit.Nhimvcangibintp,cnglbnchtvtnchcacunsch(chnhlbntmlc)ny,vcbnrtngin,lduytrnguynvnlunimcatcgidchtrongmtphtbiuvntt,gimbtmtsvdnhtnh,vginlc,vitllnhnrtnhiu,ccchititctrnhbybntrongnhngvdy.Timomuinghrngtpschnygiithiumtcchyvquanimtrithclch

scangToynbeekhngkmgsutpxutbntrongcngtrnhvnchahonttcang.NukhngthchcchnlngToynbeekhngtnthnhvicphthnhn.Nhngtikhngdmchorngncththaythchotcphmgchonchnh.Vcbn,ncthlmtsthaythchpnhnc;nhnghilngthchcchnlkhng,bilphnlnscthuhtcanbngctptrungsphongphtrongccvdminhha.Ngitascmthyrngchctcphmgcymixngngvitmccatimntrnhby.Dusdngrtnhiucuvonvngingnhbngcsaochocnivibntmlc,nhngtilunchorngcgisthybngchpdnhnrtnhiu.TonbbnthocaticngToynbeeckvnhngonthmvonitrn

cngtonbphncnlicngchpthun.iunykhngnhtthitphinurayhocccchthchcuitrangtrongtpsch.Ticpnchngnthunvmtcgiktnhkhisosnhtpschnyvinbngcscmthyrng,cngvicbintpnhmttrchikhngtuntheomtthlutnghimngtnoc.Cngcmthochaichcthmvomtvicu,dongToynbeehocbnthnti,nhmcptinhngskindinraktkhinbngccphthnh.Nhngvtngth,khixembatpucphthnhvonm1933vbatpcnlicphthnhvonm1939,ticmthythtkdiuvmnh ch phi tn rt t cng sc chomt cng trnh s ng ngng phc ca A.JToynbee.iucngnilngitrnidungctrnhbyvimtphngphptipcnkhoahclgiiccskinlchsmtcchrrngvcth.

D.CSOMERVELL

CHNG1GIITHIU

I.NGHINCUVLCHSCcnhshcthngtptrungminhhanhiuhnlhiuchnhlichongnhngnh

nghavxhiloingimtronghangsngvlmvic.Sphttrinmnhmcanhiunctrongvithkqua,cthhnltrongvithpningnykhinhlachnccqucgianhlmtlnhvccabmnnghinculchs.Tuynhin,khngthsdngmtqucgiahochnhthiqucgianochuucthgiithchtngtnbnchtlchs.CchnglqucAnh.NuqucAnh(trcylvngqucAnh)khngccoilmtbicnhnghinculchsltng,thchngtacthttinktlunrng,khngmtqucgiahininokhcchuupngcnhngyucu.NhngliulchsncAnhcdhiuhaykhngnuchngtachtmhiumtmnhn?

ChngtacthbitclchsnibcancAnhtnhngquanhcanviccnckhchaykhng?Nuc,phichngnhngquanhingoinychmangtmquantrngthyu?Vtrongkhiphntchnhngyutnutrn, liuchngtackt luncrngnhngtcngbnngoilnncAnhnhnhnghnnhhngcancAnhiviphncnlicathgii?Nuttcnhngcutrlitrnulkhngnh,thclchngtacthinktlunrng,mcdskhngthhiuclchscaccnckhcnubquamiquanhviAnhquc,songmtchngmcno,tacthhiuclchsncAnhmkhngcnxtnmiquanhgianviphncnlicathgii.CchttnhttipcnnhngvntrnllingcdnglchscancAnhvnhlinhngctmcchnh.Theothtngcdngthigian,chngtacnhngctmcsau:(a)Qutrnhhnhthnhnnkinhtcngnghip(tmtphntcuicathk18);(b)QutrnhhnhthnhchnhphLphinkhngchuynch(tmtphntcuith

k17);(c)Cucbnhtrnglnhthvtidng(btutnhngnmucanacui

thk16vinhng tncpbinvdnpht trin thnhnnngoi thng toncu, schimhuccthucanhitivsthnhlpmtcngngnitingAnhminhngqucgianihingoi);(d)PhongtroCicch(tphntthhaicathk16);(e)ThikPhchng,baogmmiithayvkinht,chnhtrcngnhkhoahc-

nghthutcacucvnnglchsny(tphntcuicathk15);(f)Sthnhlpchphongkin(tthk15);(g)CucciocangiAnhttngiocathikAnhhngsangCcgiophng

Ty(tcuithkth6).CinhnngcdnglchsAnhqucchothy,cnglixavqukhchngtacngttm

thybngchngvsclp.Cucciothkth6-khiimcattcnhnggscvittronglchsncAnh-chnhlstngphnvitnhchtclpnitrn,vlshpnhtnatcngngngimandi(ngichackhaihavcio-theoquannimbygi)thnhmtxhiTyphngmim.MmmngcachphongkincVinogradoffminhchnghnghnrngmchitrnmnhtAnhqucmumttrccucchinhphtcangiNorman.Mcdvy,sphttrinnythcrachtrbimtnhntbnngoi,lnhngcucxmlccangianMch.NhngcucxmlcnylmtphncacigilthikVlkerwanderungcangiScandinavia.NngthilnguynnhnhnhthnhchphongkinPhp,vcucchinhphtcangiNormanrrngynhanhsraicachphongkinchuu.nthikPhchng,phithanhnrngcvnhalnchnhtrcancAnhunnhnlungsinhkhtvngBc.Nuchnhthchuynchvqunchkhngcvuntrngtrongmtphmvihp,tanhgieohttrongmtvnm,vrisptrongkhongtnm1275ti1475,thchnghanhnvncaBcschngbaogibnrcrangoikhuvcphabcdyAlpstkhongnm1475tri.Phongtrocicch,mtlnnakhngphilmtskintrngiringcancAnh,mlxuthchungcakhuvcTyBcuutranhtchkhiminNam,vngTyaTrungHikhibchmvoditvongvqunlng.Trongthikcicch,

AnhquckhngkhixngcngkhngthamgiavocuctranhuagiaccncchuubnbiTyDngcchinliphmlnhngthgiimibnkiaidng.Nginhcphnthngnitrnvitcchlmtknsautngimunutranhviccnglnitrc.Cnlihaictmccuicngcnxemxt:shnhthnhhthngnghvinvxhicng

nghip-nhngththngccoiltrngthnhtrnchnhmnhtAnhrisaumiphbinraphncnlicathgii.Nhngccchuyngiashckhnghontonngviquanimny.Vhthngnghvin,ngiActonni:Lchscamtqucgianichungphthuc

vohotngcamtslclng,cclclngnykhngxutphttqucgiamtnhngcnnguynrnglnhn.SxuthincachqunchhiniPhplmtphncaxuthxyratngttiAnh.NhngngiBourbonvStuartutuntheomtquylutnhnhaudnhncnhngktqukhcnhau,Nicchkhc,hthngnghvin-ktqunibcaAnhquc-lsnphmcamtlclnghotngkhngchncAnhmngthicAnhvPhp.VqutrnhhnhthnhcuccchmngcngnghipncAnh,khcthtrchdnli

cachuyngianoxcnghnngbHammond.TrongligiithiucacunSphttrincanncngnghiphini,haraquanimrng,nguynnhnquantrngnhtkhinchocuccchmngcngnghipxuthinAnhqucchkhngphininokhctrnthgiil:avtnghpcancAnhtrnthgiivothk18,baogmvtralcansoviiTyDngvvthchnhtrcantrongcncnquynlcchuu.Vvy,cvnhlchsncAnhchabaogivgnnhchcchnskhngbaogilmtmitrngltngnghinculchs,nutachkhostnmtcchclp.VnuiungviqucAnh,chcchnncngphingvibtkqucgianokhcchuu.Mcdktqulphnh,songsphntchvnttvlchsAnhqucgichochng

tamtmanhmi.NhngctmcmchngtatholunkhiingcdnglchsncAnhchnhlnhngchngcthtcashc,nhngnhngchngnyngthicngllchscamthnhthixhichungmqucAnhchlmtphntrong,vnhnggmAnhquctringhimucsthamdcaccqucgiakhc.Cigilmitrngltng thc ra tr thnhmtmhnhxhic cu thnhbinhiu cngng ccchngtccidinkhngchbibnthnqucAnhmcncccncPhpvTyBanNha,HLan,ccncvngScandinavia,v.vCutrchdncangiActonchothymiquanhvchotamtcinhntoncnh.Nhnglclngtcngkhngxutphttdntcmtnhngcnnguynrnglnhn

cmilinhvinhau.Chngskhngddngnghincutnonutachxtringmkhngcmtcinhntoncnhvtcngcachngtrongtonxhi.Nhngthnhphnkhcnhauchunhhngkhcnhautcclclng,chodcclclngnyccngmtnguynnhntngng,bichngsnggpvtcngtrlicclclngxutphttnguynnhntngngtheocchkhcnhau.Chngtacthnirng,mtxhiphinguvinhiuvntrongtintrnhphttrincan,thnhcnghaykhnglnhvovicmithnhvincantmnhgiiquytnhngvntheocchttnhtcth.Sxuthincamivnlmtththchphichung,mtthchthcphivtqua,vquachui ththchnycc thnhvin trongxhidnnhhnhcskhcbitgiachngviccthnhvinkhc.Cuicng,taskhngththuhiunghabtkhnhvinocamtthnhvincthdimtththchcthnukhngtnhnhnhvitngthockhngtngtcaccthnhvinkhc,cngnhnukhngcoinhngththchlintipylmtchuiskintrongtintrnhphttrincatonbxhi.Phngphplgiiccskinlchsnyclsrrnghnvimtvdcth,xut

phttlchscaccqucgia-thHyLpctrongvngbnthktnm725-325trcCN.Khnglusauthiimkhiuthikny,ttcthnhvintrongrtnhiuthni

trnuphiimtviplcdnsnnglnsinhk.Phngtinmusinhcangi

HyLpclcbygihunhphthuchontonvovictrngtrtmtssnphmnngnghiptiuthtronggianh.Khicnkhnghonglngthcxyra,chnhquynccthnhphkhcnhauchngchivintheonhngcchkhcnhau.Mtsthnhph,nhCorinthvChalcis,ctgimdnsdthabngcchchimng

nhngkhuvccanhtcnngnghiphingoinhoSicily,minNamnc,oThracevnhngnikhclmthuca.Do,cthninhngvngthucacaHyLpccthnhlpnginlnhmmrngvnglnhthalcaxhiHyLpcmvnkhngthayictnhcan.Ngcli,mtscngngkhcchngiiphpthayicchsngcah.VdnhSparta,thamncnkhttcacccngdnbngcchtncngvchinh

phtnhngngilnggingHyLpgnnht.KtqulSpartachginhcthmtaivicigiphitrlnhngcucchintranhdaidngviccnclncn.trnhnhngcucchintranhlinminy,chnhquynSpartabucphiqunshaisngcangidn t trn xung di, bng cch thnh lp v thch nghi vi nhng t chc ngminhnguynthy,thnglvimtscngngHyLpgn,trongkhitinhngkhuvckhc,hnhthclinminhnyangdnbinmt.Athensligiiquytvndnstheomtcchkhc.Nkhngchtinhnhchuyncanh

ccsnphmnngnghipmcnkhaisinhrannsnxuthnghaxutkhuvsauphttrincccquanchnhtrchiasquynlcchnhtrmtcchcngbngchocctnglpminysinhtnhngcicchkinhtny.Nicchkhc,chnhquynAthensngnchnmtcuccchmngxhibngcchthc

hinthnhcngmtcuccchmngkinhtvchnhtr.Khmphragiiphpchovnkhnghonglngthcangdinratrndinrngy,ngiAthenstnhcmramtconngmicptinchotonbxhiHyLpc.chnhlldovsaoPericles,khinivAthensgiuccamnhkhngnhrngnltmgnggiodcchotonHyLp.Vicchnhntngthangcbnny,takhngchnAthens,Sparta,Corinthhay

Chalcis,mltonbxhiHyLpclmtrngtm,cthngthihiucnghacalchscccngngtntitrongthikt725-325trcCNcngnhcaschuyntiptthiknysangthiktiptheo.Nhngcuhinurayschngcligiipd dng no nu chng ta tm kim p n qua vic nghin cu c lp lch s ca ngiChalcis,ngiCorinth,ngiSpartahayngiAthens.Tquanimny,chngtathycthxemnh lch s cangiChalcisvngiCorinthdinbin theomt lgicbnh thngtrongkhingiSpartavngiAthenskhngitheolimnmbcsangconngkhc.Khngthgiithchngrnybtutu,vccsgiacgnglgiibngcchgirngngiSpartavAthensvnkhcvinhngngiHyLpckhcnhshunhngphmchtbmsinhcbittbuibnhminhcalchsHyLpc.iunycngtngngvivicgii thchsphttrincangiSpartavAthens

bngcchthanhnrngchngcsphttrinnocvrnghaicngngngiHyLpcvnvncbittuticuicuchuyn.Tuynhin,githuytmuthunvithctlchscchngminh.HylyvdvthnhphSparta,nhngcuckhaiqutdoTrngKhocAnhquctinhnhtiAthenscungcpbngchngrtthuytphcrngntngiathkth6trcCN,cucsngcangiSpartavnkhngcgkhcbitsovicccngngngiHyLpkhc.NhngimcbitcaAthenscngvy,khingiaotipvitonbthgiiHyLpctrongthikcmnhdanhlHyLpci(triviSparta,cchngminhllmvongct),nvngingnhphnngcngngHyLpkhc,nguyndonychcthhiuctcinhntngthmthi.TacngcimkhcbittngtgiaVenice,Milan,GenoavnhngthnhphkhcvngBctrongthikTrungcvskhcbitgiaPhp,TyBanNha,HLan,qucAnhvnhngqucgiakhcphngTytrongthikgnyhn.hiucccthnhphn,utinchngtaphitptrungchvotngth,vchnhcitngthnylmitrngtaddngnghincu.Thnhngkhinimtngth-thhnhthnhnnccmitrngnghincultngnylg?Vlmthnokhmphranhngbingiikhnggianvthigiancachng?

TahyquaytrlivibngtmttccctmcquantrngtronglchsAnhquc,vxemthkhinimtngthnoscthnhlpcuthnhmitrngltngmlchsncAnhlmtphntrong.Nubtuvictmcgnynht-lshnhthnhxhicngnghip,chngta

thyrngkhnggianalcamitrngnghincultngcthphngonltoncu.giithchcucCchmngcngnghipncAnh,chngtaphiquantmnnhngiukinkinhtkhngchTyumcchuPhinhiti,chuM,Nga,nvvngVinng.Tuynhin,khichngtaquaytrlivihthngnghvinvnhngskintrc,vitkinhtnchnhtr,thphmvicachngtathuhpli.QuylutmngiBourbonlnngiStuartutuntheo(theolicangiActon)PhpvAnhkhngcnhhngglnngiRomanovNga,ngiOsmanliThNhK,ngiTimuridHindustan,ngiMn Thanh Trung Hoa hoc ngi Tokugawa Nht Bn Lch s chnh tr canhngqucgianykhngthgiithchtheolitngt.nychngtagpphimtgiihn,quylutmngiBourbonlnngiStuartutuntheocnhhngtrirngquaccncthuckhuvcTyuvcnhngcngngthucamibnkiaidngcathcdnTyu,nhngnkhngvntickhuvcbingiiphatycancNgavThNhK.Phangcaranhgiinyvolctuntheoccquylutchnhtrkhcvcnhngktqukhc.NutrluinnhngctmcutincalchsAnhquctrongdanhschtrn,chngta

sthysbnhtrngvtidngkhngchgiihntrongphmviccncTyumgnnhdinravitonbccncnmtrnbiTyDng.TrongkhinghinculchsthikCicchvthiPhchng,chngtacthbquasphttrintngiovvnhaNgavThNhK.ChphongkinTyukhngcquanhtngtcvinhnghintngphongkincphthincccngngByzantinevHigiongthi.Cuicng,cucciocangiAnhsangCcgioTyphngcngnhnchngtal

mtxhi,ngthiphitrgilloibkhnngcachngtagianhpccxhikhc.ChotiihitngioWhitbynm664,ngiAnhvncthciothnhCcgioVinTy thuc vnhaiCeltic.ThmchngiAnhc thgianhpcngvinhngngixWalesviNhLanthnhlpmtgiohiCcmibnngoigiohiRome,giohinythcchtgingnhmtalterorbis-thgiicangiNestoriatrnvnhaiVin ng ca C c gio. iu ny l mt sai lm theo nh li truyn dy ca thnhAugustine.Sauny,khiccncRpHigioxuthintrnbiTyDng,cchphiCcgioVinTycaoqucsngmcthbchiacthontonnhCcgioAbyssiniahocTrungvinhnghphingovihtrnlcachuu.Hoccngc th h b ci o thnh Hi gio, nh tnh cnh ca nhiu ngi Monophysite vNestoriakhivngTrungngchusthngtrcangiRp.Nhnggithuytlachnnycthbphnhnhnhngiukhngtng,nhngssuyngmvchngnhcchngtanhrng,mcdcuccionm597binchngtathnhmtphncaxhiCcgioTyphng,songnkhngbinchngtathnhmtchngtckhcmchvchramtngphntuynchiarsuscgiachngta,nhngngiCcgiophngTyvinhngtncacccngngtngiokhc.Sxemxt ln thhaivccctmc trong lchsAnhquccungcpchochng ta

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khitinvphabingiiLaM,gpphiplccangimandintvngthoang,vdndnkhaisinhramtxhimi.Do,trongqutrnhlntheogcrcantrongqukh,davoquanimny,mtsgiaphngTytptrungchvolchsThinChagiovcangimandi.ngtanhnthycthitheoduvtchaidnglchsnychontncccuccchmngtronglnhvckinht,xhivchnhtrtronghaithkcuitrcCN,khixhiHyLp-LaMcibspdochnngkhngkhiptcucchinHannibal.VsaoqucLaMvncnhtaydicanvhngtybcvthutmgcphatycaphnchuubnkiadyAlps?VnbdndtvhngdocucutranhmtmtmtcnviCarthage.VsaosaukhivtdyAlpsndnglisngRhine?VnthikAugustus,scsngcankitqusauhaithkchintranhvochnh.Vsaongimandicuicngtrnquabingii?Biv,khiscchbitgiamtxhivnminhvmtxhikmvnminhhnngngli,vcncnthngbngkhngnnhmnghingvmtbn,ththigiansuichoxhihoangshn.Vsao,khingimanditrnquabingii,hlichmtrnvigiohiphabnkia?Chainguynnhn:Vmtvtcht,docccuccchmngvkinhtvxhitheosauchintranhHannibalemvvsnlphngnglmvicnhngkhuvcbtnphcaphngTy,vcucdicbtcdcacclaongphngngnykotheomtqutrnhthmnhpnhacacctngiongphngvoxhiHyLp-LaM.Vmttinhthn,ldocctngionyvilihacahvmtscuricnhnmtthgiikhc,tmthynhngvngtbhoanggieotrngtrongtmhncamttnglpthngtrvnthtbi

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cthnhlptrongvtntiquathichLaM,vmtstriuikthasmntitnmclntnhngvnglnhthccachtrongthikgilVlkerwanderungcanhngngimandintvngthoangphabnkiaccngbingiicach.ChngtatngmthailclngnylgiaicpbtrtrongncvgiaicpbtrncngoicaxhiHyLpc.Mcdkhcnhauvmimt,songhgingnhauchphichuskhinhrttnglpthngtrcaxhiHyLpc,nhngtnglpthngtrcaxhicmtphnghngvmtquynlnho.Sthtl,chLaMspcnGiohithtnti,chvGiohichoiquynlnhonhnvlngtrungthnhtrongkhichLaMnhmtchaimtnitrn.VthmGiohi,mtthnhvinsngsttmtxhibditvong,trthnhcininuidngchomtxhimirai.Vyulvaitrcanhngnhntkhctrongmiquanhtrchcaxhichngta

tronggiaionqu,btngun t thikVlkerwanderung, thikmnhngkb trngoibangtrnxungtphabnkiangbingiicaxhic-baogmngiGermanvngiSlavtkhuvcrngBcu,ngiSarmatiavngirHungntthonguyn-u,ngiSaracentbnoRp,ngiBerbertdyAtlasvsamcSahara-nhngchnhquynthaksmntitncngGiohichiassnkhulchstrongsutthikquhaycngilthikAnhhng?SoviGiohi,snggpcahmangtnhtiuccvkhngngk.Hunhttchubtiuditbngbolctrckhithikquktthc.NgiVandalvOstrogothbnhbihontontrongnhngcucphncngcachLaMangsuytn.LanbnglncuicngcangnlaLaMcngthiuchyttcnhngchthiuthnngthngny.Nhngnhmkhcb tiudit trongnhngtrnchinhuynhtngtn:chnghnnhngiVisigoth,nhnnutintngiFrankvnktliutngiRp.Stcntntitrongcucutranhsinhtngiaccxhinydndnbthoihavsngvtvngchotikhibdpttbicclclngchnhtrmishuscmnhkhngththiu.DomccvngtriuMerovingianvLombardblclngmslkintrcskintorachCharlemagne,qutsch.ChchaitrongschnhquynthakcachLaMchothyccchudutrchtrongsnhngqucgia thucuchuhini, lchnhquynAustrasiaFrankdoCharlemagnesng lpvchnhquynWessexcaAlfred.

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dngcnhphicaxhiHyLpc,nhngthmchhkhngthginhlyvaitrlchslngitungranktliun.HxuthintrongbicnhxhiHyLpcangphichunhngvtthngchtmntgyrachomnhtrongthiklonlctrchngthk.Hchthuntynhgingknknhoc lcc loinxcchtkhcmthi.ThikAnhhngcah lonktca lchsHyLpc,chkhngphichngmu lchscachngta.Nhvy,cbanhntnglutrongqutrnhchuynitxhiHyLpcsangx

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rngcngungctslygiovitinthnchungcachng,lGiohiThinChagio.Nphnlythnhhaibnth,GiohiThinChaLaMvGiohiThinChaChnhthng.Cuclygiomttihnbathkmihontt,btuvicuctranhlunbitrmtndoanvothkth8vktthcbngsontuytviquanimthnhcvonm1054.Trongthigian,giohicaccxhiangphnkrtnhanhnyitheonhngquanimchnhtringhch.GiohiThinChaphngTyctptrungdiquynlcclpcachGiohongtrungc,trongkhiGiohiThinChaChnhthngtrthnhmtbphnngoanngoncachnhquynByzantine.CcxhiIran,RpvxhiSyriac.Xhivnangtiptctntimchngtaphi

phntchlcngngHigio.Khirsotbicnhcaxhiny,chngtanhnthycmtchnhquyntrungng,mttngiophqutvmtthikVlkerwanderung,tuychngkhngginghtvibicnhchungcacccngngCcTyphngvCcChnhthng,nhngcnghinnhintngt.ChnhquyntrungngcaxhiHigiolvngtriu Abbasid ca Baghdad.[2] Gio hi ti cao y, d nhin l Hi gio. Thi kVlkerwanderungtrnqualnhthCaliphate,khivngtnybgiyxobiccblcdumcThNhKvMngCthonguyn-u,ccblcngiBerberBcPhivccblcRpbnoRp.GiaionquxutphttthikVlkerwanderungnykodikhongbathk,tnm975tinm1275trcCN.VimktthcthiknycngccoilimkhiucaxhiHigionhchngtathytrongthgiingynay.Chotigithmithurrng,nhngcuctmkimxahnkhinchngtaphii

dinvinhngvnphctp.Thnht,xhitincaxhiHigio(vnchaxcnhcdanhtnh)cchngminhkhngphilchacamtaconduynht,mlhaiaconsongsinh,viunyrtgingvixhiHyLpc.Tuynhin,trongkhixhiCcTyphngvCcChnhthngchungsngbncnhnhauquahn1000nm,thktcccacpanhemsongsinhnylihontonkhc.Nghal,mttronghaiaconcaxhimchngtaangitmdanhtnhnutchngvstnhpngianhemcan.ChngtasgihaixhiHigiosongsinhnylcngngIranvcngngRp.imkhcbitgiahaiaconcaxhichanhdanhmchngtaangtmkimkhnggingnhtrnghplygiogiaccconcaxhiHyLpc.khngphilvntngio,vmcdHigiocngchiathnhchinhnhlngiSunnivngiShiinhGiohiCcgiochiathnhGiohiThinChavChnhthng,songslygionytrongoHikhngxyrangthivibtkgiaionnocasphnlygiacccngngHigioIranvHigioRp-mcdcuclygiocuicngphvxhiHigioIrankhiphnnhnhShiichimuthBaTtrongphntucathk16sauCN.Bngcch,nhnhHigiocangiShiitkhngnhmnhtivngtrungtmcaxhiHigioIran(triditngsangty,tAfghanistantiAnatolia),chonhnhHigioSunnichimuthhaibncathgiiIran,cngnhccncRpphanamvphaty.KhisosnhcpanhemsongsinhcaHigiovicpanhemsongsinhcaxhiThin

Chagio,chngtasthyrng,xhiHigiochimuthkhuvcgilBaT-ThNhKhocIranmangimtngngchcchnvixhiTyphng,trongkhixhiHigionmgikhuvcRpcnlimangcimtngngvixhiCcChnhthng.Vd,linhhncavngtriuCaliphatecMamlukdnglnCairotrongthk13sauCNnhc chng ta nh ti hu du ca ch LaM c Leo - vua x Syria dng ln Constantinopletrongthkth8.BmychnhtrcaMamluk,cngnhLeo,ckchthctnginhgn,hiuquvbnvng.NtringcvichTimurkhuvcIranlngging-manghnhdngrngln,mh,smntitn,xuthinvbinmtgingnh

ch Charlemagne phng Ty. Thmmt im tng ng na, y l ngn ng c lmphngtintruynbvnhatrongkhuvcRpltingRp,cngchnhlngnngcavng triu Abbasid ca Baghdad. Cn trong khu vc Iran, nn vnminhmi to raphngtintruynbmichoringn,ltingBaT-thngnngchnhthnhbngcchghpnittingRp,gingnhtingLatinhchnhthnhbngcchghpnitheotingHyLp.imtngngcuicng,ylcucchinhphtvthntnhxhiHigiovngRpcaxhiHigiokhuvcIrandinratrongthk16tmthyhnhnhngdngcachnhmnhtsxmlccacngngCcTyphngchnglicngngCcChnhthngtrongcccucThptchinh.Cucxmlcnylnnccimvonm1204,tronglnThptchinhthtnhConstantinople,khimtngchngnhxhiCcChnhthngsbchimngvthntnhhontonbingianhemcan-nhnhmnhxynvixhiRpbathksau,khilclngcaMamlukbpvngtriuAbbasidcaCairocthnhlpbiOttomanPadishahSelmIvonm1517.Giychngtaphixtnmtcuhi,ulduncuicngcaxhichanh

danhtrongvngtriuAbbasidcaBaghdadngvaitrcuicngtrnvichnhtr,tngtnhvaitrcachLaMtrongxhiHyLpc?NulnngcdnglchsktvngtriuAbbasid,liuchngtactmthyhintngtngngvithiklonlcmchngtaphthinlgiaionpchtcaxhiHyLpchaykhng?Cutrlilkhng.SauvngtriuAbbasidcaBaghdad,chngtathycvngtriu

UmayyadcaDamascus.Bncnh,tathy1000nmxmnhpcaxhiHyLpcbtuvisnghipcaAlexanderMacedontrongnacuithkthttrcCN,tiptheolnnqunchHyLpSeleuciaSyria,chindchcangiPompeyvcucchinhphtcangiLaM,vchktthcvicucphcthngphngcaccchinsHigiocitrongthkth7sauCN.CccucchinhphtcangiRpHigiocxacvnhpli,theonhpiucalchs,nhngcucchinhphtcaAlexander.Chngcngthayibmtthgiitrongvngkhong6-7nm,nhngthayvimi,chnglibinntrlithnh mt th tng t nh tnh trng trc kia. Ging nh cuc chinh pht ca ngiMacedon,bngcchltchAchaemenid(cngilchBaTcaCyrusvnhngngithak),nchunbmtmnhtmumchohtgingcaxhiHyLpc,cucchinhphtcangiRpcngmngchongiUmayyad,vsauhlngiAbbasid,tilpmtchnhquyntrungngtngngvichAchaemenid.Nutbncachaichchnglnnhau,chngtascmthyntngtrcs

tngngcaccngnttngnggiachng.Stngngkhngchvmtalmcnmrngnphngphpcaitrvthmchnnhnghintngcbithncax hi v i sng tm linh. Chng ta c thminhha chc nng lch s ca vng triuAbbasidbngcchmtnnhmtstihpvnitipchAchaemenid-stihpcamtccuchnhtrbphhydotcngcalclngbnngoivstipnimtgiaioncaisngxhibngtqungbicucxmlccangoibang.VngtriuAbbasidccoilstipnicachnhquyntrungngvnlgiaiontnticuicngcaxhivnchacnhdanhcachngta,vnhvycuctmkimphingcdnglchsxahnhngnghnnmna.GiychngtaphixemxtntintrctipcachAchaemenidtrongcuctm

kimhintngmchngtakhngtmthytincaVngtriuAbbasid:lthiklonlctngtnhthiktronglchsHyLpcngaytrckhithnhlpchLaM.imtngnggiasthnhlpchAchaemenidvchLaMlqurrng.

KhcbitchnhvmtchititlchnhquyntrungngcaHyLpctrngthnhtchnhquyntng l tcnhnchnhgysptrongthik lon lc trc, trongkhisthnhlpchAchaemenid,vaitrphhyvtixydngRomelcaccchnhquynkhcnhau.VaitrphhydochnhquynAssyriamnhn,nhngngaykhiAssyriacgnghonttvaitrnybngcchkhaisinhmtchnhquyntrungngtrongxhimnvalt,ththyditmnhdochnghaqunphitqucan.Ngaytrccnhhngtrngcuicng,nhnvtchnhtngtngqu(610trcCN),vvaitrcanbtcdctraochomtdinvinttrcnnayvnchngvaiph.NgiAchaemenidthu

hochnhnggmngiAssyriagieotrng,tuyvysivainyvnkhnglmthayicimcavkch.Nhvy,saukhinhndincthiklonlc,giychngtatnhtcthnh

danhxhiangtmkim.CthkhngnhrngkhngphilxhicangiAssyria.NgiAssyria,cngnhngiMacedoncnhsaucavkchlchstrngthinny,ngvaitrnhngkxmnhpnrilii.Vixhichanhdanhny,khincthngnhtdichAchaemenid,chngtacthdtheotintrnhloibccthnhphnvnhangoilaidongiAssyriaemliquaqutrnhthaythtngbcngnngAkkadianvchvithnhnmbngngnngAramaic(tingSyria)vmutAlphabet.Bn thn ngi Assyria, trong nhng ngy cui cng ca mnh, h cng dng mu t

AlphabetcangnngAramaicvittrngiydanhmthnhthcbsungchomuthnhnmkhctrnghoctruynthngcadntc.KhihsdngmutAramaic,tacthconrnghsdngngnngAramaic.DsaothsaukhichnhquynAssyriaspvtiptheolchBabylon(cngilchcaNebuchadnezzar)yumnh,chvitvngnngAramaicvntiptclanrngchotithkcuitrcCN,khingnngAkkadianvchvithnhnmbmaimthontontrnlnhthMesopotamiaquhngcah.CngcthphthinsthayitngngtronglchsngnngIran,vnxutphtt

thngnngkhhiuv tcbitncangiMedevngiBaT,nhngngithngtrchAchaemenid.Phiimtvivicghichpbngmtngnng(tingIranhaytingBaTc)khngcmutvitcaringn,ngiBaTchpnhnchvithnhnmkhclnvchAramaicghichplngiyda,nhngcuicngchcchvitAramaictntilmphngtinchuynticangnngBaT.Thtralcbygichaiyutvnha,mtntSyriavmttIran,angtkhng

nhmnhvngthingycnglinktgngihnvinhau.Tgiaioncuicathiklonlc,trckhithnhlpchAchaemenid,khinhngngiAramaeabkhutphcbtuquynrnhngkchinthngAssyria,qutrnhnydinralintc.Numunxemxtbicnhsmhncan,chngtacthnhnvotmgngtngiohiucrng,lmthnomthiklonlctruynsinhkhchoZarathustra,giophiIran,vccgiophicangiDoThingthi.Vmt tngth,ccnhntcangiAramaeahocSyriasovingiIrancthccoilcnhhngsurnghn.Nuquanstsauthiklonlc,tasthynhntngiIrannhtdnvlmhinlnhnhnhxhiSyria-trongthikcaitrcavuaSolomonvvuaHiramcngthi-phtkinraiTyDngvnDngcngvibngmutAlphabet.ny,cuicngchngtacngxcnhcxhisaunyskhaisinhrahaixhiHigiosongsinh(risaulihpnhtlmmt),vginlxhiSyriac.Khiphthinranhdanhny,chngtahykhostliHigio-tngiophbinm

xhiSyriatntidatrnnvriphnchiathnhhaixhiIranvRp.GiychngtacthnhnthymtskhcbitthvgiaqutrnhphttrinHigiovThinChagio.ChngtabitrngmmmngcalclngkintoraThinChagiokhngnmtrongxhiHyLpc,mcngungctbnngoi.Ngcli,mmmngcaHigiolikhngntbnngoi,msinhrattrongniticaxhiSyria.NgisnglpraHigio,tintriMuhammad,lycmhngchyutDoThigio-mttngiomicaxhiSyria,lnthhaisautngioNestoria-mthnhthccaThinChagiotrongnhntSyriakhiphcuthcansovixhiHyLpc.Dnhinmttchcvinhgiohi ti cao khngbao gi cmmmngn thun tmt x hi nnht. TrongtrnghpCcgio,chngtanhnthyccyutcaxhiHyLpcphttrintcctngiothnbvtritlHyLpc.Tngt,nhngquymrnghnnhiu,chngtacthphthinranhhngcaxhiHyLpciviHigio.Tuynhin,nivtngth,Ccgiolmtgiohitrungngbtnguntmtmmmngngoilai,trongkhiHigiobtnguntmtmmmngniti.Cuicng,chngtacthocmcdchchuyncanginhnguynthycacc

xhiIranvRptnginhnguynthycaxhiSyriatin.RanhgiicbncaxhiHigioIran,tAnatoliann,chothymtsdchchuyntoln.Ngcli,quhngcaxhiHigioRpSyriavAiCpbaophtonbvnglnhthcaxhiSyriacdchchuyntnginh.Xhinc.Xhiangtntimchngtaphiphntchtiptheolxhingio.

Mtlnna,chngtalinhnthytnnmngcannhngduhiutiubiuchobitstnticamtxhitinphatrctrntrcthigian.Chnhquyntrungngtrongtrnghpny lchGupta(khongt375-475trcCN).Tngiochung lngio,ginhcquynlcticaontrongthiGuptasaukhihtcngvthaythPhtgio-vnchimuthtrongkhong7thktrntiulcavnlcinicachaitngiony.ThikVlkerwanderungtnphchGuptavicucxmlngcarHungnntvngthonguyn-u,cnglnhngngingthitncngchLaM.Thikqu,dohotngcanhngyuttrngyracngvithigiansngcanhngchnhquynkthacachGupta,nmtrongkhongtnm475-775trcCN.Saulkhiimcaxhintntinngynay.TrngphiSankara-chacatritln-hngthnhvokhongnm800.Khilixahnvqukhtmkimxhicxa-tincaxhingio-chngta

sthytrnbnhdinnhhncngmthintngphctphacuctmkimxhiSyriacachngtatrn,lcucthmnhpcaxhiHyLpc.NkhngbtutchindchAlexander,vnkhnglihqunoludilnnnvnhan,mbtnguntcucxmlccaDemetrius,vvuaHyLpcaBactria,khong183-182trcCN,vktthcbngsspcachnhquynaphngcuicngtheokiuHyLpcvonm390,cthcoignnhchnhxclthiimthnhlpchGupta.LntheoduvtcaltrnhgingnhkhiitmxhiSyriaTyNam,tmran

mtchnhquyntrungngtinHyLpc,mchGuptacthcoilsnilican.ChngtatmthychcangiMaurya,doChandraguptathnhlpvonm323trcCN,phttrinccthnhdivngtriucaHongAokatrongthktiptheovlitntrongtaytncpngiPushyamitravonm185trcCN.Sauchny,chngtatmthymtthiklonlcvinhngcucchintranhginhquynlcgiaccthlnhaphng.SkinnibttrongthiknylcucicacPhtSiddharthaGautama.CucivquanimsngcaNgilbngchngrrtnhtchothyxhingthilcyangtriquamtthiktit.BngchngnyccngcbicucivquanimcamtngisngcngthiviNgi-Mahavira-ngisnglpoJain,vbinhiungikhcna,nhngngiquaylngvicucitrnthtmtimtthgiikhcthngquahnhthctuhnhkhhnh.Cuicng,sauthikrirenny,chngtacthtmthymtthiklnmnhcghilitrongkinhV.Vnhvy,chngtanhndincxhitincaxhingio,tahyginlxhinc.NginhnguynthycaxhinnmtrongccthunglngIndusvthnglusngGanges,ritbnhtrngrakhptiulca.Vtralcansaugnnhngnhtvixhihudusauny.XhiTrungQucci.Chcnlimtxhihinangtntinacnphinghincu,

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ccxhiangtnti,vchorngchngthucvmtxhililn,thgilditch.DoThigiovgiophiParseelnhngditchcaxhiSyriactrccucthmnhpxhiHyLpcvothgiiSyria.CcgioMonophysitevNestorialditchhnhthnhtsphnngcaxhiSyriatrccucthmnhpcannvnminhHyLpc,kthavthchnhngcucphnkhngchnglixhiHyLpcvithtngiobanucangiSyria.Nhng tn theoo Jainnv ccPht tphiTiu thaCeylon,Burma,Siam[3]vCampuchialditchcaxhinctronggiaionchMaurya,trccucthmnhpcaxhiHyLpcvothgiin.CcPhttphiLtmaithaTyTngvMngC tng tnhnhng tnNestoria.Hidin chomtphnngbtthnhcabinthPhtgioithathnhthcbanucaxhinthnhhnhthimi-cnhonndinhhngcaccxhiHyLpcvSyriac-vcuicngcxhiTrungQuccichpnhn.Khngcditchnotrongsnycungcpchochngtaduvtbsungthmvodanh

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gingnhgiaxhiHyLpcvixhiphngTy,hayccxhicquanhtrchkhcmchngtanhndin?Trongnhngtrnghpny,sidylinktgiahaixhilmtthtngiochung,tobigiaicpbtrcaxhicvsaunhmtciknhnhthnhxhimi.NhngchngcgmangbngdngxhiMinoantrongccvthnOlympus-hnhtngctlicaathngioHyLpc.ThuytathnnychnhthckinhinlsthiHomer,vy,chngtathynhngvthndongimanditngtngractruynvothgiiMinoantrongthikVlkerwanderung,khihhyditn.Zeus-vthnchintranhcangiAchaea-ngtrtrnnhOlympusvitcchlk

otngibu cangi tinnhimCronosbng scmnh.ng taphn chia chin liphmcavtr,traoncvmttchoccanhtrailPoseidonvHades,vgilibutrichoringmnh.ThuytathnnylcangiAchaeavthmnhpdnvothgiiMinoan.ChngtakhngthycmtduvtnocatngioMinoanthmchnhngvthnbphtrut,vthnCronosvccTitancnggingnhZeusvnhmchinbinhlccvthncangta,ulsnphmcaathngioHyLpc.Chngtannnhlirng,tngiobphnlnngimandiTeutontbtrckhihbtunhngcuctkchcamnhvochLaM,thtngiocduytrvsnglcbinhngngihhngcahtrongvngScandinavia-bnhngnginytbtrongthikVlkerwanderung(cuctkchcangiphngBc)cachnhhvonmhocsuthksau.NucmthnhthcgiohitrungngtntitrongxhiMinoantithiimngimandiTeutontrnqua,nphiccimtngiokhcviathngioOlympus,cnggingnhcimtnngngcaCcgiokhcviOdinvThor.Mtthnhvyliuctntihaykhng?Cnhngduhiumnhtchothylctrong

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LpduytrhuynthoivmtthnZeusoCretethcskhngphi l thnZeusOlympus.VthnZeuscangiCretenykhngphillnhocamtnhmchinbinhvnngaytutrngthnhylngcnhvchimotvngquccamnhbngscmnh.Vthnnyxuthintronghnhhimtatrssinh.ClngicngnhtviatrthhintrongnghthutMinoancThnhMumpmtcchtnknh.Vngikhngchcsinhra-ngicnmti!PhichngskhisinhvchmdtcangictihintrongssinhravmticaDionysus,ThngcangiThracevvthnticaotronghuynthoiEleusis?PhichngnhngcuchuynhuynthoiHyLpc,gingnhchuynphthyuchuhini,lphncnstlicatngiothucmtxhihontonbinmt?GisngiCcgiokhngchngchinivingiViking-ngispdi

quynlccangiCcvthtbitrongvicciongiVikingtheotnngngcamnh-chngtacthtngtngratnglpdiyxhilpramtxhimitrongtngiothnhhnhltnngngcangiAesir.Chngtacthtngtngraxhiminy,khinphttrinthgpthtbitrongvickthpvitngiocanhngngimandiScandinaviavtmkimspngcaisngtmlinhtrnmnhtmxhimicnbtrng.Trongsnghonncaisngtinhthn,tndcamttngioc,thayvbqutschnhxhiTyphngcachngtaqutschthutphthykhindmthchthcGiohi,cthlictikhmphnhmtbuvtbchngiu.VmtsthnthnhccthpngnhucucathiibngmtkthpngoilaigianghithcCcgiochimuthvinhngnghilcangimandicngungctngiFinnhocngiMagyar.Datrncimtngngny,chngtacthtilpcculchstngiocath

giiHyLp cnh sau: sphchng cchuyn thoi c xavEleusis v sphtminhthuytthnb-theoNilssonlmttngiotbin,ctorabimtvthnhmo-tskthpgiaccnghilDionysuscangiThracevcchuynthoiMinoanvssinhravmticathnZeuscangiCrete.RrnglchuynthoicxacangiEleusislnthuytthnbucungcpchoxhiHyLpcimtthdngchttinhthnmncnnhngkhngthtmctrongtnngngathngioOlympus,mtthuyttmlinhcathgiikhcnhchngtatngmongtmthythiklonlc.Thuyttmlinhdogiaicpbtrtrongnctoravcucchngicahvigiohitrungngnhmtiuttyu.Datrnnhngimtngngny,phichngtaskhngngcnhinnunhnthy

trongcchuynthoivthuythuynbctntilinhhncatngiochungcaMinoan.Dchossuyonnycngstht(viunybnghivntrongphnsaucacunschkhiphntchngungcthuythuynb)[5]thncngkhmmbochochngtacoixhiHyLpclmthuduthtscaxhitrc.Ldonokhingiohinyphitridytngtrotnribditvong?VailngiktliunnukhngphilnhngngirtnphthgiiMinoan?KhitipthuthuytathntnhngngiAchaeahiust,nhngkcpthnhth,xhiHyLpctuynbthanhnhlchamcan.NkhngthtmnhthakxhiMinoannukhngbtchctheoticmmucangiAchaeavttuynbmnhlmtkgitcha.NugiyquaylivinnmngcaxhiSyria,chngtasthyrngnhnggmnh

tm thy nnmng ca x hi Hy Lp c,mt chnh quyn trung ng vmt thi kVlkerwanderung, cng ging vi nhng g xy ra trongnhng chng cui ca lch sMinoan.CnchnngcuicngdothikVlkerwanderunghuMinoangyraldngthcnhngngidumctmkimminhmicah,tnhtrnghnlongyradosthcycalnsngngimandiphngbccuicng,cngilngiDoria.BylikhiAiCp,mtsktnnnylitrnbbinngbccachAiCpvtrnnquenthucvi

chngtavitngikchPhilistintrongkinhCuc.TiynhngkchtnnntthgiiMinoannychmtrnviccblcngiDoThicvntvngthoangxRptrigitticcvngthucaSyriacaAiCp.Xahnnavphabc,dynicaLebanonvchramtgiihniviccblcdumcAramaeavchechchongiPhoeniciabbinvnthotcnhhngcakchtrongkinhCuc.Tnhngyutny,mtxhimi-xhiSyriac,hnhthnhkhicnchnnggimbt.Chotigi,xhiSyriaccmilinhvibtkthnhvincnocaccchngtcc

linquantixhiMinoan,ncnggingnhmiquanhgiaxhiHyLpcvixhiMinoan-khnghnkhngkm.MtdisnmxhiSyriathahngtxhiMinoancthlbngmutAlphabet(nhngiunykhngchcchn),mtdisnkhccthlvicthnghimnhngchuynibinngdi.Banu,thtngcnhinkhithyxhiSyriaccngungctxhiMinoan.Ngita

vnchimtkhmphchngtchnhquyntrungngcaxhiSyrialchmicaAiCpvrngnthngiocangiDoThilphcsinhcanthngioIkhnaton,nhngccchngcthctchngliquanimny.KhngcbtkbngchngnogirakhnngthakcaxhiSyriaiviccxhimidintiubiulchKhatti(Hittite)Anatolia,vngtriuSumerUr,ccvngtriuAmoritekthanBabylon,nhngxhimchngtastinhnhphntchngaysauy.XhiSumer.Khikhostbicnhcaxhinc,iuutinthuhtschca

chngtaltngioV.GingnhtnngngathngioOlympus,nhiuchngcchothynnysinh tnhngngimandi trongqu trnhdinra thikVlkerwanderung,ngthikhngchothyduhiunocamttngioctoratrongthikrirenbigiaicpbtrcaxhiangsuytn.Trongtrnghpny,ngimandilnhngngiAryaxuthinTyBcntbui

bnhminhcalchsn,cngnhtbuibnhminhcalchsHyLpcngiAchaeaxuthinAegea.DatrnstngngvimiquanhphthinragiaxhiHyLpcvxhiMinoan,chngtamongiskhmphratrongbicnhcaxhincmtchnhquyntrungngvivngthoangnmphabnkiaccngbingiican.ttincangiAryasinhsngnhmtgiaicpbtrbnngoichotikhichnhquyntrungngsptoiukinchohxmnhp.Cthnhndinchnhquyntrungngvnhvvngthoangckhng?Clchngtasnhnccutrlichohaicuhinybngcchtrahaicuhikhc:NgiAryatmcngvontkhino?Vcaitrongsh,vnkhiutcngmtim,ktthcmtchnkhckhng?NgiAryanimtthtingthuchngnngn-u.Sphnblchscanhmngn

ngny-mtnhmuchuvnhmkhcnvIran-chothyngiAryachcchnphixmnhpvontthonguyn-u,theonhngconngmsaunyrtnhiungikthahitheobinhngkxmlcThNhK,MahmudxGhaznahvothk11vBabur,ngithnhlpchMughal(MngC),vothk16cathiichngta.KhinghincusphntncangiTh,chngtathyrngmtvitrongshtinxunghngng-namnnvmtskhctinvhngty-namnAnatoliavSyria.Chnghn,cngthiviMahmudxGhaznah,ngiThSaljuqkhixngcucchintranhchnglicucThptchinhcaxhiTyphng.CcghichpcaAiCpccungcpbngchngchngminhrngtronggiaiont2000-1500trcCN,ngiAryatphquathonguyn-u,gcmngiThstphqua3000nmsau,iutinonbcchncangiThtrongcucphnhatiptheocah.TrongkhimtsngiTh,nhchngtabitctnhngtiliucangin,xmnhpvon,thskhctnphIran,Iraq,SyriavcuicnglAiCp,nihthnhlptrongthk17trcCNmtchcaitrcacctlnhquningimandimlchsAiCpgilHyksos.VyulnguynnhngyrathikVlkerwanderungcangiArya?Chngtacth

trlibngcchtcuhi:ulnguynnhngyrathikVlkerwanderungcangiTh?Theoghichplchs:lsspcavngtriuAbbasidvngiThphntn

theochaihngvtthicachAbbasidlmmichottcblcbntronglnhthcanlnnhngvngthucaxaxithunglngIndus.Giithchnycgichochngtamtmanhminocacucphnlytngngcangi

Aryakhng?Cutrlilc,vkhinhnvobnchnhtrcakhuvcTy-Namgiaion2000-1900trcCN,chngtathynbkhngchbimtchnhquyntrungng,gingnhvngtriuBaghdad,ccaitrtmtthphIraq,vlnhthcantriditheocngcchngtcngmttmim(vichAbbasid).Chnhquyntrungngny lchSumervAkkadcthnh lpvokhongnm

2298trcCNbingiSumerUr-EngurUrvcAmoriteHammurabikhiphcvokhongnm1947trcCN.StanrcachsaukhiHammurabiquaidntithikVlkerwanderungcangiArya.KhngcbngchngtrctipnochngminhrngchSumervAkkadkoditin,nhngkhnngnycgiratnhngktqukhaiqutgnytrongthunglngIndus.lmtnnvnha(cninitkhongnm3250tikhongnm2750trcCN,datrnhaivtrckhostutin)cmiquanhrtgngivinnvnhacangiSumerIraq.ChngtacthnhndinxhimtrongchSumervAkkadngvaitrchnh

quyntrungnghaykhng?Phntchcctincachny,chngtatmthybngchngvmtthiklonlctrongnhqunsSargonngiAkkad,xAgade,lmtbiutngngch.Lixahnna,chngtathymtthikphttrinhngthnhvsngtomnhnggkhaiqutcUrtrongthigiangnyminhchng.Chngtakhngbitlthiknykodibaonhiungcdngthigiantrong(hayvtqua)thinninkthttrcCN.XhinhndinnycthgilxhiSumer.CcxhiHittitevBabylon.SaukhinhndincxhiSumer,chngtacthtip

tcnhndinhaixhikhcbngphngphpkhost,lnnykhngphitxhiminxhicmtheothtngcli.NnvnminhSumertridinphangbnoAnatolia,saunygilCappadocia.

Nhngtmthtst,rtntngvtrnckhccctiliubunbngiaodchbngchvithnhnm,cccnhkhoctmthyCappadocia,lchngcchngminhiuny.SaukhiHammurabiquai, lcchnhquyntrungngcaxhiSumersp,ccvnglnhthCappadociacanbnhngngimandintphatybcchimng.Vokhongnm1750trcCNVuaMursilIxKhatti-ngicaitrchnhquynthaktrongphntthkny,tncngvnhbiBabylon.Kxmlcrtvmangtheochinliphmvnhngngimandikhc-ngiKassitentIran-thnhlpmtthlcIraqtn ti trongvngsu thk.chKhatti tr thnhhtnhncamtxhiHittitemnhngkinthcrirccachngtavnchyucctnhngghichpcangiAiCp,theongiHittitethngxuyntrongtnhtrngchintranhsaukhiThothmesIII(1480-1450trcCN)mrngquyncaitrngiAiCpnSyria.SsuytncachHittitedinracngthikVlkerwanderunghyditchCretenhtrnhbytrn.NgiHittitecvnhthahnghthngtinoncangiSumer,nhnghcmttngiocaringmnhvcngcmtloichvittnghnhtrongngitaghinhnctnhtlnmloingnngHittitekhcnhau.Mtxhikhc,cngclinquannxhiSumer,ckhmphquanhngghichp

cangiAiCp thk15 trcCN, trongkhuvcquhng caxhi Sumer. lBabylon,nimccthlcKassite,AssyriavElamngvothk12trcCN.CctchccaxhihusinhtrnnntngxhiSumerny,trongmikhacnhhunhurtgingvicctincachnhxhiSumer,dokhinccnhnghincunghingrngnlmtxhiphnbithaylmtchngktcaxhiSumer.Tuynhin,thntrngvnhnvchngtasginlxhiBabylon.Tronggiaioncui

camnh,kodisutthkth7trcCN,xhinyphichungnhngtnthttrmtrng trongmtcucchinkodihng trmnmngaybn trong tri timn,giangiBabylonvlclngqunscangiAssyria.XhiBabylontnticthm70nmsaukhiAssyriaspvcuicngbchAchaemenidcaCyrusnutchng.Giaion70

nmnybaogmctriuicaNebuchadnezzarvnhtBabyloncangiDoThi,nhngngicoiCyruslmtthinnggiithot.XhiAiCpc.XhirtngchnynilntvngthunglnghlusngNiletrong

sutthinninkthttrcCN,chonthkth5thlitnsaukhitnti,tuticui,tnhtllugpbalnxhiphngTycachngtatnhnnay.Nkhngcchamvcngkhngcconnidi;khngcxhinoangtntihinnaycthkhngnhlhuducan.Ttcvinhquangcannmsbttctmkimvtmthytrong.Rtcthcckimtthp-nhngnhnchngbtngchngkinshindincanhngngikintorachngtronggn5000nm-stntihngtrmnghnnmna.Chngcgngngcnhinkhichngcthtntiluhnconngivtrongmtthgiichngcnaiccthngipcachng,chngstiptctho:TatntittrcthiAbraham.Tuynhin,nhnglngmhnhchphngvnykhngchlbiutnglchscaxhi

AiCpc.Chngtacnnirng,xhinytntitrongkhong4000nm,nhngphnnathikxhiAiCpckhngcnscsngna,nnicthcoinchlmtsinhthchtnhngchabchnvi.HnphnnalchsxhiAiCpclmtphnktqudi.Nulntheoduvtlchscaxhicny,chngtasthyrnghnmtphntcuc

icanlmtgiaionphttrinhngthnh.NguynnhnthcyshnhthnhnnvnminhAiCpcidiuyquynddicathinnhinkhcnghit - lvickhaiquang,thoncvtrngtrttrnvngrngmlynguynthy,vngthunglnghluvkhuvctamgicsngNile.ThgiiAiCpcsaubclshpnhtsmsavmtchnhtrvocuigiaionctngilthikTinTriu,vttinhcaocantrongthikhongkimrcrcavngtriutht.VngtriunynhducigilnhcaothnhtucaxhiAiCpc,lsphihpsclaongcaconngitrongnhngcngtrnhkhngl,tviccitomlychoticccngtrnhxydngkimtthp.Ncngtti nh cao trong chnh tr v ngh thut. Ngay c trong lnh vc tn gio, ni kin thcthngbcoilngungctaiha,nhngthgilvntkimtthpvnxcnhnrngthiknycngchngkinscsngto,xungtvlthikucasgiaothoagiahaihotngtngio-lvicththnMttrivthnOsiris-saunysphttrinkhixhiAiCpcbcvothiksuytn.Thikhngthnhricngtriqua,vthiksuytnbtubnggiaionqukt

vngtriuth5tith6,vokhongnm2424trcCN.Tithiimny,chngtanhnthynhngduhiuquenthuccathiksuytnvithtquenthucxuthintronglchscaccxhikhc.SphnlycavngtriuAiCpcthngnhtthnhnhiuchnhquynnh cpaphng thngxuyn tranhginh lnnhaumangnhnhiukhng thnhmlncathiklonlc.Nctipni,vokhongnm2070trcCN,bngmtchnhquyntrungngthnhlpbivngtriuaphngThebesvcthngnhtbivngtriuth12,vokhongnm2000-1788trcCN.Sauvngtriuth12,chnhquyntrungngsp,vthikquttyunyatithikVlkerwanderungcaxhiAiCpcivicucxmlccangiHyksos.Cvnhylimktthccaxhiny.Nutuntheothtthnglcacuc

khostvlnngcdnglchsktthkthnmsauCN,chngtacthdngliyvni:GiychngtalntheolchsAiCpc,tnhngduchncuicngcan thk thnm,ngc ln21 thk,vgpmt thikVlkerwanderung theo saumtchnhquyntrungng.NhvychngtatmvtingnnguncaxhiAiCpcvcoigiaiondinratrckhiimnylmtxhictinmchngtasgilXhisngNile.Tuynhincnphibcbquanimny,bi l,nugiyni licuckhosttheo

chiuthun,chngtaskhngthtmthymtxhimimlmtthhontonkhc.Chnhquynthakcangirblt;ngiHyksosbtrcxut;vchnhquyntrungngvithphttiThebesckhiphc,hontoncch.Sphchiny, theoquanimhinnaycachngta, lhintngngkduynht

tronglchsAiCpc(ngoitrcuccchmngthtbittrongtrngnccaIkhnaton)dinragiathkth16trcCNvthkth5.Thigiantnticachnhquyntrungng,mlintipbltritithnhlp,lpytonbhaithinninkmkhngcmtxhiminoht.NunghinculchstngiocaxhiAiCpc,chngtacngsthyrngsauthikqu,cmttngiochimuththakttnglpthngtrtrongthiksuytntrc.Dvy,nkhngddngchimcuthmkhngtriquamtcucutranhno,vutinnbovvngvngavcamnhbngcchlpramttngiophquttronggiaionsuytntrcbitnglpbtrtrongnccaxhiAiCpcttngioOsiris.TnngngOsirisntvngtamgicsngNile,khngphitvngthngAiCp,ni

hnhthnhlchschnhtrcaxhiAiCpc.DngchychnhtronglchstngioAiCpclcuctranhugiamtvthnsngtrntrngianvthlctnhindilngtvithnmttritrnthinng,cuctranhunybiuhinquavic linhhncacycilunphinxuthintrnmttvbinmtdilngt.Cucxungtthnthnhnykthpvicucxungtchnhtrvxhigiahaibphndnchngnhngnimhaitnngngnyphttrin,nhlsthhinthnhc.Bphnthcngthnmttri-thnRe -cdin tquahnh tngccPharaoh,ciukhinbigii tusHeliopolis,trongkhitnngngththnOsirislmttngiobnhdn.ylcucxungtgiatngioticaovtngiobnhdnvncsclicunnhngtnringl.imkhcbitctyugiahaitngiotronghnhthcnguynthycachnglskhng

tngngtrongvincnhsaukhichtcacctnmchngra.ThnOsiriscaitrvslinhhnchttrongthgiibngtidilngt.CnRethunhnnhngtncamnhsaukhichtvbanchohssngtrnbutri.Nhngsphongthnhnychdnhtngchonhngaicthtrgi,mtcigicaongttngun,chotikhisbttcamttrignnhchdnhringchoPharaohvccthnhvintronghonggiavinhnggnhvuanggp.Ccikimtthplnhnglngmcxytrongnlcbovsbttcacnhnbngmtkintrchngv.Trongkhi,tngioOsirischimlnhmtt.Hnhthcbttmnbanphtclqu

rsovivicnhcthinngtrntricathnRe,nhngchngquacnglthtngiovvsngqunchngnhnvphatrcdispbcvnn,vxoadurnghphichungpbcbtcngtrongcucinymbonimhnhphcbtditchoccchnhncamnh.XhiAiCpcphnchiathnhtnglpthngtrvgiaicpbtrtrongnc.PhiimtvinguyctnngngOsirisngycngtrnnphbin,tnglptusHeliopoliscgngbinOsiristhnhvdngbngcchchothngianhptnngngthnmttri,nhngtrongqutrnhny,Osirisnhncnhiuhnrtnhiusovinhnggmthnphimt.Khigianhpvogiophi thmttricaPharaoh, thnngthiginhctngioththnMttrichosngqunchnglaokhcamnh.KtqucavickthptngionylCmnangcaciCht-cunschhngdnminginvisbttthngtrisngtngiocaxhiAiCpcquahaithinninkktthccan.tngthnReihiocthayvphixykimtthp,cnthnOsirisgivaitrnhmtvphnquancathgiidilngt,khindnAiCptinrng,cichtchnhlqutngcaccvthnchbanthngchonhngaisngxngng.Nhvy,dichnhquyntrungngcaxhiAiCpc,chngtathynhngntc

trngcatngiochungctorabigiaicpbtrtrongnc.TnglaicatnngngOsirisnysrasaonuchnhquyntrungngAiCpckhngckhiphc?Liuncthtrthnhcininuidngmtxhimi?utin,chngtamongrngnschinhphc ngiHyksos, nhGio hi Cc quyn r c ngiman di ci o.Nhngchuynkhngxyra;lngcmthcangiHyksoslnthtngiochtcatnglpthngtr,vktqultnngngOsirisbxuyntcvsuythoi.Sbttmtlnnalicembn,mcdcigikhngcnlcckimtthpnamchlmttvnttrnmtcungiyci.Chngtacthphngonrng,trongcngvickinhdoanhny,cngnhnhngsnphmitrkhc,mtmnhnggirthucmtlinhunnhnhngbnchysemlichonhsnxutlinhunnhiunht.Do,cucphchithkth

16trcCNkhngchlskhiphcchnhquyntrungng;nlsphatrnnhngtbosngcagiohiOsirisvinhngtbochtcaxhiAiCpcanghphithnhmtqunthnnht-mtdngtithitxhitmchttronghaithinninkcuicngsngli.ChngcxcthcnhtchngminhrngxhiAiCpcchisinhnylsthtbi

hontoncathlccgngvcndytcicht.Lnnylmtconngi,PharaohIkhnaton,ngiccngtitotngiobvhiuhabitnngngOsiriscagiaicpbtrtrongsutccthkcathiklonlckodi.Ikhnatontoramtkhinimmivthnthnhvconngi,cucsngvthinnhin,vtrnhbyntrongmtnnnghthutvthicami;nhngcixhichtvnkhngthnhmphcsinh.ThtbicangminhchngrngchngtangkhicoihintngxhitronglchsAiCpctthkth16trcCNtrichlonktcaxhiAiCpcthayvllchstkhithainghnnlcditvongcamtxhimi.CcxhiAndes,Yucatec,MexicvMaya.TrckhiccnhthcdnTyBanNhat

chnti,chuMsnsinhrabnxhiktrn.XhiAndesPeruthnhlpcmtchnhquyntrungng,lchInca,trckhibPizarrotiuditvonm1530.XhiMexiccnggnttitrnhtngt,chnhquyntrungnghnhthnhlchAztec.VothiimxyracucvinchinhcaCortez,chnhquynthnhphTlaxcalalthlcc lpduynht cn st li, vngiTlaxcala cui cngcngquyphcCortez.XhiYucateckhuvcbnoYucatanbxhiMexicdnthuphct400nmtrc,songchngulhuducamtxhicxahn-xhiMaya-ttimttrnhvnminhvnhnvncaohnccxhikthan.Nhngntutdckhngphanhvktthcmtcchybntrongthkth7sauCN,lichngcvstnticamnhquaqunthditchntcanhngthnhphptuytvitrongnhngkhurngmaYucatan.Xhinyxutsctronglnhvcthinvnhc,nlpcmththngninichnhxcnmcngngcnhin.NhngnghiltngiokhngkhipcCortezkhmphMexicodngnhlphinbnvcngmanrttngioccangiMaya.Nhvycccucnghincugipchngtaimdanh19xhi,aschngcmi

quanhtinhocthakvimthocnhiuxhikhc:lccxhiTyphngChnhthng,Iran,Rp(haixhiIranvRphinnayhpnhtthnhxhiHigio),ngio,phngng,HyLpc,Syriac,nc,TrungQucc,Minoan,Sumer,Hittite,Babylon,AiCpc,Andes,Mexic,YucatecvMaya.ChngtangthicngnulnnghivnvshindinringbitcaxhiBabylonbncnhxhiSumerRpHittite,Babylon,AiCp c, Andes, Mexic, Yucatec v Maya (Hai x hi ny hin hu s chia ct mt phnBabylontSumer,vmtscpkhccngcthccoilnhngxhinnhtvimtonkttngtnhxhiAiCpc.Nhngchngtastntrngctnhcthcachngchotikhinocnhngbngchngthuytphcthayiiu.ThcrachngtacngcthchiaxhiCcChnhthngthnhmtxhiChnhthngByzantinevmtxhiChnhthngNga,vxhiphngngthnhmtxhiTrungHoavmtxhiTriuTin-NhtBn.Nhvytngscachngtastngln21.Songnhngllgiithchvbovphngphpcachngtasphidnhchophntiptheo.

III.KHNNGSOSNHGIACCXHI(1)CCNNVNMINHVXHINGUYNTHYNutinhnhsosnhchthng21xhi,vnlmcchcacunschny,chcchn

chngtasgpphinhngkinphni.kinutinvnginnhtphnbcvnmchng taxut l: Ccxhinaykhngccimchungnongoivic ttcchngulmitrngnghinculchs,thmchcimnycngqumhvchungchungnncthkhngtnhncngc.Cutrli,nhngxhilmitrngnghinculchslmtchngloitrong21

hnhmutiubiucachngtacuthnhmthnhthicth.Ccxhithucvhnhthiny thng c gi l nn vnminh (hay x hi vnminh), phn bit vi cc x hinguynthycnglmitrngnghinculchstothnhmthnhthikhctrongcngchngloi.Do,21xhicachngtacnphicmtimctrngtngngcthvchngunmtrongtintrnhcannvnminh.Mtimkhcbitnagiahaihnhthirtdnhnra.Snnvnminhbitlrtnh.

Cn s x hi nguyn thy bit ln hn rt nhiu. Vo nm1915, ba nh kho c Typhngbttayvothchinmtcucnghincusosnhccxhinguynthy.Httragiihnlchnghincunhngxhicngunthngtintngiy,tnhravokhong650,aschngukhngcntntinngynay.Khngthnoaraslngccxhinguynthyhnhthnhrisuytntkhiloingixuthinvokhong300nghnnmtrc,nhngrrnglslngcaccxhinguynthysovinhngnnvnminhlnhnrtnhiu.Gnnhcnbngvispovslngnitrnlsvttricaccnnvnminhso

vixhinguynthyvmtkchthccth.Ccxhinguynthyuctui thtngingn,vbgiihntrongnhngkhuvcaltnginhhpngthibaogmslngngitnginh.Cthnirng,nucthtinhnhmtcuciutrasthnhvincanmnnvnminhcntntinngynay,quavithkngnngimchngtnti,chngtasthyrngmicngngringltrongsnmnnvnminhbaogmnhiungihntngdnscattcxhinguynthyktbuibnhminhcanhnloi.Tuynhin,chngtaangnghincukhngphilcthmlxhi,vchnlquantrngivimcchcachngtalsxhitngtntitrongtintrnhvnminhhacbitnngynaylkhnh.(2)QUANIMSAILMVTNHDUYNHTCANNVNMINHQuanimthhaibcbkhnngsosnh21nnvnminhcachngtatringcvi

quanimthnht.Khngcti21hnhmuidinchomthnhthixhinhvymchcmtnnvnminhduynht-nnvnminhcachngta.LunimvtnhduynhtcannvnminhnylmtiusailmdoccnhshcTy

phngbnhhngbimitrngxhicah.imhiulmnmch,trongthikcni,nnvnminhTyphngcachngtagingtmlikinhtrakhpthgii,vnnkinhtnythngnhttrnnntngxhiTyphng,kotheosthngnhtvchnhtr.McdcccucchinhphtcaqunivccqucgiaphngTychabaogibaoqutvtrnvnbngnhngcucchinhphccacngnghipvcngnghcan,nhngsthclttchnhthinhnctrnthgiingthiulmtphntronghthngchnhtrnnhtcaxhiTyphngnguynthy.ylnhngsthcngch,nhngnucoichnglchngcthhinsnnhtca

nnvnminhthqulthincn.McdccbnkinhtvchnhtrngynayucTyphngha,songbnvnhavcnbnvncnnguynnhttrckhixhiTyphngcachngtabtucucchinhphcthgiivmtkinhtvchnhtr.lnhvcvnha,btcaibitquanstucththyrngnhngntctrngcabnnnvnminhngoiphngTyvncnrtrrt.Nhngnhiungikhngcctmnhn;vquanimcahcminhhaquavicsdngtthdn(nativestrongtingAnh)vnhngttngngtrongccngnngTyphngkhclmchnhngngidnca

ccnnvnminh.Khiginhngngithucccnnvnminhkhclthdn,chngtacngngthi

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phngTyxttheophngdinvtcht,quanimsailmvsduynhtcalchs,vnchorngchcduynhtmtdngchycannvnminhduynht,lnnvnminhcachngta,vrngttcnhngnnvnminhkhchoclphlucanhoclbinmttrongsamc.Quanimnycthcquyvbangungc:otngvk(tchomnhltrungtmcathgii),otngvmtVinngkhngthayi,votngvqutrnhchuynbinlchsdinratrnmtngthng.iviotngvk,ylmthintngrttnhin,bingiphngTychngta

khngphilnhngnnnhnduynhtcan.NgiDoThitriquaotngrnghkhngphilmttrongnhngmldntcduynhtclachn.Nhnggchngtagilthdnthhgilkngoio(gentile),cnngiHyLpcgilngimandi(hayngir-barbarian).Nhngvdinhnhnhtcaotngvkcllbcqucthvitvonm1793cvhongminhtritcaTrungHoa,CnLong,gichomtcngsngiAnhchuynchovuangta,vuaGeorgeIII:

NgingnglmtvHong,sngphabnkiaranhgiicanhiuidng;yvymbthithcbithmmunthpkmmunchiaphnlitctnnvnminhcachngta,ngigiimtcngsknhcnmangtheothngipcamnhTackthngipcangi;nhngnghnghimchnhcbclmtcchkhimtnngknhliurtngkhenngiVithnhcuvvicgimtthndncangisanglmcontintronghongcung

cataviukhinnnthngmigiancngiviTrungHoa,ntrivittcllicavngtriutavkhngthchpnhn.Mcdngikhngnhrnglngknhtrngivithintriukhinngimongmunthunpnnvnminhcachngta,songccnghithcvlutlcachngtahontonkhcviccnghithcvlutlcaccngi,chonn,dcngscangicththuthpcnhngkinthccnbnvnnvnminhcachngtachngna,ngicngskhngthgieocycctpqunvphongtccachngtalnmnhtxaxicangi.Vl,chodvcngscangictigiinu,ngicngskhngthuciug.Caitrmtthgiirngln,tachcmtmctiuduynht,lduytrmtch

caitrtuytivhonthnhccphnsiviqucgia.Nhngcngphmklvtgikhnglmtaquantm.Nutaralnhchpnhnnhngcngvtdongigin,hihong,thchlvlngknhtrngivitinhthnthithcngigichngtnghndmxaxiny.Uynghicavngtriutathuphcmiqucgiatrnthinh,vvuachacamincuhindngnhngcngphmtgitheongbhocnghnghi.Nhsgicangicthtnmtchngkin,chngtacttcmith.Takhngcoitrngnhngvtklhaykholovkhngcnhucusdngnhngmymccancngi.[6]Mtthksaubcthngipny,lngkiuhnhcanhngngikvCnLongphi

sp.lktccmaicngcthonccaskiungo.otngvVinngkhngthayirrngcngrtphbinmtakhngcnphi

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nhngngiTyphngbnhthngthhiubitduynhtv lchsci Vinngc gi gn trong nhng cu chuyn k trong kinh Cuc. Khi nhng nh thm himphngTycchngkin,giaskinhngcvnimvuisng,rngisnghinnaybingiiTransjordaniancasamcRphontonginghtvimtisngcattinhtrongcunkinhCingun, thcvnhcimkhngthayicaphngngcchngminh.NhngnhnggmccnhthmhimgpkhngphilVinngkhngthayimchlthonguynRpkhngthayi.Trnthonguyn,mitrngvtlkhcthlmtnhntthcysphttrincaconngivkhnngtthchngcahbgiihntrongmtphmvirtnhhp.iunyxynvittcnhngaimithiicanmchnlisngkhcnghitvkhthayitrnsamc.ktlunVinng khng thay i th nhng bng chng nh va nu l qu vn vt. Trong th giiphngTycngc,chnghnnhvngthung lngAlpine,vnkhngbnhngdukhchhin i ng chm ti, cc c dn vn sinh sng ging ht nh t tin h t thiAbraham.Nhvy,chnglchngtacngcthsuyratlunimnymtphngTykhngthayihaysao?otngvtintrnhlchsdinratheomtngthnglvdchothyxuhngn

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dngknhvinvngcahngmnhnlchsbngcchbsungthmmtgiaionthba,mhgilthitrungc,vhchennvogiahaithikkia.NhngtrongkhisphnchiagiacinvhiniidinchosphnchiagialchsHyLpcvlchsTyphng,thsphnchiagiatrungcvihinichidinchoschuynigiamtgiaionca lch sTyphngsangmtgiaionkhc.Cng thc cin+trungc+hinilkhngng;mphilHyLpc+Typhng(trungc+hini).VlinuchngtacngnhnchiamtgiaioncalchsTyphngthnhmtthikringbitthtisaokhnglmiutngtvinhnggiaionkhc?Khngcgmbochosphnchiathmmtgiaionbtutkhongnm1075tikhongnm1475lngc,vcnhiuldochornggnychngtabcsangmtgiaionmikhiuvokhongnm1875.Nhvychngtac:TyphngI:Giaionmngmui,675-1075.TyphngII:Giaiontrungi,1075-1475.TyphngIII:Hini,1475-1875.TyphngIV:Hu-hini,1875-?Nhngchngta lchng,vrngscnbnggia lchsHyLpcv lchsTy

phngcinvhini(nubnthch)chthhinttnghphiccbvsthincnmthi.iugingnhmtnhalchoxutbncunschnhanalthgiinhngtrongchtonphntchmichititvvnglngchoatrunghivchuu.Ngoiracncmtkhinimrtkhcvtnhnnhtcalchstntingthivi

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vnminhkhngcxydng trnnhngvingchvt cht, tmymay, thuc l, sngtrng,ngaycccbngmutvbngcuchngcngkhng.XutkhumtcngnghcaphngTyrancngoilviclmdnhttrni.Nhngemmtbithhocmtvthnhnonmtnixalsgpkhkhnhnrt,rtnhiulnkhimunnhmlntrongtmhncamtxhingoiphngTyngnlatmlinhkhcvinhnggangsoisngtmhnn.Mcdvntntrngnggpcastruynb,songcnphinhnmnhvaitrcasngtonguynthytronglchsnhnloi,vchngtaphitnhcnhmnhrngtialahocmmmngcasngtonguynthycthbngphtthnhngnlahocnymmthnhmtcnhhoatrongbtkhnhthinocaisngxhi.tra,chngtacthtrttrchnhimlnvainhngngitheothuyttruynbxhiphngtrnghpcmtcuhimctra:liuphngphptruynbcccoilnhntquytnhcamtthnhtucthnocaconngihaykhng.Freemanvitvonm1873:

Khcthnghingrngnhiukhmphquantrngnhtcacucsngvnminhclplinhiuln,tinhngthiimvccqucgiakhcnhau,vnhiuqucgiakhcnhauttinhngmcphttrincthcaxhikhilnutinngitacntinhngphtminh.VvymcngnghinncphtminhclpTrungHoavtrongthitrungcchuu;vngitatinrngmttintrnhtngtcvndngchonhiumcchkhcLaMci,mcdkhngaithchinbciquantrnglpdngtintrnhquenthucvncsdngchonhiumcchnhvovicinsch.Cthtinrng,nhnggxyraviinncngxyravichvit,vchngtacthlymtvdkhctmtnghthuthontonkhc.Thtvy,tvicsosnhnhngcngtrnhkintrcccnstliAiCp,HyLp,,ccothucaAnhvnhngthnhphntTrungM,chngtathyrngnhngphtminhkhungcavmivmtuytvicthchinkhngchmt ln trong lch s ngh thut ca nhn loi. Chng ta cng khng nghi ng vicnhiunghthutnginvthityucaisngvnminh-sdngmyxay,cungn,thuynbvthunhangahoang-cphthinnhiulnnhiuthiimvaimkhcnhau.Vichnhtr,cngkhngcskhcbitno.Mttchcchnhtrgingnhauthngxuthincchnhaurtxa,nginvhoncnhihishindincachngxuthinnhngthiimvaimcchnhaurtxa.[8]

Mtnhnhnchnghchinicngphtbiukingingnhvy:Nhngimtngngtrongtngvthiquencaconngichyuldos

tngttrongcutrcbnoconngivktqutnhincaqutrnhtduycah,dhnhngnikhcnhau.Trongmttrngthinocalchsnhnloi,sphttrintnhcchvtrtucaconngilnhnhau,nnchcchntinhthncahphicnhngc tnh,nng lcvphngphphotngchungtrn tonthgii.Tnhtngngtronghotngcanobnycthythk19quatrtucaDarwinvRussellWallace,khilmvictrncngmtdliugingnhau,ngthiarathuytTinha;vncncchngminhquaviccnhiushuchungivicngmtphtminhhockhmphvothi.Shotngtngtnhautrongqutrnhtduychungcaniging-dliucngrirc,nnglccngsng,thktqucngmh-giithchsxuthincacctnngngvtchcnhtnngngTotem,chngoihn,vnhiunghiltyukhchuhtnhngcngngngisngringbittrnkhpacu.[9]

(3)THIIMSOSNHGIACCNNVNMINHngi,chngtagiiphaikintringcnhnguphnbckhochnghincu

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ny.(4)LCHS,KHOAHCVVNCHNGCbaphngphpkhcnhauxemxtvtrnhbysuynghcachngta,vquath

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lchssthynchaynhngchitithcu,nhngngcli,btcaichtmcnnhmttcphmhcusthynchaylchs.TtctiliulchsutngngviIliadvimny,nghalchngkhngthhontonloibyuthcu.Schnlc,spxpvyutthctnthunlmtphngphpthucvlnhvchcu,vquanimphbinchorngkhngsgianocthccoilvinubnthnngtakhngphilmtnghsvi;rngGibbonsvMacaulayslccsgiavihnsoviccsgiakhkhan-nhngngicgngtrnhnhngimthiuxcthccccngnghipgiutrtngtngcahtora,citnnycngiWalterScotttra,bnthnngcngccoilmtsgiavinhmtstiuthuythnlbtktcphmlchsnocamnh.DsaochngnacngkhmvitchaidngtruynlchslinlcmkhngaranhngnhnvtvkhinimhcunhncAnh,ncPhp,ngBoth,Giohi,bochhocquanimchung.Thucydides[10]vitkchvnhngnhnvtlchsbngccht nhng li thoi h cu voming h, nhng phng php trc lun ca ng,mc dthuytphchn,songthcskhngmangnhiutnhhcuhnsoviphngphpginlunnngn,trongnhngkchtcgiahiniaranhnghnhnhgitocahthhinquanimchung.Bncnh,lchscngphcvchomtsngnhkhoahcphthucchuyncng

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