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Section 1

New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contributed to the growth and prosperity of the New England Colonies.

Distinct Colonial Regions Develop

• Between 1700—1750, colonial population doubles, then doubles again

1SECTION

• 3 regions: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies

New England: Commerce and Religion

• Backcountry—region along Appalachian Mountains

Continued . . .NEXT

continued Distinct Colonial Regions Develop

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• Several factors make each colonial region distinct

• Southern Colonies—warm climate; good soil; use enslaved African labor

• Middle Colonies—short winters, fertile soil; settlers from all over Europe

• New England—cold weather, rocky soil; mostly English settlers

• Backcountry—climate, resources vary; many Scots-Irish

The Farms and Towns of New England

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• Subsistence farming—produce enough for themselves, little extra to trade

• Congregation settles the town, divides land to members of church

• Farmers live near town because plots of land sold to Puritan congregation

• Short growing season causes New Englanders to do subsistence farming

• In towns, farmhouses center around green—central square A farmer and his family harvesting

in 18th-century colonial America

Harvesting the Sea

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• Fishing provides great economic opportunity in New England

• Coastal cities like Boston, Salem, New Haven, Newport grow rich

• New England’s fish, timber become valuable trading articles

• New England’s forest provides wood for ships

Atlantic Trade

1SECTION

• New England has three types of trade: - with other colonies - direct exchange of goods with Europe - triangular trade

• Triangular trade has three stops: - in Africa, trade goods for slaves - in West Indies, trade slaves for sugar,

molasses - take sugar, molasses back to New England

Continued . . .NEXT

continued Atlantic Trade

1SECTION

• England passes Navigation Acts to get money from colonial trade (1651): - use English ships or ships made in English

colonies- sell products only to England and its

colonies - European imports to colonies must pass

through English ports - English officials tax colonial goods not

shipped to England

Continued . . .NEXT

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• Many colonial merchants ignore Navigational Acts

• Importing or exporting goods illegally—smuggling—is common

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continued Atlantic Trade

African Americans in New England

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• Few slaves in New England; slavery not economical in region

• Some enslaved persons save enough to buy freedom

• Some slaves hired out to work; they can keep portion of wages

• Some people in town have slaves: house servants, cooks, gardeners

Changes in Puritan Society

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• In early 1700s, gradual decline of Puritan religion:- drive for economic success competes with

Puritan ideas - increasing competition from other religious

groups - legislation weakens Puritan community

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Section 2

The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The people who settled in the Middle Colonies made a society of great diversity.

A Wealth of Resources

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• Immigrants from all over Europe come to Middle Colonies

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• Dutch and German farmers bring advanced agricultural methods

The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities

• Long growing season, rich soil; grow cash crops—crops sold for money

The Importance of Mills

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• Take corn, wheat, rye to gristmill—crush grain to make flour, meal

• Use product to bake bread; gives colonists a lot of grain in their diet

Gristmill and pond near Guilford, Vermont.

The Cities Prosper

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• Excellent harbors along coast ideal for cities

• Trade also causes rapid growth in New York City

• In Philadelphia trade thrives; wealth brings public improvement

• Merchants in cities export cash crops, import manufactured goods

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• Middle Colonies have remarkable diversity, or variety, of people

• Diversity causes tolerance among people• Many Germans arrive (1710—1740); good

farmers, craftspeople

A Diverse Region

• German artisans, or craftspeople, are ironworkers; make glass, furniture

• Build Conestoga wagons—good for rough terrain; use to settle West

Covered wagon at Whitman Mission, National Historic Site, Walla Walla, Washington.

A Climate of Tolerance

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• Dutch and Quakers practice religious tolerance

• Quakers protest slavery

• Quakers believe men and women are equal, have women preachers

A woman speaks at a Quaker meeting.

African Americans in the Middle Colonies

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• 7 percent of Middle Colonies’ population are enslaved

• In New York City, enslaved Africans do manual labor, assist artisans

• City’s free African-Americans work as laborers, servants, sailors

• Tensions lead to violence; in 1712, 24 slaves rebel; punished horribly

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The economy of the Southern Colonies relied heavily on slave labor.

Section 3

The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery

The Plantation Economy

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• Soil, climate ideal for plantation crops; need a lot of workers to grow

3SECTION

• Plantations self-sufficient; large cities rare in Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery

• Growing plantation economy causes planters to use enslaved African labor

The Turn to Slavery

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• In mid-1600s, Africans and European indentured servants work fields

• Planters use more enslaved African laborers

• Try to force Native Americans to work; they die of disease or run away

• Indentured servants leave plantations and buy their own farms

• By 1750, 235,000 enslaved Africans in America; 85 percent live in South

Plantations Expand

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• Slavery grows, allows plantation farming to expand

• Eliza Lucas introduces indigo as a plantation crop

• Enslaved workers do back-breaking labor; make rice plantations possible

• On high ground, planters grow indigo—plant that yields a blue dye

The Planter Class

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• Enslaved labor makes planters richer; planters form elite class

• Planter class controls much land; gains economic, political power

• Small farmers cannot compete, move west

• Some planters are concerned about their enslaved workers’ welfare

• Many planters are tyrants, abuse their enslaved workers

Life Under Slavery

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• Planters hire overseers to watch over and direct work of slaves

• Enslaved people live in small cabins, given meager food

• Enslaved workers do exhausting work 15 hours a day in peak harvest

• Africans preserve customs and beliefs from their homeland

An overseer and two slaves, working on a Virginia plantation. Watercolor (18th century), Benjamin Latrobe.

3SECTION

• Africans fight against enslavement; purposely work slowly, damage goods

• Stono Rebellion (1739):- 20 slaves kill several planter families - join other slaves, seek freedom in Spanish-

held Florida - white militia captures rebellious slaves,

executes them

Resistance to Slavery

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

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• Stono and other rebellions lead planters to make slave codes stricter

• Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks

• Slaves now forbidden from leaving plantations without permission

continued Resistance to Slavery

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Section 4

The BackcountrySettlers moved to the Backcountry because land was cheap and plentiful.

Geography of the Backcountry

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• Appalachian Mountains—eastern Canada south to Alabama

4SECTION

• Backcountry in or near Appalachian Mountains • Begins at fall line—where waterfalls block

movement farther upriver

The Backcountry

• Beyond fall line is piedmont—plateau leads to Appalachian range

• Backcountry’s resources make farming possible

Backcountry Settlers

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• First Europeans trade with Native Americans

• Farmers live in log cabins made of logs with mud, moss filling

• Then farmers follow, often clash with Native Americans

• Many farmers go to Backcountry to escape plantation system

Log-cabin replica in West Virginia of birthplace of Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln.

The Scots-Irish

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• Scots-Irish come from the border area between Scotland and England

• Form clans—large groups of families with a common ancestor

• To escape hardships, Scots-Irish head to Backcountry

• Clan members suspicious of outsiders, band together against danger

Backcountry Life

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• Backcountry farmers are isolated, depend on themselves

• Women work in cabins, fields; learn to use guns and axes

• Hunt, fish, grow corn to feed families, livestock

Other Peoples in North America

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• Native Americans live in Americas for thousands of years

• Spanish colonists bring horses to Americas; Native Americans start riding

• France and Spain claim a lot of territory in North America

• Backcountry settlers often fight with Native Americans

• French traders afraid English settlers will move west, take away trade

• In 1718 Spaniards build fort to guard mission (later renamed the Alamo)

Native American on horseback hunting buffalo. Drawing (about 19th century), Sam Kills Two