news consumption revisited: examining the power of habits in the 21 st century angela m. lee ph.d....
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News Consumption Revisited: Examining the Power of Habits in the 21st Century
Angela M. LeePh.D. CandidateAnnenberg School for CommunicationUniversity of [email protected]
11th International Symposium on Online Journalism April 24th, 2010 // Austin, TX
Michael X. Delli CarpiniDeanAnnenberg School for CommunicationUniversity of [email protected]
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The New Era: Journalism In Transition
Optimism among 1st wave of online journalism studies: Internet liberates news information. “A revolution”; “future of journalism”; “a
whole new journalism” Q: How does the Internet make a
difference in online news consumption? Democratize news information?
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Online News: Old Wine in New Bottle?
Dominance of tradition news entities online Supply most news content; “Shovelware” of content; Have most traffic.
Hindman (2008): “Accessibility does not equate visibility” In theory: Internet allows all voices to be heard In practice: Only those with megaphones are
heard (i.e., Yahoo, MSNBC, CNN) “Myth of digital democracy”
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(New) Theory of Media Attendance
Def.: People lapse into habitual patterns of media consumption when supply > demand.
Habits = “gratifications” in U&G, but rarely examined in Communication research
Habits: An activity that is routinely performed, and often developed early on in one’s life. Primacy Frequency
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Habits & Digital Divides
Contemporary Americans have grown up in three different news media and technological environments: Digital Natives (18-29): Print’s less central,
TV&Radio news are still influential but declining. Grew up with Internet.
Digital Immigrants (30-64): TV&Radio news dominated, though print was still important. Adopted the Internet later in life.
Digital Settlers (65+): Print dominated, TV&Radio news on the rise. Grew up in analog-only environments
Source: Palfrey & Grasser, 2008
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Data & Method
Biennial Media Consumption Survey 2008 (BMCS) by the Pew Research Center for the People & The Press N=3600 nationally representative sample of
adults Survey administered from April 29-May 21, 2008
Logistic Regression Analysis SPSS 17. Chi-squares, Gamma and OLS also performed,
and all findings yield the same conclusion as that of Logistic Regression Analysis
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H1a-d & H2a-d
In traditional media landscape… H1a: Settlers’ (65+) primary & most
frequented news medium = Print H1b-c: Immigrants’ (30-64) primary &
most frequented news medium = TV/Radio H1d: Natives’ (18-29) primary & most
frequented news medium = Internet As would be expected, all hypotheses
are supported, except for TV news use. Q: TV?
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Post-Hoc Analysis of TV Usage (freq.)
N= 271
Broadcast: ABC, NBC, CBS
Cable: CNN, MSNBC, ESPN, CNBC, FOX, BBC
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H3a-d (Migration of Offline Habits Online)
Specific websites that one turns to online will be influenced by one’s offline consumption habits H3a: Settlers (65+): Primarily visit print
newspaper sites H3b,c: Immigrants (30-64): Primarily visit
TV/radio sites H3d: Natives (18-29): Primarily visit non-
traditional news sites i.e., Drudge, Digg, Slate, Topix,
Blackamericaweb, Charter, Cox.net
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…H3e
Being natural inhabitants of the Internet, Natives (18-29) will visit a greater variety of news websites than Immigrants or Settlers.
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H3a-d Findings
Newspaper: TV: Half Radio: Untraditional: Note: CNN, MSNBC and Fox = 70% of TV news sites
Q: Untraditional: Weird pattern? 6% total Settlers; Small N
N= 485*See paper for logistic regression analyses*
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Post-Hoc: “YI” (30-47) look more like Natives; “SI” (48-64) look more like Settlers.
Q: Convergence of online news uses among younger population?
N= 485
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H3e Findings (Supported) Significantly more natives (29%) reported a
greater variety of news sources than immigrants (27%) or settlers (11%). Also:
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Limitations
Suitability of data Exploratory in nature Possibility of alternative explanations
Nonetheless… Emergence of interesting patterns Suggestive role of habits both offline and online
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Implications
1. Habits dictate traditional news medium choices
2. Habitual offline news uses influence online news uses
3. Even if there is accessibility and visibility, as long as news consumers don’t have the habit of seeking alternative sources, “digital democracy” is merited only in theory but not practice
4. Possible maturation of habitual news uses over time
5. Younger population (18-47) is converging in their online news use patterns
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Future of (Online) Journalism?
“We can only change what we understand” (G.S. Adam, 1993)
We need to understand why and how people consume news across media Angela’s forthcoming dissertation:
Examining news consumption via Uses & Gratifications + Integrative Model of Behavior Change
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Thank you for your time and attention
Angela M. [email protected]
Michael X. Delli [email protected]
Photo by: Angela M. Lee