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NEXT Section 4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Breakthroughs in science and technology transform daily life and entertainment.

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NEXT Nineteenth-Century Progress Edison the Inventor Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory most famous for the light bulb Inventions Make Life Easier Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first radio Ford Sparks the Automobile Industry In 1880s, Germans invent first automobile Henry Ford lowers cost with assembly lineone task per worker The Wright Brothers Fly In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working airplane

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NEXT The Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection Medical researchers develop vaccines; cities improve sanitation SECTIO N 4 New Ideas in Medicine

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NEXT Darwin Challenges Traditional Beliefs Charles DarwinEnglish scientist develops theory of evolution In 1880s most people believe inspecial creation by God New Ideas in Science Darwins Theory of Evolution Darwins idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest Fittest then breed, their offspring share their advantages Gradually, over generations, species change; new species evolve Theory of evolutionspecies change slowly through natural selection

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NEXT Mendel and Genetics Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers patterns to inherited traits Mendels work begins the science of genetics New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics In 1803, John Dalton theorizes all matter is made of atoms In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of the elements Radioactivitytype of energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons

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NEXT New Ideas in Social Science Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology begin in 1800s Psychologystudy of human mind, behavior Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious reactions Sigmund Freud studies unconscious, develops psychoanalysis Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenments faith in reason Social Sciences Explore Behavior

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NEXT From Leisure Culture to Mass Culture Mass cultureart, music, writing, entertainment for large audience The Rise of Mass Culture Changes Produce Mass Culture Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to working class Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies Traveling acts feature music, juggling, dancing In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving images By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films Sports Entertain Millions Spectator sports draw huge crowds; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896