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“Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal”

Notes: Chapter 9 Section 3

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I.) A Rough-Riding President

A. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt1. born 1858 in New York City & is sickly & asthmatic as child2. Life:

graduates from Harvard (1880)

elected New York Assembly (1881-1884)

retires to ranch in Badlands (1884-1887)

Civil Service Commission (1888-1895)

New York City Police Commissioner (1895-1897)

Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897-1898)

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forms & joins “First U.S. Volunteer Calvary Regiment” (Rough Riders) during the Spanish-American War (1898)

elected governor of New York (1898-1900)

becomes Vice President under William McKinley (1900-1901)

becomes President after assassination of McKinley (1901-1909) (youngest president at age 42)B. creates the “Modern Presidency”

1. cites federal responsibility for the national welfare 2. Square Deal: Roosevelt’s Progressive reforms to protect the common person against big business

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II.) Using Federal Power

A. Trustbusting 1. Problem: In 1900’s, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries 2. Goal: Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest 3. “Trustbuster”: in 1902 orders Justice Dept. to sue Northern

Securities Company (railroad monopoly) under the

Sherman Antitrust Act Outcome: 1904 Supreme Court dissolves the company

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B. 1902 Coal Strike 1. Issue: coal miners in Pennsylvania go on strike 2. Problem: 5 months in coal reserves run low 3. Outcome: operators to accept arbitration after threat

of take over 4. Importance: Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public Continued . . .

C. Railroad Regulation 1. Goal: federal regulation of the railroads 2. Problem: Interstate Commerce Commission has little power to

enforce regulations 3. Outcome: Elkins Act (1903): stops rebates, sudden rate changes

Hepburn Act (1906): limits passes, set maximum rates

4. Importance: government has more power to regulate railroads

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III.) Health and the Environment

A. Regulating Foods and Drugs 1. Problem: Upton Sinclair writes “The Jungle”: reveals

unsanitary conditions in meatpacking industry 2. Issue: Roosevelt’s creates commission that investigates and

backs up Sinclair’s account 3. Outcome: Meat Inspection Act (1906) passed by congress - dictates sanitary requirements

- creates federal meat inspection program

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B. Pure Food and Drug Act 1. Problem: Food, drug advertisements make false

claims; medicines often unsafe 2. Outcome: Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) passed by congress

- halts sale of contaminated food, medicine

- requires truth in labeling

Continued . . .

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C. Conservation and Natural Resources 1. Problem: U.S. Forest Bureau established in 1887

but stands by as private interests exploit

natural environment 2. Outcome: Roosevelt sets aside more than 148

million acres for forest reserves,

sanctuaries, national parks 3. Importance: U.S. belief is conservation part

saved for preservation and part

saved for development for public

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IV.) Roosevelt and Civil Rights

A. Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century 1. Roosevelt’s terms as president make no civil rights reforms 2. Appoints a few individual African Americans to civil service jobs

- invites Booker T. Washington to White House

B.National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP) founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois & black/white reformers Goal : full equality among races

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