next-generation processor technologies

7/29/2019 Next-Generation Processor Technologies

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Next-Generation Processor

Technologies

PRESENTED BY

PANKAJ SHARMA


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Presentation Outline

The companies involved

The basics and benefits of 64 bit technology

Modern processors: Other technologies

The main competitors :AMD and Intel

The Future Bibliography


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Companies Involved

Apple - First to offer a 64-bit processor with the G5

system.

AMD - Introduced 64 bit computing with its Athlon 64

processor.

Intel - Has its own 64 bit Itanium processors meant for

the server market.


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64-bit Processor Basics

For approximately the last 10 years or so, 32-bit computing

has been used since the introduction of Intel's 386 platform.

So what does the bit count mean?

Size of registers extended to 64 bits

Integer and address data up to 64 bits in length can now be

operated on

264 = 1.8 x 1019 integers can be represented with 64 bits vs.232 = 4.3 x 109 with 32 bits


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64 Bit Basics Continued

Stepping up from

32 to 64 bits does

not mean

doublingperformance

Certain

applications willbenefit, others

will not


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64 Bits and Memory Addressing

32-bit CPUs can only address up to 4GB of

memory 64-bit CPU can potentially address 18 million

terabytes (18 billion gigabytes)


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What Applications Can Benefit

Most From 64-bit?

Large databases

Business and scientific simulation and modelingprograms

Highly graphics-intensive software (CAD, 3-D

games) Cryptography


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Other Processor Improvements

New & improved instruction set

architectures

More features available on-chip

Larger caches

Increased I/O and memory bandwidth

Improved chipsets/ chipset organizations


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The CPU As Part of a Larger

System As CPUs get faster and faster, they can

process more and more data in a given

amount of time But can the rest of the system keep up?

System performance as a whole dependson more than just processor performance


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The CPU As Part of a Larger System


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The Current Spotlight: AMD Vs.

Intel The mainstream 64-bit processor battle is being

fought by AMD and Intel

Each company hopes to dominate the market witha different strategy

AMD has focused on compatibility and adding

new features to support the CPU core

Intels strategy is based on the creation of an

entirely new architecture


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AMDs Approach

Provide a bridge between the 32-bit present

and the 64-bit future

Design processors for the server,

workstation, and personal computing

markets

Beyond 64 bits: improve interaction ofprocessor with memory and I/O


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AMD-64 Architecture

64-bit extension of x86

32 and 64-bit support

New 64-bit instructions

16 vs. 8 general purpose registers

12-stage pipeline

Support for decoding of three instructions

per cycle


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Improving the Chipset


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HyperTransport

Designed to replace traditionalbus technology

Improves bus speed andbandwidth

Created to reduce bottlenecks,

improve system performance Up to 1600 MHz, 9.6 GB/s

per link


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Integrated DDR Memory

Controller Memory controlled directly by CPU

Point-to-point connection between the

processor and memory; No intermediate

hubs

Improves memory bandwidth, decreases

bottlenecks


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AMD Opteron


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AMD Opteron

Designed for servers and workstations

Released April 2003

Up to 8-way configuration for servers and

4-way for workstations

Using HyperTransport, point-to-point

connections can be used in multiprocessor

systemsno bus sharing


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AMD Opteron: The Numbers

Available now: 1.4 GHz, 1.6 GHz, 1.8 GHz,

2.0 GHz

3 Hyper-Transport links - peak bandwidth =19.2 GB/s

L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB

.13 micron process


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Athlon64 Architecture


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Athlon64 USP

Designed for desktops and notebooks

Released September 2003

AMDs hope: noticing that the Athlon 64 is

comparable in price to existing 32-bit

processors, consumers will purchase the

processor to gain the added 64-bitfunctionality


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Athlon64: The Numbers

Available now: 2.0 GHz

Bus frequency (Hyper-Transport): 1600

MHz

Peak processor-to-system bandwidth = 9.6

GB/s

L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB

.13 micron process


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Intels Approach to the Market

Only producing a 64-bit processor for

servers and workstations: Itanium

Believe not currently enough marketdemand for 64-bit in PCs

Will continue to improve Pentium 4 for

desktop customers


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Intels Itanium

Intel and HP announced cooperation in

1994; Development began as early as 1988

Developed separately from Pentium

An entirely new processor

A lot of buzz created


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The Itanium Architecture

Brand new, not based on x86

Old concepts newly implemented

Philosophically very different from AMD-

64

Significant departure from past mainstream

architectures


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The Itanium Architecture

Huge number of registers (128 general

purpose)

10-stage pipeline

Advanced prediction


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ItaniumGeneration 1

Slated for 1998-1999 release

Not released until June 2001

When finally released, 1 to 2 billion dollars

had already been invested

This will end up being one of the worlds

worst investments, Im afraid

David House, former Intel Chief of Corporate Strategy


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Itanium: The Verdict

A failure

Hideously expensive

Slow

Poor performance

Itanic, Unobtanium

Wait for McKinley (Itanium 2), Itanium is

simply a development platform.


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Itanium 2: The Numbers

Available now: 1.5 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.3 GHz,

1 GHz

32KB level 1 caches, 256KB L2 cache, upto 6MB L3 cache

System bus: 400 MHz, 6.4 GB/s peak

bandwidth


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The Pentium 4

Intel will continue to develop and improve

the P4

New features, technologies, andimprovements are being added

A P5 in the future?


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Hyper-Threading

Can process two independent threadssimultaneously

The computer sees two processors, eventhough there is physically only one

Potential to significantly increase CPUefficiency

Will see more and more software written totake advantage of Hyper-Threading


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Hyper-Threading


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Hyper-Threading


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Current P4 Numbers

Up to 3.8 GHz

1000 MHz system bus, 6.4 GB/s peak

bandwidth

16 KB L1 cache, 1 MB L2 cache


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What About A P5?

YamhillIntels Plan B

Rumored 64-bit extensions to x86 Release date unknown


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Other Developments

Both Intel and AMD are developing Dual-

Core CPUs.

Dual-Core means two processors effectively

packaged as one.

To be introduced by late 2005

Development of Multi-Core CPUs to follow


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The Future

Opteron, Itanium, Athlon 64, and Pentium 4

will continue to be improved

90 nm process (.09 micron)

Larger caches

Faster clock rates

64-bit Microsoft Windows

More 64-bit software


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Competition Summary

Opteron and Itanium 2 competing in server

and workstation markets

Athlon 64 and Pentium 4 competing indesktop market

Pentium 4 may be extended to 64-bits in the

future


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Who Will Win the Battle?

Will desktop consumers embrace 64-bit

processors?

Will corporations and labs be willing tofully switch over to 64-bit?

Can AMD outmuscle a more powerful

company?


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Bibliography

Main Sources :

www.intel.com

www.amd.com

Articles from

www.hardocp.com

www.anandtech.com

www.tomshardware.com

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