FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 32 Rev. 1 FRIS 32(Rev. 1)SAST - Catia - 1,40(02), 0,30,01(Distribution restricted)

SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DA ON CATLA

TçIa ca fia (Hamilton, 1822)

Prepared by

V. G. Jhingran

F O FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 1968

DOCUMENTS OF THE FISHERYRESOURCES AND EXPLOITATIONDIVISION OF FAO DEPARTMENT

OF FISHERIES

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OT Oceanographic data.

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and

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FAO Fisheries Report FR IR (No.)FAO Fisheries Circular FR IC (No.)FAO Fisheries Synopsis FR IS (No.)

FAO Fishories Synopsis No. 32 Rev. ]. FR/S32(Rev. i)(Distribution restrioted) SÄST - CATLA - 1,40(02),030,O].

SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON CATLA

Catla cat].a (Hamilton, 1822)

Prepar.d by

V.G. JHINGRAN

Centrai Inland Fisheries Research InstituteBarrackpore (West Bengal)

India

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, November 1968

PRPABATION OF TElS SYNOPSIS

A revision of the provi ional version issued in May 1966 for presentation at the FAO WorldSymposium on Warm-Water Pond Fish Culture, Rome, 18-25 May 1966.

This synopsis was prepared by the author with the assistance of Messrs. H.A. Khan,A.G. .Jbingran and R.K, Saxena of the Allahabad Substation of the Central Inland FisheriesResearch Institute, India.

Distribution

AuthorFAO Department of FisheriocFAO Regional Fisheries OfficoroRegional Fisheries Councils and CommissioneFBCB Selector SI

"Current Bibliography" entry

Jhingran, V.G. (1968) 14-6F290FAO Fich Synnpc, (32)Rev.1:pag.var.Synopsis of biological data on ostia,Catla catia (Hamilton, 1822)

Identity. Distribution. Bionornics arid

life history. Population. Exploitation.Fisheries management. Pond culture.NE 11-23136, Do 9-091mo.

CONTENTSPage no.

1 IDENTITY 1:1

1,1 Taxonomy 1

1.1.1 Definition 1

1.1.2 Description 1

1.2 Nomenclature 1

1.2.1 Valid scientific names i

1.2,2 Synonyms i

1,2.3 Standard common names, vernacular names 1

1.3 General variability 1

1.3.1 Subspecifio fraentation (races, varieties, hybrids) 1

1.3.2 Genetic data (chromosome number, protein specificity) 4

2 DISTRIBUTION 2*1

2.1 Delimitation of the total area of distribution and 000lo icalcharacterization of this area i

2.2 Differential distribution i

2.2,1 Areas occupied by eggs, larvae and other junior stages:annual variations in these patterns, and seasonal variationsfor stages persisting over two or mori seasons 1

2.2.2 Areas occupied by adult stages: seasonal and annualvariations of these *

2.3 Behaviouristic and ecolo ical determinants of the oneral limitsof distribution and of the variations of those limita and. ofdifferential distribution

3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 3:1

3.1 Reproduction 1

3.1.1 Sexuality (hermaphroditism, heterosexuality, intersexuality) i

3.1.2 Maturity (age and size) i

3.1.3 Mating (monogamous, polygamous, promiscuous) i

3.1.4 Fertilization i

3.1.5 Fecundity i

Relation of gonad size and egg number to body size and to age i

Coefficient of fecundity *3.1.6 Spawning i

- Spawning season 1

- Frequency of spawning 2

- Spawning time of day 2- Induction of spawning, artificial fertilization 2

3.1.7 Spawning grounds 3- Coastal (surface, vegetation, shore, shoal, sand, shelter); bottom *- Oceanic (surface, bottom) *

3.1.8 Eggs: structure, size, hatching type, parasites and predators 4

FR1532 Catin (Rev,l) 111

3,2.1 Account of embryonic and juvenile life (prelarva, larva, postlarva,juvenile)- Feeding- Rates of development and survival- Parental care- Parasites and predators

3.3 Adult history

3.3.1 Longevity3.3.2 Hardiness3.3.3 Competitors3,3,4 Predators3.3.5 Parasites and diseases3.3.6 Greatest size

3.4 Nutrition and growth

Feeding (time, p1ae,Food (type, volume)Relative and absoluteRelation of growth toenvironmental factors

3.5 Behaviour

3.5.1 Migration and local movements3.5.2 Schooling *

3.5.3 Reproductive habits

4 POPULATION (SToCK)

3.4.13.4.23,4.33.4,4

4.1

4.2 Size and density

4.2.1 Average size *4.2.2 Changes in size *4.2.3 Average density *4.2.4 Changes in density *

4.3

4.4

manner, season)

growth patterns and ratesfeeding, to other activities, and to

Natality arid recruitment 1

4.3.1 Nata].ity 14.3.2 Natality ratei *4,3,3 Recruitment 1

Mortality, morbidity 1

4.4.1 Rates of mortality 14.4.2 Factors or conditions affecting mortality 14.4,3 Factors or conditions affecting morbidity 14.4.4 Relation of morbidity to mortality ratse *

Dynamics of population 3

Relation of population to community and ecosystem, bioloioal production, etc. 3

Structure 1

4.1.1 Sex-ratio 14.1.2 Age composition 14.1.3 Size composition 1

iv. FR1532 Catla (Rev,1)

Page no.

3.2 Larval history 3:5

5771313

14

141414141516

16

161717

22

22

22

25

4:1

4,5

4.6

These items have been omitted in the text as either no information is available tothe author on them, or they are inapplicable to catla, the fish being exclusively afreshwater species.

FRJS32 Catla (Rev.1) V

Page no.

5 EXPLOITATION 5:1

5.1 Fishing equipment i5.1.1 Fishing gear i5.1.2 Fishing boats i

5.2 Fishing areas 1

5.2.1 General geographic distribution 1

5.2,2 Geographical ranges (latitudes, distances from coast, etc.) i

5.2.3 Depth ranges i

5,3 Fishing seasons i

5.3.1 General pattern of fishing season i

5.3.2 Duration of fishing season 65.3.3 Dates of beginning, peak and end of season 65.3.4 Variation in time or duration of fishing season 6

5.3.5 Factors affecting fishing season *

5.4 Fishing operations and results 6

5.4.1 Effort and intensity *5.4.2 Selectivity *

5,4.3 Catches 6

5,5 Fisheries management and regulations 6

5.6 Fish farming, transplanting and other intervention 6

5.6.1 Procurement of stocks 65.6.2 Conditioning lO5.6.3 Transport 125.6.4 Holding of stock 165.6.5 Pond management (fertilization; aquatic plant control, etc.) 165.6.6 Paddy-oumfish culture 235.6.7 Diseases and parasite control 235.6.8 Harvest 23

6 REFERENCES 6z1

l;l

the body, and with a concave upper edge;pectoral extends to the ventral; anal shorterthan dorsal; caudal deeply forked; all finsrather elongated; body groyish above,silvery on sides and below; fins dark.

1.2 Nomenclature

l2,l Valid scientific names

Catin catla (Hamilton) 1822

The species rinus catin was firstdescribed by Hamilton (1822), the typelocality being the rivers and tanks of Bengal,The genus Cyprinus, being a composite one,Valenciennes proposed a separate genus forGyprinus catin in 1844, tautotypionilydesignating Hamilton's species as the type ofhis new. genuc Catla The species thereaftercame to be known as Catin buchanani and iauadopted as such by subsequent orkors, tillRaj (1916) re-designated it as Catla catin(Umnilton).

l2.2 Synonyms

yprinus catin, Hamilton (1822);MoCleiland 1 39); Valenciennes (1842).

Leuciscus catla, Valenciennes (1834).

Cyprinus abramioides, Sykes (1840).

Hypselobarbug (Tainbra) abramloides,Bleeker (1860).

Catin buohanani, Valenciennes (1844);Bleeke7T533; Hrrtle (1864); Günther(1868); Day (1869 ; Day (1873); Beaven(1877); Day (1878 ; Günther (1880);Vinoiguerra (1889 ; Day (1889); Thomas(1897); Jenkins (1909); Chaudhuri (1911);D'Abreu (1925).

Catla catla, Raj (1916); Shaw andShebbearo (1937); Miora (1959).

1.2,3 Standard common nanee,vernacular names

See Pable I

1.3 General variabilit

1,3,1 Subspecifio fr:entation(races, varieties,hybrìds)

No distinct races or varieties of catinare known, Memistio counts of Catin catin,as described by various authors, aropresented in Pable II. However, thisspecies has been confused with na alliedform occurring in Thailand, Catiocarpiosiamensia (Boulenger), due to extraordinarysuperfioial resemblance of the two, more

FR S 2 Catin Rev.i

1 IDENTITT

1.1 Taxonomy

1,1.1 Definition

(According to Berg, 1947)

Phylum VertebrataSubphylum CraniataSuperclass OnathostomataSeries PiscesClass TeleostomiSubclass ActinopterygiiOrder CypriniformesDivision Cyprini.Suborder Cyprinoiciei(Eventognathi)Family CyprinidaeSubfamily CyprininiGenus CatinValenciennes, 1844Species Catin catin(Hamilton) 1822

No closely related species of the genusCatin has been reported.

1,1,2 Description

Gonuc Catla Valenciennes, 1844Gibolion, Hockel, 1841Hypselobarbus, Bleeker, 1860

"Head broad; snout with very thin intogu-mente, upper lip absent, the lower moderatelythick, having a continuous and free posteriormargin. The lower jaw with a moveable articu-lation at the symphysis, but lackingprominent tuberole, No barbels. Gill rakorslong, fine and closely met. Eyes with freeorbital margins, Pharyngeal teeth plough-shaped, 5, 3, 2 I 2, 3, 5. Dorsal fin ratherlong, without osseous ray, commencing some-what in advance of the ventrale; anal short;caudal forked. Scales of moderate size, notiled row along the base of the anal fin.Latezal line continuous to the centre of thebase of the caudal fin." (Day, 1878),

Catin catin (Hamilton) 1822(Figure 1)

The following description of Catin catin isbased on Hamilton (1822), Günther (1868), Day(1878 and 1889), Shaw and Shobbear. (1937),Miam (1959),

B.3; D.3-.4/l4-16; P.21; V.9; Aa3/5; C,l9L.l.40-43; L.tr,7/9; barbels nil; head 4.2 to4.7; depth 3 to 3.5 in total length; body deep;dorsal profile more convex than that of ventral;head broad; mouth wide; lower jaw prominent andwith moveable articulation at the symphysis,but lacking prominent tubercle; eyes in frontof head, 6 to 7 in head; dorsal commences some-what in advance of ventrale, is 2/3 as high as

Figure 1.

Catla catla (Hamilton)

FR/S32 Catla (Rev.l)

Table I

Standard co on nanee, ernaoular U 62

Country

Burma

India

Pakistan

Standard common naine

lga-thatng

Vernacular naine

Baudhekra (Assamese)Catla (Bengali)Tainbra (Gujarati)Bhakur, Boassa, Chepti, Katla (Hindi)Karakatla (Malayalain)Catla (Marathi)Bahkur, Barkur (Oriya)Theil, Theila (Punjabi)Kriahnabotcha, Botchee, Bocha (Telegu)ICoOra-ICendai, Tainaneri-Kendai, Kanavi

Theppu-meenu, Thoppa-meenThoppa, Japankendai (Tanil)

Catin (Bengali)Boassa (North-West Frontier Provinces,in Hindi)

Theila (Punjabi)Paylee (Sindhi)

These language.s are s;oken in India and Pakistan,

Table II

Meristic counts of Catis catla

D P V A C L.l. L.tr, Vert. Au tho rs

3

3.

3

-

3

-

18

17-19

3-4/14

3-4,/14

17-18

17-19(3-4/14-16)

17-19(3-4/14-16)

3-4/14-16

17-19(3-4,/14-16)

3-4/14--16

-

21

21

-

21

21

21

21

2].

8

7

9 3/5

9 3/5

- 8

9 8(3/5)

9 8(3/5)

9 3/5

9 8(3/5)

9 3/5

19+

-19

19

19

19

19

-

-40-41

40-43

40-43

40-43

40-43

40-43

38-43

40-43

40-43

--

17/18

17/18

17/18

17/18

-

--

Hamilton (1822)

Giinthcr (1868)

Day (1869)

Day (1871)

Day (1673)

Day (1869)

Thomas (1927)

Shaw and Shebbeare

McDonald (1948)

Misra (1959)

(1937)

o

79

ILq

iL9

iLo

IL9

-

9

Catla

Katla.

especially in the enormous head. Catlocarpiois often mistakenly referred to as catla evenin ichtbyoiogicai literature in Indo-Chinaand Cambodia, The former has 4 pharyngea].tooth in one row on each sido and the latter109 arranged in three rows (5,3,2 I 29395),on each sido, Other characters of Catlocarploero a very broad domai fold bordering thogill cover, numerous gill makers (110 onfirst arch), eyes invisible from cbovo, mouthextending as far back as eye lower lip thickand the po8t-labial groove interruptedmedially and completo lateral line with39-40 scales (Smith, 1945).

In 1960, several thousands of coloured(golden) catis fry were obtained from oneinduced-bred specimen, and when these colouredcatla were interbred, all the progeny werefound coloured (Chaudhuri, personal communi-cation).

Five hybrids, namelys malo ostia X femalerohu, malo oatla X female kalbasu, male ostiaX female mrigal (Chaudhuri, 1959), male rohu Xfemale catla, and male fimbriatus X femalecatla (Chaudhuri, personal communication),have been produced artificially by pituitaryhormone administration, followed by stripping.In 1962, ono pair of catla-rohu hybrid wasinduced to spawn by injecting pituitary hormone,which resulted in the successful production ofa second generation of the hybrid.

1.3.2 Genetic data(chromosome number,protein specificity)

Haematological studios of cala, carriedout by Da (1958), have revealed average countsof r,b.c. to be 431,500 and that of w,b,c.8,172, The haemogiobin content of the bloodas found to be 10 g. The author st&od that)compared to human beings, the average r,b,c,count is only 1/10, but other figures arocomparable.

A comparative study of the albumin valueof Catla ostia vlith those of the other Indiancarps Labeo rohita, Cirrhina ga1a, Labeobeta and. Labeo calbasu showed little differenceexcepting for L. which hoc the maximum(58.6 percent)o On this component, the tvalue between bato end ostia is significant at1 percent level. The c i-globulin value iothe lowest in catla and t valuo ratios between'(1-globulin values of catis and the rest ofthe four species are significant at 1 percentlevel. The high concentration of B-globulin(23 percent) in catis is noteworthy. Thevalues of this component between ostia and therest of the species are all significant at1 percent level. r -globulin concentrationsare high in catla and. t valua of y-globulinbetween catla and wrigal is significant at1 percent level, Of the total serum protein,which is highest in catla, the t value between

catis and bats is significant at 1 percentlevel and those between ostia and mrigaiand catis and kalbasu at 5 percent levels.On both«- and -lipoprotein, the t valuesbetween catla and mohn and catla and batsare significant at 1 percent and 5 percentlevels respectively, while that between catisand kaibasu is not significant (Chandi'asekhar,

1959).

Means and standard deviations of biochemi-cal and eletrophoretio measurements of ostiaare presented in Table III. Figure 2presents the densitometric curve of theelectrophoretic pattern of the plasma proteinfractions of catla (Das, 1961).

arkad differences were observed in bloodsugar, globulin, plasma protein and upe-protein fractions of different carps. Whileostia is the heaviest of the species investi-gated, its blood sugar is notably less thanthat of Labeo rohuta and CirrhinaOne lipoprotein fraction,designated« wasfound absent in ostia and present only inCirrhina Catis and mrigal havasimilar values for theß-iipoproteinfraction, 1ectrophoresie for haomoglobinhas shown two bands in ostia, as *&ainst onlyone each in Cirrhina mrigala and Labeo rohita(Das, 1961),

A study of the free amino aoid patternof seventeen different species of fish, uaed.for confirming the taxonomioni differencesbetween them, indicated that aianine,glutamio acid, glycine, histidine andtaurine were pre8ent in all the species.Proline and cystine were, however, absent incatia. Plie free amino acid pattern ofdifferent species of fish being similar,taxonomio differentiation of the specieseven up to genera was not possible(Sreenivasi and Chandrasekaran, i961),

1:4 FR 532 Catla Rev.l

FR1332 Catla (Rev.1)

Table III

Biochemical and electrophoretic characters of catla(after Chandrasekhsz, 1959; Das, 1961)

15

Measurement Me an

Standarddeviation

Blood sugar (milligrams per bCO millilitres) 67.29 8.17

Total plasma protein in *n per 100 millilitres (micro-joldahl) 3,11 0.45

Plasma albumin (percentage) 42.58 9.27

i plasma globulin (percentage) 8.83 3.51

22 plasma globulin (percentage) 15.17 4.36

¡3plasma globulin (percentage) (26.00 (2.71(23.0e (2.71

Yplasma globulin (percentage) lC,42 5.77

OEF lipoprotein (percentage)

a lipoprotein (percentage) 53.11 18.69

lipoprotein (percentage) 46.89 18.89

Plasma albumin (g/lOO ml) 0.99 0.28

l plasma globulin (a/leo ml) 0.21 0.09

2plasma globulin (g/l0O ml) 0.41 0.26

/3 plasma globulin (gibo ml) 0.58 0.29

r plasma globulin (g/l00 ml) 0.28 0.23

Total plasma protein (electrophoresis)

lipoprotein (gibo ml)

cJ lipoprotein Cg/lOO ml)

2.47

1.20

1.07

0.82

/.lipoprotein Cg/loo ml) 1.04 0.72

Total lipoprotein (electrcphoresis) 2.24 1,16

o

I50

o OO

7"

Figure 2 Densitometric curve for plasma protein fraction ofcatla, The albumin fraction and globulin fractions

and appear when the graph is read. fromleft to right (after Das, 1961)

16 i/32 Catla (Rev.1)

FRJS32 Catla (Revel)

2 DISPRIBUTION

2,]. Delimitation of the total area ofdistribution and ecolo ical oharac-terization of this area

Plie original natural range of distributionof catla was freshwater rivers throughout India,down to the Krishna river, Pakistan (w. Punjaband E0 Bengal) and Burma. The fish has alsobeen reported from Nepal (De Witt, 1960).

However, because of successful transplanta-tians carried out since the beginning of the20th century, and the wanderings of the fish,facilitated by the develo.ent of extensivecanals, catla has now spread over the wholeof peninsular India. Catla fingerlings wereintroduoed in 1909 from the river Godavariinto the CuddapahKurnool canal (at present inAndhra Pradesh), where they established them-selves and spread in the Pennar river, as wellas the connected tanks in the Nellore district(Jones and Sarojini, 1952), The fish was firstrecorded in the markets of Madras Cit7 in 1912(Raj, 1916). Stray records of catla also appearto have been made close to the Tungabhadra Damsite during 1945-47 just prior to its oonstruo-tion which could be due to the escape ofindividuals from the canal into the main river.However, catla is now being recorded as strayindividuals in the headwaters of the Tungariver as a result of the stocking operationbeing carried on in the reservoir from l95657onwards (David, personal communication). Catlafingerlings, from the God.avari, were introducedin 1921 into the Cauvery river, below theHogainakal falls, and into the Bhavani (Hornell,1924), where the species is now established.About 150 catla fingerlings were procured bythe Superintending Engineer and stocked in 1934in the Vanivilas Sagar lake, built in 1904-5 ona seasonal stream Vedavathi, where the speciesnow exclusively dominates the commercial catches.In 1945, catla fingerlings wore sent to Cochin,where again the species is thriving well. Theywere also introduced from the Godavari intoPeriyar lake in October 1946 (Chacho, 1948). TheBombay Fisheries Department first introduced thefry of catla from Patna (Bihar) into Powai lake,Greater Bombay, in 1937 (Goldschmidt, 1953),where the fish has established itself (Kulkarni,1947). It has also been transplanted to Ceylon,whore it Is believed not to have thrived, In1954, catla fingerlings were sent in two ship-ments from India to Israel, where they werestocked in the Dor station ponds. These speci-mens, which on an average weighed 12.5 g inFebruary 1954, attained an average weight of3847.0 g in December 1957. However, doubt hasbeen eipressed about the identification of theimported species (Yashouv, 1958), Fish SeedSyndicate, Calcutta, has exported 1600 and 1200catla fingerlings to Japan and Mauritius in1960 and 1961 respectively (Anon., l965a).Figure 3 portrays the geographical distributionof oatla, including areas where it has success-

2:1

fully established itself as a result of trans-plantations9 while Table IV shows the riversand lakes where its occurrence has beenreported in iclithyological ].itorature

Catin can thrive in nearly all frsshwaters below an altitude of approximately

549 n (Motwani, unpublished)0 David (personalcommunication) has recorded stray specimens ofcatla as far up the river Tunga no Shimoga(Mysore Stats) at an elevation of about 1,000n

It has been reported that in the upperreaches of the rivers Ganga9 Yemuna and Sardain Utter Pradssh9 catla and other major carpsoccur for a part of the year in certainsections of the rivers0 Pemporatu.rs and notaltitude or latitude was attributed by them tolimit 4istribution of catla in these rivers.A temperature of 570 P appears to be theminimum temperature tolerated by catla,

However, thefavourite habitat of catla is broad deep poolsof the rivers, where they largely remainlocalised during winter and summer months,ascending, for local breeding migration, duringthe period of the south-'west monsoon, June-September (Setna and Kulkarni, 1946). Catla isalso able to live in slightly brackish waters(Raj, 1939; Devanesan and Ckìidambarani, 1948;Jones and Sujansingani, 1954), in the lowerreaches of the rivers or lagoons, where thereis slight tidal effect, The salinity of therelevant sector of the Chilka lake, wherecatla was reported to occur, ranges from 0.29to 35.19 ppt during the year (Jhi4Lran, 1963),

22 Differential distribution

2,2,1 Areas occupied by eggs9larvae and, other juniorstages: annual variations inthese patterns, and seasonalvaria lions for stagespersisting over two or morescasOno

The differential distribution dependsupon the breeding habitat, Catla breeds duringthe southwest monsoon in shallow pockets in themarginal areas, in fields adjacent to therivers which are inundated after hsavy showersand in bundhe (Khan, 1924; Mookarjoe9 1945;Abmad, 1955; Khan, 1959; Dubey and Puli9

1961). Spawning grounds are found in themiddle reaches of most of the rivers, whereflood water spreads in more or less limpidshallows over fertile flats, well abovetidal reaches (Anon., 1962), The breeding inbundhs takes place in shallow marginal areasor flooded fields (Ghoah and Ohosh, 1922;Mookerjee, 1945a; Than, 1947; Rai, 1948;Ganapati and Chacho, 1954; SsAa a1,9 1957;Khanna, 19 58 Alikunhi et al9 1964TGanapati and Chacho (l95)' observed the depthat the spawning spot to vary from 05 to 1 m

Figure 3. Geographioal distribution of catie: crosses in3ioateareas where the fish has been successfully transplanted

2:2 /332 Cat.a (Rev.l)

Habitat

Rivers and

important

tri butane s

Burma

Ganga

River

Sys tern

Pegu

Ganga

Yaxeuna

Ghaglira

Gomti

Rapti

Sarda

Raxnganga

Kosi

Sone

Dainodar

Chambal

Betwa

Ken

Hast Coast

Rive r

Sys tern

Mahanadi

Godavani

Manj ra

Krishna

Tu.ngabhadra

Suvarnarekha

Uraongarlia

South Keel

Cauve ny

Tabla 1V

Distribution in rivers and. lakea*

West Coast

River

System

Narbada

Tapti

Nah

Miudhola

Hathmati

Khan

Vatrak

Meshwa

Padmavati

Brahmaputra

River

System

Brahmaputra

K al ang

Burhi Dhing

Dhansiri

Dhiko

Pakistan

Indus

West

East

River

Pakistan Pakistan

System

Indus

Indus

Padma and its

Sutle

and.

tributaries

Beas

othei

rivers

ofplains

On1

rivers have been mentioned from where eatla has been reported. in ichthyologioal literature.

Relevant references are included. in the bibliography.

Lake s

Indawgyi

Ranchi

Sur(near

Powai

Manchar

Bhopal

puri)

Bokh

lor

Pennar

Baehan

2i4 FR $32 Catla Rev0].

in the bundha of Bengal0 In dry bundhs(bund.hs which are completely dry- for a partof the year), spawning somtimes takes placein deeper areas (Alikunhi 5lO9 l964)Dubey arid Pull (1961)9 w13110 describing thespawning of major carpa!/in various environ-monts in Madhya Pradssh9 observed that catla,being a deep bodied fish9 reaches the breedingground when the rain fall raises the depth ofwater in the nullah (a small rivulet or adrain) to about i n or more0 Spawning occurs

/ The expression 'major carps' commonly inchides four species1, viz0 Catla catla9Cirrhina mriala9 Labea rohita andL0 calbasu0

/ Under 'spa'. are included hatohlings from25-8 in total length0

over hard or sandy soil and even on rockyembankments.

Eggs of oatla are first demersal. Theygradually become buoyant and eventually cometo floa at the surface (Mazunidar, 1957),

Spawn ./ generally remain in surface or sub-surface waters while adult catla inhabit deepwaters0

FR S 2 Catla Rev.l

3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORT

3.1 Reroduotion

3.1.1 Sexuality (hermaphroditism,heterosexuality, inter-sexuality)

Catla is heterosexual. Sexes are diffi-cult to distinguish externally, except duringthe breeding season when maturo females showa prominently bulging abdomen and a swollenreddish vent. According to Day (1878) themales ventral fin extends to the anal.Chaudhuri (1959a) stated that during thebreeding season, the pectoral fin in maturemalos is slightly stouter and longer,extending farther towards the posterior endthan in the caso of mature females. In thefew specimens examined by him, he found thatthe pectoral fin in males, when extendedbackwards and towards the dorsal side of thebody, reaches the 8th and 9th lateral linescale, whereas in females, it reaches onlythe 6th or 7th lateral line scale, Thepectoral fin in mature males, during thebreeding season, has a very rough dorsalsurface (i.e. the surface close to the body)which, in the case of females, is very smooth,According to him, the rough surface of thepectoral fin could be of help in gripping thefemale during courtship.

3.1.2 Maturity (age and size)

Catla attains maturity in the secondyear of life, Alikunhi (1957) mentioned thatin ponds catla becomes mature when it is 22months old, Natarajan and Jhingran (1963)estimated the maturity age of catla from theriver Yamuna by plotting the length-weightrelationship curves of sexed epeoimens,The length of which the two curves inter-sected fell under the size-range of thesecond year age-group.

The length at which catla attains itsfirst sexual maturity has been stated bydifferent workers as shown below:

Chacko and Kuriyan (1948a and 1950) 558.8 mmAlikurthi (1957) 457.2 innMonon et al. (1959) 550.0 min

Natarajan and Jhingran (1963) 441.595 mm

3.1.3 Mating (monogamous,polygamous,promiscuous)

Studies on ova-diameter and gonadosomaticindex by Natarajan and Jhingran (1963) haverevealed that catla has a single specificspawning, implying that each specimen spawnsonly once during the breeding season. Thespecies appears to be promiscuous (Khan,1924),

Authority

Chacho (1946)

3.1.4 Fertilization

Fertilization Is external, The fertilizedeggs are abandoned by the parente and, dependingon the location of the spawning around, eitherdrift to the edges of the bundh (Ghosh andOhosh, 1922)9 ox' get washed. down the nuflab

(Khan, 1959) In bundhe, a large number ofeggs aooumu1ae in shallow water9 giving thelatter a charaoaristio palo whitish appearanoe.When spawning is over, a thick blanket of eggsremains over the spawning ground (A].ikunhl etal,, 1964). The spent fish in natural riverinobreeding grounds flounder about and starttheir homeward journey along with the recedingwater, Many aro left behind, stranded amidstshallow pools and puddles, and ultimately die(Dubey and Tuli, 1961).

3.1.5 Fecundity

Relation of gonad sizeand egg number to bodysize and to age

Khan (1924) found 400,275 eggs In aspeoimen weighing 5.1 kg. The number of eggsper kg body weighs was estimated by him to be77,832. 1ntara,ian and Jhlngran (personalcommunication) found the fecundity of catinto vary from 2309831 to 49202,2509 dependingupon the length and, weight of the fish andthe weight of the ovary, as shown in Table V,

3,1,6 Spawning

- Spawning season

The spawning season of catla coincideswith the south'west monsoon in North-easternIndia and East Pakistan, where it lasts fromMay to August, and in North India and WestPakistan, from June to September. In SouthIndian rivers the spawning season appears tobe somewhat variable as shown below:

Alikunhi et al, (1952)

Menon et al, (1959)

Ibrahixn (1961)

Hora and Pillay (1962)

Spawning Season

July-September

Chacho and Kuriyan (1948a) July-November

Chacho and Kurlyan (1950) End of May-End ofOctober

Twice a year, onceeach during south-west and north-westmonsoons

June-September

July-October

Twice a year duringmonsoons

FR 532 Catin Rev0].

Frequency of spawning

Catla spawns only once a year (Natarajanand Thingran, l963) After ono spavraing hoovarios are in a opent conditions Liacoid. endbloodshot with a foci dead detached ova lyingin the lumen of ho ovcry0

Spawning tino of day

According to Chacko and Kuriyan (1949)and tan (1959) catin generally opat?n at night0The opposite tins obeorved in a reservoir byDubey and Pull (1961) v7ho found catla breedingduring br1gh sun in the forenoon0 Alikunhiet al0 (1964) otated that wililie urigeJ. and.rohu, v7hicli coinnenced breeding in the morning9catin tiers seen actively spawning only fromabout noon to evening0 Because of their largesise and deep body they remained in relativelydee, water awey from the marginal arceeoccupied by mrigal end rohu0

Dubey and Peli (1961) differed from Chachoand Kuriyan (1949) and 1thmEd (1955) end. statedthat celestial bodies9 li1:e ho uooi2 have noeffect on opawning0 Jthnad (1955) oberiredspawning of major carps la he river Halda9took placo generally during ho £ult or newmOon0 Ho fe1 however9 that there was notadoquato evidence to oorro1ao apavieLng pithmoon phases0

Induc±on of epac9ing9arifiola1 fertilLeaion

Attempts to induce catin to brood9 byinjecting fish pi uitary !oroae bave mowih varying dereoe of encoose n diferontparts of India (Chaudhui-19 19609 1963 and. 1964;Piennon and Sulochanan9 l962i llajen adMadhusudhana !lao91962j Badarni end David.9 1964;Alikunhi et 5109 !964 Aaou9 l963.64 andl96i=65) Though experliesota on inducedbreeding of catin were carried out during19559 1957 and 1958 at 0uacI (Indla)qful spawning vins not achieved. until May 1959a Joyasagar in Asean0 Au a result c' onepituitary injection one female cat1c weighingl27 kg9 released 11GO laithe of eggs9 32% ofwhich hatched0 A second eat1e9 509 kg inweigh9 laid over 70 lakho of eggs end 90%hatched0 From 1959 oneardo, induced breedingof catin has been carried. ou on a largeecale (Chaudhuri9 personal oonmunioaioa)0The largest fish so far bred tine a atlafmalo weighing l45 kg vthich afor oneinjection laid about 20 lekhe of eggs, 70%of which hatched0 Mammea end Sulochanan(1962) successfully induced one pair ofcatin to breed at Metttzr dem and obtainedapproximately 509000 fsri1ized sgge0 Rajanand Madhusudhana Rao (1962) euecossfvllyinduced two sets of catin to breed andobtained 1609000 fertilized eggs from cao ootand two hatchiinge and three wriggling eaoeggs from the other set at Snakosula Fish

F (Kurnool District) in Andhra Pradesh

Badami and David (1964) conducted oxpori.meats at Tungabhadra da and got as much as62 percent hatchuinga from one set. Alikunhieta]., (1964) were successful in inducing onepaiz of catia to breed wider a controlledtemperature of 28°C, Attempts to breedcatla in A d.hra Pradesh met with sucooco onlyin 5.5 to l05% of the cases (Anono, 0cit0)0

For administration of the pituitaryhormone in catin, the pituitary glands werecollected from fresh or freshly killed, fullyripe major carps, end ware immediately proserved in absolute alcohol0 The requiredquantity of gland was macarated with a littledis Ulled water or 03 percent common saltsoluion0 The gland suspension was thencentrifuged. and the superaatan fluid.

injected intramuscularly to the breedere0Ueully, the glands from the same speciec asthe recipient fish were used. (Chaudhuri, 1960,1963 and. 1964g Das and ieu9 1962)

Vas gape exist in cor knowledge regerding the standardization of hormone dosage0Arbitrary dosages of p!ui.ary glande wereinitially used to induca major c.ee te opavro0Das and IGian (1962) suggased a oub.dosagosystem, which they designated no 'TÎ97 U51to'(0u0) and subclassified. liem luto LeroFish Unit0 (L0FU0), 0Mec1iu rich Um'(ri.0u0) and 'Small Fish Ualt° (si'0u0)0equivalente of oe fish uui in erma ofother are au indicated. bolovic

i L.F,U. ' 2 .F,U0 -'"--- 4 50F0U0

L.F,U,, k.F.U, and SOFOU. are the units ofpituitary glands of fish weighing 4,500,1,800 and 900 g respectively0

Similar to the 'Loach Units' or 'Vy'taUnits', basad on the European vieaher ficL,

fossilis, used by ICasanshil andPersov (T9T)7s and IGan (1962) advocatedthe use of 'Mager Units' (LG0 Uuls) whichthey defined as bhe amount of goandotroplu.that would cause ovulation in 50 percent omaturo mager (Glanas batrachus)7 The oquiTa-lents of F0U0 in terms of M0G0 Unie arec1 LT.D'0U0 10.l5 U0 Units0

Chaudhuri (1963) obtained successfulresults in the induced breading of majorcarps by administering 5.10 mg of pituliarygland (dried for two minutes) per 1g bodyweight of female and 2-6 mg of gland per kgbody weight of the malo. Better resultsviera obtained when a preliminary doze ci'2-3 mg per kg body eight was gion to ¿]sripe female. After cix hots, the regulardoses were injected and the ripe breeders, ofboth sexes, were released togehe in wao'ranging in temperature from 24...31 C0

FR, 532 Catla Rev,

A] ±kunhl et ai. (1964) gave a preliminarydoso of 1 mr per kg body weight to the malebrcode e.loo, when i vraa not freely oozing.riZic1a1 IortiJioatiom of catia has seldom

been dono in India. Chaudhuri (1959) andAlikunhi e al, (l964) however, had to resortto stripp&ng of ca-.le. for artificialferti1izaiom, after the breeders wereadministered hypophysial hormone,

3,1.7 Spawning grounds

Catla does not breed naturally in smallconfined waters, It breeds in rivers,reservoirs and 'bundh- type t s wherefluviatile conditions prevail during thespawning season.

Ghosh and Ohosh (1922) observed that inthe bundhe of Midnapore, Bengal, Singhabhumand Bihar, hard and gritty beds with agradually sloping bottom and a large catoh'ment area, proved suitable for carp spawning.Khan (1924) observed carp spawning inflooded fields adjoining a nullah in thePunjab. Mookerjeo (1945) found that catlaepavined in shallot areas forming pocketsadjaceut o rivers. According to Chacko(1946), Chacko and Kurlyan (].948a) andMenoneal. (1959), sections of the riversGodavar-!, Ith.risham and Cauvery,characterized by largo submerged rocks oiemergent. vegetation, constitute the spawninggrounds of catla. Job and Chacko (1948)described 22 breeding grounds of catla andother major carps in the rivers Godavari,Khrishna, Tungabhadra and. Cauvory. Khan(1959) recorded spanning of catla andother major carps in shallow areas adjacentto a nullah (Garns nullah off river Betwa,Bhopal) in Macthya Pradesh oovor.d with aspecies of grass (Viiveria indica),David (1959) stated that in Bihar majorcarps breed in a 647,5 sq.lnn area in aninterlacing channel system of river Kosiin Saharsa and Darbhanga districts, nearMuzaffarpur in river Burhi Gandak and in'river Ganga near Sakrigalighat. Duboy andTuli (1961) observed spawning of major carpsboth over hard. and sandy soils and even onrocky embankmonts in rivers (severaltributaries of river Chambal) reservoirs andbundhs of Madhya Pradesh, Alikunhi et al.(1964) reported carp spawning on muddy soilin budhe of Madhya Fradesh and recommendeda provision therein of levelled spawninggrounds, at different elevations, with sparsoor no growth of grass. Recently, spawninggrounds of catla have been reported in themain Vedavathi river above Vanivilas Sagarin South India,

No single factor can be said. to beresponsible for spawning, The act involvesfulfilment of a chain of interrelatedconditions as a prerequisite o spanning

(Ichan, 1942 Ganacati and. Chac1to 1954).According to llora (1945), flusaiu (1945) andKlianna (1958), 1acvy monsoon floods, capableof inundating vart ohallow areas which formhe breeding groundo of the fish stimulate

spanning nd aro believed to be o primaryfactor for spanning. Khan (1947) endGanopati and Al1u.hi (1950), however,believed the availability 01' shallow sDnwningground to be a deciding factor for spawning.Khan (19h17) end Ganapai end Chacho (1954)observed ha flooding in the early phase ofthe southwest moesoon io necosoa'y and thefish do no-L spann J reins are delayed..

The depth of weLer where breeding takesplaoe has been eteted to vary from 8 cm to1,2 n (Khan, 1924ç Ganapati and Chacho, 1954;Dubey and Pull, 1961), llowovor Genapatiand Chacho (1954) concluded that cuff icientdepth of water which will enable the fish toswim to and from the spanning ground in hebund.h will suffice for spawnIng.

The rise in the level of water, which maybe caused naturally or artificially, has beenobserved by Khan (1942), Ganapatl and Alikunhi(1950) and Ganapati and Chacko (1954) to bringabout spawning, Studies conducted by theCentral Inland Fisheries Reeearoh Institute,Barrackpore, (India), in 1955 revealed thatspawning of carps wes probably stimulated. bysudden heavy rains resulting in abrupt riseof water level in the bundlis so au to submergethe contiguous shallow spanning grounds,

Opinione on he pattera of water currenton -the spawning ground are divided, A majorityof the workers (Des, l97 Khan, 1924!Mookorjee et al,, l944a Ganapati and Chacho,1954! Dubey end Tuli, l96l Alikunhi eta].,1964) have stated. that spanning occurs instill waters, Ghosh and Ghosh (1922), however,observed strong current on the spanning groundin the bundlia in Bengal and Bihar, while Khanria(1958) noticed moderate currents at thebreeding site in a fish fern in the Punjab.

The colour of uater on the breedingground vins found, to b nuddy by Khan (1924),brickred by ookerjso 0t ei. (19i1.4a) and ofa hue corresponding to a mithuio of tea and.milk, but ei varying ShadoCQ by Ganapati andChacko (195), both heforo end after spanning,indicating high urbldity ir- cil the oases.Canapa-ti enel Alikunbi (1950) found eggs andhatcbliuga in clear wetar au well, Ganapetiand Chacko (1954) pre.cuiaed that the colourof water depende on he nature of theparticular area and tho amount of rainfalland that the colour has no independentinfluence on spawning.

FR S 2 Catla Rev,1

Estimated

The optimum temperature of water at thespawning ground, according to Khan (1942), is24..3l°C according to Chacho and Kuriyan(1950) 22..28°C and according to Dubey andPull (1961) 26..33°C, Saha et al. (1957)observed no spooifie influence of temperatureon spawning, and stated that cloudy days,accompanied by thunderstorm and rain,seem to have some influence on spawning0Alikunhi et al, (1964) observed spawningboth in cool and warm weather.

Other factors like high pH and high02 content of ateraro incidental tofloods and are not essential in themselvesfor spawning (Mookerjee et al,, l944aMookerjee, 1945a). Low alkalinity(Sa et al.., 1957), minerals either insolution or in suspension (Raj, 1945) andlow salinity (Rai, 1948) do not seem toplay any significant part in the spawning ofcarps,

jor carp spawn prospectinginvestigations carried out by the AllehabadSubstation of the Central Inland FisheriesResearch Institute (India) in eight riverinestretches in the states of Uttar Pradesh andGujarat revealed that widespread rainsflooding the breeding grounde, high turbidity

Pable V

Relation of egg number to body size and age

and slightly lower temperature (by 1°C thanin the pre- and post-spawning periods)stimulated carps to breed. Generally,intensive major carp spawning occurred infloods II to IV in the Indo-Gangetic plain inthe middle and later parts of the monsoon,rather than its commencement or the terminalphase (Anon., 1965). These observationscorroborate Mitra's (1958) findings, that inriver Mahanadi, major carps spawn after22-40 days of the onset of monsoon, andspawn has never been recorded till silt-ladenflood water entered the river. In riverNarbada, it was observed that carp spawningocourred only when the flood level attaineda particular height, signifying a 'tableland' at which elevation important breedinggrounds lie (Anon., 1965),

3.1.8 Eggsz structure, size,hatching type, parasitesand predators

Fertilized eggs of catla are mostlyaperical, but some are oval in form. Theyaro transparent, light red in colour, non-floating and non-adhesive. The yolk spherecontains no oil globule (Mookerjes, 1945).They have a large perivitelline space,

oge offishinye ars

Totallengthoffish(mm)

Weight offish (g)

Weight ofovary (g)

Number ofova

Number of ova perwt of

body ovary

111+ 783 11,329.0 301.1 230,831 20. 767

111+ 795 10,875.4 424.4 348,220 32 821

111+ 795 14,373.4 3,005,1 2,348,351 163 781

Iv 840 13,013.4 3,118.5 2,963,125 228 950

V 923 11,772.6 2,239,7 2,073,065 176 926

V 925 17,095.0 4,422.6 4,202,250 246 950

V 935 18,909.4 2,608,0 2,432,390 126 933

950 18,455.8 3,118.5 3,077,800 167 987

FR1532 Catis (Rov,l)

measuring 3 in width (Chacho, 1946),The diameter of the fully ripe ovarian egghas been recorded as 2,22 (lLookerjee, 1945)and 2.0-3,2 (Anono, 1962). Thefertilized eggs, after being laid in waterare reported to swell to 5.36.5(Moolzerjee, 1945), 41 û (Anon., 1962),6,0 aim (Mazumdar, 1957), 4.0-5.2 n (Hora andPillay, 1962), 4.3-5.1 (Chaoko andKuriyaa, l948a and 1950) and 4.6 mm(Chaudhuri, 1963). The embryo becomesprominent 10 hours after fertilization andmeasures 2.1 to 2.5 in length (Chacho andKuriyan, 1948a). No information isavailable on the parasites and predators ofcatis eggs in nature. During experimentsin induced breeding it has been observed thatmortality may occur due to funga]. infection.

3.2 Larval history

3.2,1 Account of embryonic andjuvenile life (prelarva,larva, postlarva, juvenile)

The developmental features of fertilizedeggs according to Mookerjee (1945) are givenin Table VI.

Pable VIDevelopment of fertilized eggs

(after Mookerjee, 1945)

Time afterfertilization Developmental features

35 - 40 min1h 29 min1k 45 min2k 19 min6h 30 min

8h 50 min11h 5 min12h 45 min4h 30 min

5h Omm6k Omm6h 10 min6h 40 min

Segmentation commences, regular8 celled stage16 oelled stage32 celled stageCompletion of yolk invasion and

formation of blastoporeAppearance of embryonic rudimentAppearance of optic rudimentAppearance of median fin foldAppearance of heart and. otocyst

rudimentsBeginning of pulsation of heartBeginning of gill rudimentsBeginning of peotoral fin budsPeriod of incubation

The incubation period, observed bydifferent authors, io as shown below8

oo1cerjoo (1945) 16 h 40 minJagannadhan (1947) 16 - 24 hChacho and Ituriy. (l948a) 16 - 18 h

The newly hatched larva measures 4.2 to407 smi (Mookerjee, 1945) or 4q38 to 5.25(Chacho and Kurlyan, 1948a) or 4,5 to 5,3(Anon,, 1962).

It lias a transparent, laterallycompressed body and. is charaoteried. by thepresence of conspicuous eyes, otooystsrudiments of gill slits, pectoral fin andmedian fin fold. (Mookerjeo, l945 Chaokoand Kuriyan, 1948a)o

The different stages in the larvaldevelopment of catis are presented. in TableVII and Fig. 4.

The pulsation of the heart begins 13 hafter fertilization according to Chacho andKurlyan (l948a) and. after 15 h according toMookerjee (1945). Menonet alo (1959)described the fry, 8-10 in length ashaving a large head., rod-tinged operoulumand a wide mouth. Mookerjoe (1945) statedthat catis fry have a largo head,transparent opercular flaps, lon snout,compresped chin, anterior mouth withoutteeth and barbels and a body ruth scales,Kanal (in press) while studying thedifferentiation of alimentary canal andassociated structures in catis hatchiingo,from the day of their hatohiû till the19th day, observed that the alimentary canalappeared on the third day after hatching,and thenoe the fry (7,2 mm in length) started.feeding,

Detailo of development and the stagesof coiling of the alimentary canal, formationof gill rays, gill filaments and gill rakers,from the first day after hatching till the19th day are presented in Table VIII0

Catis attains its adult characteristicsin about six weeks after hatching (Chachoand Kuriyan, 1948a and 1950).

3,5

:6 FR S32 Catie Rev

Pablo VIILarvt1 devolopzeent ai0 catla

(icokerjoo ota]., i944b ìookerjea 1945gChacho and Iuriyan, l948oi Dovundaran, 1952)

Larva]. eta

Days after hatching

ce

2 Ap renco of oír bladdor3 Aooraeco of liver and

alimentary canal5 Caudal fin do reatad6 Pigutatioyt of body

commences7 Appearance of dorsal fin

ru cent10 Appearance of 1 fin

rudiment13 Apoarasco of pelvic fin

rudiment31 Appearance of scales

Head conopicuous, snout flatand oinod, head. moro cipoted han body, dorsal andcaudal flu &Lfferentiatod. andOpottOdq ventral fin-foldpersiste, a faint b1ooh athe beginning of caudal fin,axcat for a littlo nnpiontod. space, entire caudalfia spotted, gills roddsh,body colour iight'greon but 17,0-18,0subject to variatione

(Figure 4,4)aocordin to different back'ounde (Devasundarom, 1952)

10.0 Lovor javT bigger and u-tu-ned, gape of mouth 107 1515,

oye 1 ss nosri1a otprosoat (Mookerjec, i915),

11,2 Moderately large hend, light(Figure 4.2) red tinge of galls noiceeblc

through tran soaron operouLflaps, doraal pofiJ e frulu sxiçutto end el' dorad Lia eoirer,while lo:;er o' vearel pi'ol'ileconcave, tio píaaat ape s atbase of caudsl one corro-ponding to ceci'. lobe0 eadis-inc broad epo; separatedfrom hem Dy a hie arespresent on beso oÎ ceudJ. fin,colour of b® fin llgh yellowand he t of body nignonettogroen, (Mookerjee et al., 1944b),

13,0-14,0 Head prominent, lower jaw bigger,(Figure 4.3) mouth obliquely upwards, gape

of mouth 2.7 mm, eye 1.7 mm indiameter, a depression acrossmiddle of snout, snout roundeddorsally and longer than diamoteof eçe, no barbels or fringedlips, ventral f in-fold parsie-tent, but pelvic fins differ-entiated, polvic exactly beloworigin of dorsal fin, posteriorend of dorsal fin crosses anus,gills bright red, margins ofdorsal and caudal fins begin tobe covered with black dots whichimpart a black colour to these,(Mookerjee et a1, 1944 b;Mookorjee, 1945; Devasundarani,

1952),

Same structures as above, colouron first ray of dorsal fin moreprominent, snout rather longand chin compressed, mouthanterior and arched, anteriormargin of snout elliptical anseen from above no barbels(Mookerjee et al,, 1944 b).

Body appears sharply taperingbehind arid stumpy in appearance,dorsal fin long having 17 to 19rays and 2/3 height of body,body colour greenish(Devasundarani, 1952)t

22,0 Lower jaw much bigger, mouthupturned, gape of mouth 5,2 mm,lips fleshy but non-continuous,no taste buds, nostrils com-pletely formed, eye 1.9 mm(Mookerjee, 1945).

19,0-20,0

Length in xml9.0-l00

(Figure 4,1)

F 332 Catis 11evi)

3OO iy attain this sise in fto] mouth upaarö.s bocLy

1a'brovn im coiovr. vãthgoldon i,ingo ovar tha boadrogiom (cnnoko iìd iyan.9ì8c)o

Jaws and. mouth same as in(FLg1rco i6 previous no i'atc buda

g'çc of owh lipa notarj 2 5 mm

Of oParcula mako horo Ujo of giU' im oteroularrogio cui o mLrì iuot(MccaTjao 945 iLooIzorjoo

57 OiOO, O DO bac1 lips thick but notfr1)OEe., oc distinct spot onìoy - GEUCial rdaneloo& or of zie gradually b000moo(1OC) yco1ito groan ad thatL:y aemich hite colearof fio xtuo of grey sud

gb ad or blacl alcne or&: J2cmì oh0(kookxjec at alo 1944b)0

gevo 5 ahoao ùo dovslomamt of mouthparta of oatl fry -oo the day o' ita hatchingto the 5th da von tho alimamary canal and thoaaaoaiatocl atruoturon ro fully formad and thefr otart aziag thai: maturai diet0 They beginfeeding on tou ho third day afterba&ing while the ruôinont of the o1k sao stEllporeioi The fry ao plaktopegio0 The moutbto atart 'jh io o'th-ermimal but later mayeoto ' elighly doroal eoítoa The gill fila'

tlio gill rake ea incroaoo in mvaiboro' ho fry the latter atraining

the imgetod foo6. itorcr The fey measuring 52te 79 ri hove e rol ;ivoJ abort and atraightiiuo oi oarnivoros and theool1eg ;f thi. olir&antcry ceaci ccaimencoa on the6 h d of-Loo 1atching (iigo 6) 0 Im catia $ry165 am loeg iboh rood on aooulanto» the

a sho about 6759 of the bolgh while im ac1o.t oa;1e (500 mm in total!egth) . ir 2 timae ;i3c bcy length0 Thedûf e of Lb o1auary canal IncaL rc ecops-nL o eLber major oavps9 is

3Lless, thereby showing the preference of thefish for 000plankton (Iamei, im proao)

The food consumed by catis fry duringvarious stages of develonont, as atotod byA].ikunhi (1957), is given in Table IX0

According to ookerjeo (1944, 1945) 5 to10 mm long fry feed oolusivoly on unicoliularalgae, lO='20 mm iog ones on protozoa of variouskinds end 20 to 100 mm long individuale o uni.=cellular olo (].o), protozoona and rotii'ozs(6g), crusaooa (80) sand particlea (ip) andwuidentifiod maso (3)o Itamal (in press)observed that catie fry in the length-rango72 to l65 mm 'eod mainly on zooplaokton0Aecording o Alikunhi (1952)9 zooplankton,particularly Encmostraca and rotifore, appearto constitute ho 9maim fo0 of carp fry, whileploriktomio algae could only be considered ea'emergency fod0 The youn frye with a ahortsraight inteatise appear to be incapable ofdigesting, at 1eat, acme of the algae oonavmed.0

Catis fry, 15-2O mm long, aro apt todigo at 000plankton, particularly cladocerzins,iii about an hour after ingestion0 Alikushi(1957) stato 1he eaio fry from lloO to1L)l0 mm mainly food on omimalouloci end water

Ratas of dv lopmsnt and ouxvivsl

In a contmuovsi 2ovi cyatom, ho larvaeand ry or ca ia up c cm end fagorlingaîO-l5 em bug eon lio far 24 hour or moro inwater conaiming 05 and lO ppm 02 respeotivoly,other conditiono resining cpimum, but diowithin e ohort time below the bov otatodcenoontrziono of O2 :perimoto on theoff000 o' renoua 000binsi.ono of 02 aM 002conconiiretiojao on larmmo2 and fiogarlingoof atbe show ha' the laevao (o5 nat)cannotaLead 05 ppm 02 with 25 ipm 002, but with1= pim 02 they can a Lend up -Le 75 ppm CO20The fry (12 and 44) cm) can stand 005 ppis 02with 15 ppm CO22 but dio in 005 ppm 02 withl75 rpm 0020 1°)hem 02 ici increased from i upto 4 ppm, the fry cam citand 125 ppm CO20 whilehalf' of thon dio in 15C175 n 002 and all diebobween i75'250 ppo Tho fingarlinge (lo.ol5on) eon stand i ppm 2 wth 25 and 50 ppm of002e With Lar Llior increase in the concentrationof 002, 02 remaining the came, they dio at7o5 ppm 002, indicating that fingerlingo have ami;thnum and maximua 002 tolerance optima, whichio absent in the osee of' larvae and, fry up to8 cm (Basu, 1950 and 1950a)operformed for 72 end 56 heure, in environmontouiLh 52 to.600 and 1,76 -to 28 ppm 02 and lO150 ppm and 7oflO ppm 002 roapootivoly, catiefingerlings viere found -Lo utilicie 1463 mg 02.

C

27 » 4 Co2w oZ' bodr along dorsalo 45) idcj ricoto grcom aud that

of VO11al s.dci includingtbiur ì-lto or groy b].ac!z

coior mo-ioaablG on dorsa3.anal and caudal fina0 Withfar er oth colour of body'bocomsa goldc».i yollot or darkolivc'buf. and rod colour of

].!.o bocomea moro intonso(Mookarjoo oto 1944b)0

2

r.

2345

(6

4

Figuxe 4. Developmental stagee of catla

10.0 1ølt1 stage X5 After Devasundaram, 1952)11.2 unt long stage X2 After Mookorjee et al., 1944)13.5 mm long stage X5 After Devasundaram, 1952)17.8 mm long stage X2) After Mookerjee et al,, 194427.4 mm long stage X2) After Mookerjee et al., 194444.2 mm long stage (x2) After Nookerjes et al,, 1944)

FR/532 Catla (Rev.l)

5

FR S2 Catis

e in Averagedays tota].

fter length S.D.

atohing (mis)

0 5.2 +0.2372 3.0

1 6.5 +0,1466 3.0

2 6,0 +0.3000 3.0

3 7.2 +0.1888 3.4

5 7,9 +0.1000 3.6

7 11,3 +0.4715 5,39 12,2 ±0.2359 7.0

11 13.7 +0,2359 8.013 16,5 ±0.3497 10,015 16.3 +0,9429 10.3

17 15.8 +0,2359 10,219 1605 +0,5282 11,2

0.5760,4610,500 4 10

±0.1251 0.472 I 4 10

0.455 I 4 3.4 9

±0,4715 0,469 III 4 23 10

0.573 IV 4 23-24 10

+0.8165 0.583 IV 4 22-23 10-].3

±0. 8165 0.606 V 4 31-32 16-18

±2,0548 00631 VII 4 30-31 17-21±1.6477 00645 VII 4 32 20-21

+0,2359 0.678 VII 4 31-32 19-21

eagth(mm)

li-20

21-40

41-100

100 and longer

Rev. i

Averagelengthof mt-satine(isa)

Table IX

Food consumed by catis during various stages of its life(after Aliktìrthi, 1957)

Aver&e percentage of items of food generally encountered. in the stomach and gut

Table VIII

Development of alimentary canal, gill rays, gill filaments and.gill rakers (after Kanal, in press)

Ratio 01' Io, of No,ofalimentary Stce of No,of gill gill

S.D. canal to coiling Gill fila- rakerstotal rays meatslength

3g

Unicellularalgae

Fil amentousalgae

Vegetabi edebris

niiza1 cul es Insectsand waterfleas

Sand. or mud

10,0 300 8700

909 2,5 87.6

10.0 18.5 -70,0 1.5

803 0.7 38.0 -4401 8,9

Figur. 5,

1MM.

Dovalo.nent of mouth parte of catis (after 1aal in presa)(i) Neily tohed. larva (2) 2nd day after hatching(3) 3rd day after hatching (4) 5th day after hatching

3:18

$10 FR 832 Catis (Rev.l)

FR/532 Catla (Rey,l) 3:11

II

Iv

V

VI

Figure 6, Diagrammatic representation of the sieges I to VII of thecoiling of alimentary canal of catie (after ICal9 in prese)

III

HVt'

3.3 thiotor

3.3.1 Lonrevity

Aging of catis9 basod on scalo studies, t7acdone by Uatarajan and Jhingron (1963) t7ho

observed up to 5 + age-groups of catla in thecommercial catches of river Yasiuna at Allahabad,the mnximum total length of fish in theirsemples being 123 cm0 Hoviovor, ho length ofthe 1arest recorded ontla is approinatoly180 cm (Day9 1871, 1878 and l889 Raj, 1939Chacko and Jurlyan, 1950)

3.32 Rardineu

Catis is a hardy fish thlch, uhan youii,stands transportation vTell over long distancesinvolving considerable tina, The species isvery strong and active end often leaps overthe seine, Consequently hs fisherman usuallyfolias' the net in canoes (Hamilton, i822Day, 1889e Thomas9 i927 Devansoan andChidanbarom, 1948) The ranafor from lotieto lentie iaters and the change in the snvironmental fctore involved, do not ordinsrlyaffect the young catin, Transplantation tothe lentio habitat does not adversely affectcatin in respect to grou-th and development ofgonads, though the fish dooc not ordinarilybreed in confined ratero (Alikunhi et al,9 1952),Renouai transplanto of oaia, described underooetio 2q39 have proved successful mainlybocauso of the hardiness of he flak0

Table XISurvival of catla fingerlings at various temperatures

(after Mookorjee et al., 1946)

Length Temp aratura

() (Oc)Period ofsurvival(minutes)

Remarks

70 12.0 4 Survival period very short; tem-perature unsuitable

65 16.8 No mortality

65 18.3

70 37,865 38.9

70 39.5 375

70 41,1 8

No mortality, but when kept inthis temperature for 15 days, adecrease in body weight takesplace

No mortality or decrease inweight

do-Vorked. decrease in weight whenkept in this temperature for15 claysMortality begins

Survival period decreasesrapidly

ILwnmen and Su1ochu (1962) describedsuccessful transportation of catla breederstied with a nylon rope through the nares, ina tow-box behind a motor launch, moving at3-4 knots over s distance of en miles andover a short distance0 The salinitytolerance of catin in chilka Lake is 0.2and in &akhra Dhand in the Punjab, 0,28 to

2,21' (Rai, i948) The iimltcs oftolerance of different physioo.rnchemicalfactors by fry and fingerlings of catlaare described under 3.2.i

3.3,3 Competitors

Catla faces different types ofcompetition in natural end artificialhabitats, During fry stegs in both thohabitats, almost aU. the iahahiing speciesof fish are planktophagic and bhero occursan interspecific competition oi' a high dsgroo0Ostia fingerlings and adults continue toremain predominantly plankton feeders and,ruth ago, the degree of competitiondeclines as other species take to feeding indifferent niches, The competitors of catinare all plankton feeders, notably a eunber ofclupeoida and ninnovue,

3,3,4 Predators

No information is available on predationby other animals on adult catia, Advanced finger-

FR S2 Catla Rev i

FR/S)2 Catis (Rov.1)

Pablo XIIPredatory and weed fishes

(after Das Gupta, 1957; Alikunhi, 1957; Ksramchandani, 1957 andAnon., 1965)

Predatory fishes

Chaima marulius2 auno tatusC.C. aohuaC, stewarti

Anabas testudineus

Nandus nandusG1ossoobius giuria

2erus notopterusN.chitaìaHeteropneustes fossillsClarias batrachusLates osloarifer

Si1ozja siondiaAllia coilsClupisorna parua

ichts vaohacerdaiora sp,

1'ystusL aorL cavasiusM,bloekeri

peinaPseu.d.osciaena coitorMas acemb el us ancalusL armatus

rothus acul eatusben alensis

Amphipnous ouch ja

Garra sp.

linge and yearlings of catla encounter manypredators, notably Wallago attu, Chaimamarulius, C.st.riatus, Notopterus notopterue,N,chitala, Silonia silondia and ystus sp.among fish; crocodiles, corinorants, gullsking-fishers, kites , crows, herons, storksducks and otters etc., among other animals(AlIkurthi, 1957).

Used fishes

Ainbassis rangaA,,nainaAspidoparie. morarPuntiusP, ìhutunioP. saranaP, sophoreP.ticoP, conohon lueRohtes cotioLaubuca buRasbora dan[onius

har od-on molaBarilius barilaB. bend.elisjsB,bolaB,vagraEsomu danrica

ygastr bacailaO. phuJ.oChain

Rusa ilishaGudusiaConca sobornaIlisha inotixtsPellona sp.Gonialosa manmin,aSei.ipiima saRhinomugil corsulaSicain 'fil cascasiaKeneatodon canoilaColisa sp.Tetrodon cutcutiaBotia dayiNemachulus zonatus

3: 1.

3.3.5 Parasites and diseasesParasitism, often resulting in mortality

among catla, prevails particularly during thesummer months when the water level in ponds islow (Alikunhi, 1957). A great variety of para-sites and diseases stay afflict catis (Southwelland Prashad, 1918; Cbakravarty, 1943; Uora, 1943a and b; Chakravarty and Basu, 1948; Thapar, l948

:16

Basu, 1950b; Gaanamuthu 195]. and 1951a;Karamohandani, 1952; Sarkar, 1954; Tripathi,1954, 1955 and 1960; Ganapati and Rao, 1954;A].ikunhi, 1957; Chauhan and Ramkrishna, 1958;Gopalakriahnan and Gupta, 1960; Gopa1akrishnan1961 and 1962; Hora and Pillay, 1962). Heavymortalities of catis, caused by diseases andparasites, have been reported (Chacko and Job,1948; Ganapati and Rao, 1954; Gopalakriahnanand Gupta, 1960; Gopalakriohnan, 1961) invarious parts of the country0

A disease, symptoxaisad by the presence ofgas bubbles in gill filaments, heart, bloodvessels and gut with bursting of the air bladderthrough the peritoneun, causing heavy mortalityamong young ostia in a pond in ?adraa, tisareported by Chacho and Job (1948) Ganapeti andRae (1954) reported on b2sck'grnb disceso incatla in a pond in Semalkot caused by black,ovoid9 irregular metaceroaria of Di4ostomumBPoo Gopalakrlshnau and Gupta (i90, andGopelaitrishnan (1961) reported on a nevi epidncal syo disease9 commonly afí0eoing 3585 o

long catla, the eio1og±oal agent being avariant of jomouas li uefaciens0 imong majorcarps, catis was observed to be most susceptibleto a bacerium, tenativsly dontifiod asAeromonas 5o9 vihich caused dopsy0

The following parasites have been recordedfrom catla,

Bacteria: Aeromonas faciens (trom eye)Aeromonas 5o (from bocLy cavity,scales, aye end intestins)

Fungi: eia arseltica (from anypart of he bocLyBranchiom 5o (fron gills)

Protozoa: yxobolue eetlao Chakravarty (fromi1lo)10ben alensio Chahravery and BeauTfron gillsThelohaneilus oatlae Chakrave.rty andBau from gillsT0sani (Southwell and Prashad) (fron

Bodominou robas Tripathi (from gills)Triohodine. indica Tripathi (from

Scy lidia riform1s Tripahi (fromgillsIcht o hthirius multifilis Fougetfrom skin, gills and finsCoatia necatrix (from skin

Popopoda, Argulus follacous Linnasus (frombo&y and fins)Eragasilus bati Karamchandanj (fromgill s

Lernaea dhaokoens&s Gnanamuthu (fromgills)Catlaphulla ejnta Tripathi

Trematoda: Paradactylo rus catal lus Thapar (fromskin and fins)

Daotylogyrus cat ai ius Jam(from gill filamentsjIaoparorchjs sp. (from airbladder)Dipiostomuin flexicauduinfrom muscles beneath the

akin)

Cesto da $ Ligula intestina],is (fromintestine)

Acanthocephala, Acantho'yrug acanthoThapar (from intestino

33.6 Greatest size

Next to Mahseer, catis is the largestcarp in India (Raj, 1939; Menonetal.,i959),Hamilton (1822) reported that ostia grows toabout 92 to 122 cm in length, Day (1871 and1878), Raj (1939) and Chacko and Kuriyan(1950) observed that ostia attains a maximumlength of about 180 orn, Rao and Prasad. (1953)recorded the maximum size of catis as 252 cmi,

ienon et al,, (1959) observed ostia attaininga length of 112 cm in reservoirs. Natarajanand Jhingran (1963) observed that catis reachesasymptotic growth when it attains 1275 cm inlength0 The m1mum length of catis in hccoismerojai catches from river 'L'manna wasobserved by thorn to be 123 cine, The maximumweight of catis recorded by Raj (1939) andDevanesan and Chidanbaran (1948) was about63 kg0 Thomas (1927) mcnioneci a catisweighing 45 kg caught with a hook in aCalcutta pond0

3,4 tion and owth

341 Feeding (time, place,manner, season)

According to Mookerjee (1945) Mookerjeeend Ganguly (1948) and. Miera (l953, eatia isa surface feeder, Chacho and ICuriyan (1943eand 1949) described i es a surface end mid'water feeder, occasionally browsin onmarginal substratum, and !Xlikianhi (1957)designated the species to be a surface andcolumn feeder, Naare.jan and Jhingrsn (1963)observed that while catis is primarily asurface feeder it is prone to exploro alllayers and sections of hs river, Accordingto them, though dominant occurrence of zoo-plankton in the gut primarily indicates asurface feeding propensity of the fish, theoccurrence of organio detritus mingled withsand, mud and rooted aquatice, Indicates abottom browsing habit as well0 The presenceof certain unattached su.erged floatingvegetation indicates that the fish alsoexplores the middle layers of water.

Mookerjee and Gariguly (1948) describedcatis as a sight-feeder, Possessing large

FR1532 Catis (Rev.1)

/S32 CatJ.a (Rev.l)

eyes and a big upturned mouth without sensorypapillae and barbels0 The slightly upturnedmouth of catla enables it to gulp in largequantitiés of water which is filtered throughits gills retaining all the particulateorganisms in the buccal cavity (AJ.ikunhi, 1957).According to Natarajan and Jhingran (1963) eachbranchial arch in oatla bears gill rakors intwo rows in the form f long slender processeswhich act as strainers. The gill rokors projectinto the pharyngeal cavity and serve to filterthe water that passes out into the branchialchamber.

The feeding intensity of catla and thegastrosomatic index during various months ofthe year were examined by Natarajan and Jhingran(1963). In the female, a gradual drop infeeding intensity during the maturation phase(April to June) and omehat subdued feeding,extending into the post-spaning phase untilOctober, were noticed, after which the gastro..somatic index shot up. In the males the feedingintensity was not seen to be affected duringmaturation phase, but the index did drop in thepost-spawning phase between August and October,Das and Moitra (1963) observed an annualvariation in the diet of catla, according to theperiodic abundance of the org&isms in theenvironment.

3.4.2 Iced (type, volume)

While casual and cursory references to foodof oat].a have been made by many workors, dotailodanalyses of food have been done only by a femThe food items, in their order of preponderanoo,encountered in the gut of catla in differentlooa1ities, as reported by different workers,are shown in Table XIII,

Thomas (1887 and 1897) observed that large-sized oatla feed on fish fry but no other workerhas substantiated this observation. Raj (1931)observed remarkable growth of catla in vicod,yponds with plenty of snails, and Menan andChacko (1956) suggested culture of ostia inrural areas for controlling molluscs which actas intermediate hosts to many a helminth para-site. Natarajan and Jhingran (1963) noted thepresence of gastropods (Ìilelanoidee sp.), thoughsparingly, in the diet of catla juveniles, butnone whatsoever in that of the adult fish, Asnext to crustacea and algae, plant matter formsthe important food of catla, utilizing thispropensity of the fish, thick growths ofHydrilla, Oscillatoria and Spirogyra have beensuccessfully removed in the Cheiput fish farm,Madras (Menon and Chacko, 1956). George (1963)observed that catla consumed large quantitiesof crustaceans and rotifers which unre found tobe completely digested. Intake of a].gal foodwas far less in quantity and algae, which havearesistant continuous cell-wall or a ooveringsheath of mucilago, seemd difficult or impo.albio to digest.

3:17

Natarajan and Jhingren (1961) proposed anindex of preponderanoe for grading the fooditems encountered in the stomachs of fishesand the index was applied in food studies ofjuvenile and adult ostia. The new index ofpreponderance synthesises and"volumetric" methods of food analysis and Isdefined by the authors as

100 V.0.- 11 xlOOViOi

where V1 and Oj are volume and ocourrenoeindices of food item i and I, the index ofpreponderance of the food item 1. Based onthis method the indices of prepondorance ofdifferent food items met within the guts ofjuvenile and adult catla are as given inPable XIV,

Pable XIVIdics of preponderance of different fobd

items of juvenile and adult catla(Natarajam and Jhingran, 1961)

As seen in Table XIV, while orustacea andalgae occupy (1) and (2) rarks both in juvenileand adult ostla, the (3), (4) and (5) positionsare held respectively by plants, rotifers andinsects in adults and by rotifors, insectsand plants in juveniles.

3,4.3 Relative and absoluto growthpatterns and rates

Catia is the fastest growing of the indi-gnoua Indian carps. Numerous workers havamade passing remarks on its growth but few havefurnished detailed biometrical data, Dey (1889)cited an instance of growth of catis in astocking tank (o. 19.8 X 17.7 X 4 m) nearCalcutta, in which some fry of the species12.7 to 254 mm or less in length were stookedin May 1875. On September 22, when the tankwas netted and several dozens of fishcaptured, one of the largest weighed 396.9 gmeasuring 27.9 cm in length and the otherswore 28,3 to 56.7 g lighter. Raj (1931)indicated that 10.2 to 22,9 cm long catlafieriings attain a length of 43.2 cm in fourmonths, His observations (Raj, 1939) alsoindicate that catla fry, 12.7 to 25.4 nus Insio whon stocked in weody ponds withpiouty of snails, attain a length of 30.5ou in six months and

Food item Inctex of preponderanceJuvenile Adult

Crustacea 79.68 (i) 64.20 (i)Algae 9.68 (2) 30.06 2)Plants 1.03 (5 2.41 3Rotifors 5.66 (3 1.19 4Insects 2.87 (4) 0.99 (5Protozoa o.o (6) 0,01 (8Molluscs 0.03 (9)Polyzoa 0.02 (io)Decayed organic natter 0.13 (8 o.o (6Sand and mud 0.40 (7 0.54 (7

Table XIII

Food, preponderance according to locality

Food items Locality Feeding type Authority

Crustacea, rotten vegetation,algae, protozoa and rotifers,sand particles

Vegetable matter, crustacea,diatoms and. desmide, protozoa,sand particles, polyzoa,rotifers

Vegetable matter, diatoms anddesmida, micro-crustaoea

Archigoniates, diatoms,crustaoea, algae, sand particlesand small twigs, rotifers,protozoa, molluscs, polyzoa

Algae, higher plants, orustacea,protozoa, mud and sand, molluscs

Diatoms, algae, protozoa,rotifers, oruatacea, polyzoa,aquatic vegetation, molluscs,sand and small twigs

Crustacea, algae, plants,rotifers, insects, deca'edorganic matter, sand and mud,protozoa (inollusca andpolyzoa in juveniles only)

Bengal

South India

South India

South India(rivers Godavari,Krishna, Cauvery,Thngabhadra)

Madras

Madras

Generally surfacefeeder

Surface and. mid-waterfeeder, occasionallybrowsing along themarginal substratum

Surface and mid-waterfeeder

Surface and mid-waterfeeder

Surface feeder

Plankton feeder,occasionally browsing onmarginal bottom

Allahabad. (river Primarily a surfaceYaniuna) feeder but prone to

explore all leyere andsections of river

Mookerjse (1945)

Chaoko and Kuriyan(1948a)

Chacko and Kuriyan

(1949)

Chaoko and Kuriyan(1950)

Menon and Chacko

(1956)

Menon i. (1959)

Natarajan andJhingran (1961and 1963)

:18 FR 52 Catla Rev.1

FR/S32 Catia (Rev,1)

45,7 to 61.0 cm in the first year of stocking.Bukht (1940) studied the growth of catia in ex-perimenta]. tanks in Bidyadhari spill area.Mitra (1942) studied variations in growth rateof catia in different districts of Orissa.Hora (1944) recorded an instance of very fastgrowth of catin to 30.5 on (510.3 g) in just2* months. He further observed oatla and rohuto attain a weight of 5.4 to 6.4 kg in onoseason. Chaoko and Kuriyan (1948a, 1948b and1950) reported the size of catla as 66.0 to73.7 cm (weight o. 400 kg) in the first year oflife and 0.91 to 1.8 in (weight 13.5 to 22.5 kg)in three years in various South Indian waters.Chacko (1948a and b) recorded growth of catiato be 25.4 cm in five months, 68.6 cm (weight3.2 to 4.1 kg) in the first year and 91.4 cm(weight 15.7 kg) in three years in Ma&raswaters. Chacko and Ganapati (1950) recordeda phenomenal growth of catin in two tanks inKanoheepuraza, Madras, where the fish wasobserved to have grown at the rate of 7.6 to10.2 cm per month during the first half-yearof its life, Alikunhi (1952), citingMoses (1940) mention that oatla attainsmarketable size in six months and a weight of10.9 kg in two years and 18 kg in three years.According to Aiikunhi (1957), in normallystocked waters, a growth of 38.1 to 45.7 cm canordinarily be expected in the first year. Ifunderstocked., catla grows to over 50.8 cm inlength in the first year. Normal average growth(in weight) of catla in its first year of lifeis about 907 g. In Kuria tank, Bombay, catinattained o. 57.2 orn in length and 3.6 kg inweight in just about 9 months (Hora, 1944).Bao and Prasad (1953) mention that catin finger-linge, 5.1 to 7,6 cm long, grow as much as 45.7to 61,0 cm in the first year of stooking.Menon et ai. (1959) reoorde& the growth rato ofeatla as shown below:

Table XVGrowth rate of catin (Menon et al, 1959)

Year Length in mmin reservoir in tank

Das (1959) determined the differentialgrowth rates of Indian oarps. Samples from apopulation of carps of known ago were weighed atregular intervals over a fifteen-month period.and a second degree polynomial fitted to growthdata over time, using log weights. For catla,the derived equation was:

Log W = 0.954457 + 0,006584 t - 0.00001123t2

Natarajan and. Jhingran (1963) studied theage and growth of catin from its scales, Accord-ing to them the scales of catin show growthchecks in the form of carved-out grooved rings,which were found to be annular and hence suitable

3:19

for age dotormination (Figure 7). Spawningstress was found to be the causative factorfor ring formation, The first ring is laid. inthe socond year of the life of catla when itattaino maturity. These authors back-calculatedsizes at different ages derived from scales,with the modal locations derived from Petersen'slength-frequency distribution method, furtherdissecting multimodal distribution, followingHarding (1949) and. Cassio (1954). VonBertalan.ffy's growth fit, according to thcm,describes the growth pattern in catla. Thetheoretical growth equation, applying to catla,was found to bei

r -0,28(t-O.11ltl275 Li_e

Pable XVIThe lengths at different ages, ainst von

Bertaianffy's growth fit

Length at age(soale method)

Length at age(Petesensmethod)

vonBerta1anffsfit mm

Having derived lengths of catin at variousages (Figure 8), Natarajan and. Jhingran (1963)further estimated the weights and the instan-taneous rates of growth of the fish as shownin Pable XVII,

Table XVIIAnnual and instantaneous rates of growth of

catin (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1963)

Ohosh and Bhattacha.rya (personal communic-ation) observed oatla to attain a length of400 mm in the first eleven months of its lifein the lower sector of the Ganga system.

Alikunhi and Sukumaran (1964) conductedan experiment of 4 months' duration in threenursery ponds, each 0.04 ha in area, to findout the growth of catla as compared with thatof the silver oarp, gypophthalmichthysmolitrix. (Table XVIII),

Averagelength atage (nun)

Averageweight atage (g)

Annual Instantan-eous rateof growth

I 295 354519 1.82248

II 514 2,193196 1.08810

III 716 6,501

IV 823 10,28258 0.46044

43 0, 35577V 917 14,665

II 514 505 524III 716 682 696IV 823 800 846V 917 900 951

I 600 320II 950 530

III 1120 700

:20

Figure 7. Scale of catla 935 mm in total length showing 4 age rings:Scale length 28 nun: Estimated age 5+ years (Natarajan and

Jhingran, 1963)

FR/832 Cfttla (Rev.l)

F/S32 Catla (Rev.l) 3g2].

z

800

600

400zL'J-J

200

o t 2 3 4

AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARSA B

Figure 8. Age and growth of oatla (Watarajan and Jhingran, 1963)

Curve depicting absolute values of length (mm) at agesderived from length frequency distribution

Absolute values of length against complete years

¡22

The data on grow-h, attained by bothspecies, shown in Table XVIII (data in TableXVIII on R,molitrix also are presented in viewof wide-spread interest attached to this problem)clearly reveals that grow-th of silver carp isfaster than that of catla, under comparableconditions.

A 5-6 month-old specimen of catia,measuring 142 mm in total length, was taggedand released in the Ganga at Mirzapur (UttaPradesh, India) on 30.12.63. when recovered301 days later, on 26.10.64, it measured 280Discounting the tagging shook, this recoveryagrees fairly well with the data shown inTable XVII,

Ihingran (1952) studied the length-weightrelationship of catla (Figure 9), ranging infurcal length from 41 to 405 mm and found itto be:

Weight 0,8917 x 1O5 x Length 3.15172which in logarithmic forts is:

Log weight - 5.04976177242 + 3.15172 loglength, the standard error of estimate in termsof logs being ± 0.094257.

Natarajan and. Jhingran (1963) studied thelength-weight relationship of catla separatelyfor juvenile, male and female specimens. Theequations derived by them are shown in PabloXIX,

The exponential indices for length showedvariability between male and female. Theobserved differences in the regression coef-f icient of male and female and between juvenileand. female were not found to be air if icant,The difference in coefficient between juvenileand male was 1.89 times the S.E., having aprobability of more than 5 percent. Theauthors pooled the entire length and weightmeasurements into a singlo equation, irrespectiveof size and sex, which wás formulated to be:

Log W,44009+3,28325 LogL (with S.E,0,00755)

They indicated that the cube law is notstatistically valid for catia,

3.4.4 Relation of r:ow-th to feeding,to other activities, and toenvironmental factors

According to Raj (1939), the growth of catinin brackish water is stunted and very poor,Chacko and Ganapati (1950) attributed thephenomenal growth of catin at the rate of 7.6 to10,2 cm per month in two tanks in Kancheepuram,to the presence of abundant food and the largearea, 2,8 to 5.7 ha, providing freedom for un-restricted movement. The tanks wore rich inphyto- and zooplankton, though macrovegotationwas poor. Basti (1950e) observed that in thecourse of a yea-, in sewage-irrigated fish farmsnear Calcutta, 1 cm long fry of catla attained

length of 40 ., each weighing 793.8 g.Kulkarni (1952) observed that the growth ofcatla manifests an extremely wide range ofdiversity, dependi largely on the ecologicalconditions of individual tanks. It growsfastest in the first three years and there-after the growth slows down, Chacko (1956)reported that catla attains a length of 30.5cm in six months and 45,7 to 61.0 cm in thefirst year of stocking, in temple tanks, wheremyxophyceae occur permanently, According toAlikunhi (1957) the growth of oatla slowsdwn when the stock exceeds L' 2,471 finger-linge per ha, The fish has been noted togrow very fast in highly alkaline waterscontaining large quantities of aquatic weeds(Menon et al,, 1959). Das (l960a) foundgrowth of catla influenced by the volume ofwater available in the tanks or, conversely,the amount of crowding. Gopalakrishnan andSrinath (1963) observed. that sludge appears tohave a direot influence on the growth ofcatla and produotion of plankton due to releaseof nutrients, Fingerlings of catla respondedpositively to the three doses of sludgeexperimented with by the authors. Theaverage increase in length of catla within aperiod of 71 days was as under*

Control initial length 16.2 cmfinal length 23.]. cm

62.5 g sludge initial length 11.7 cmfinal length 26.6 cm

125 g sludge initial length 20,8 cmfinal length 35.5 cm

250 g sludge initial length 13.7 cmfinal length 38.4 cm

Explaining the occurrence of oertainring-like markings (winter-rings) on thescales of catla-of-the-year, Natarajan and.Jhingran (1963) remarked that the drop intemperature in winter months in river Yaznunaat Allahabad caused. a growth decelerationamong the fish, which was not sufficient toevoke a similar response indider age-groups.

3.5 Behaviour

3.5,l Migration and boa]. move-ments

Catla is said to be a local migrant,undertaking short journeys in search ofsuitable spawning grounds in the breedingseason, Khan (1924) observed that oatlaascend rivers during monsoon rains in searchof suitable spawning grounds, and afterspawning return to the main stream. Groups offish are seen at the water surfaoe, splashingand apparently fighting with each other.Khan (1940) observed catla ascending a fishladder in the Punjab only during July toSeptember, when the difference between the

FR S2 Cat].a Rev,l

!/S32 Catla Rev.1 3:23_

Table XVIIIGrowth of silver carp and catla fingerlings in nursery ponds at Cuttack during 1960

(Alikunhi and Sukumaran 1964)

Pond. No. Species Dato of Length (cm) Average Total Remarksweight(kg)

7.713.1

21.725.5 stock thinned

out to half20.8

7.58.2 allowing for

mortality9.814.0 -stock thinned

out to onethird

7.1

3.756.378.4510.9 stock thinned

out to half

6.753,754.35.05.2 stock thinned

out to half2.9

Table XIXLength-weight relationship in catla

(Natarajan and Jhingran, 1963)

RegressionEq.uation S.E. Variance S.D. coefficient at

95% confidencelimit

sampling Range Average weight(g)

Silver carp 6.1.60 15.9-24.1 20.1 77.2alone 6.2.60 17.7-26.5 23,2 132.0

7.3.60 20.1-30.2 27.2 219.06.4.60 20,7-32,7 28.7 257.0

6,5,60 30.0-37.0 33,2 424.0

2 Catla alone 6.1.60 13,5-26.6 17.7 74,96.2.60 14.5-27.8 19.7 104,6

7.3.60 15.7-27,2 21,6 125.46.4,60 17,4-32,2 22.5 179.0

6.5.60 22.7-30.7 26.4 253.2

3 Silver carp 6.1,60 14.8-24.0 19.5 74.96.2.60 18.4-28.0 22.9 127.47.3.60 19.9-31.0 .25.4 169.16.4,60 22.8-32.9 28.3 218.0

Catla 6.5.60 22.9-34,9 29.8 270.06.1.60 13.7-26.0 17.7 74.96,2,60 15.2-27.8 19.5 91.87.3,60 17.0-27.9 20,4 106,06.4.60 17.1-28,0 21.1 110.4

6.5.60 18.8-24.3 21,6 131.5

Juvenile log w..6.17482+3.39826 logL'

0.07 0.00405 0,06668 3.26 106-3.53546

Male log w'..494703.26446 logL 0.03253 0.00332 0,05768 3,20070-3.32882

Female log w'..672433.19869 logL 0.01312 0,03429 0.18535 3.17295-3.22441

32

(j

C.,

zISO

500w

Figure 9. Curves depiotin lengthweight relationship of oatla(Jhingran, 1952)

FR/S32 Catla (Bevl)

250200lOO 150

LENGTH IN MM0 50

.LJ._at1a (Rev,1) 3:25

water level up and downstream of the weir wasnot groat Catla arid other major carps areknown to congregate in large numbers below dams,aflaute, weirs, etc., especially in thebreeding season, and their occurrence in suchsituations has been reported by Chacko (1952)in a number of rivers in South India, Accordingto Raj (1941) waterfalls act as naturalbarriers to the distribution of the fish,Catla are sedentary by nature and breed, feedand live their lives within a limited range,The fish undertake only short journeys, tobreed and feed, into the shallow tributariesor inundated banks, During the floods, how-.over, they travel further afield wherever aflow occurs and push their way into even theshallowest water courses and drains in theirsearch for nev waters, Chacko (l946a)observed that catla move into the upper reachesof the river sections in small groups in searchof favourable breeding grounds. Chacko andKuriyan (1948a) reported that after theintroduction of fish into the Kurnool-Cuddapab Canal by the Madras Fisheries Depart.mont, catla has migrated into the Pennar andother waters in Nollore district. Chacko (l949a)observed catla showing local movements withinthe Coloroon River. According to Menon .

(1959) spawning migrations of catla are mainlyrestricted to the plains and migrations toupper roaches are seldom seen.

From recoveries of 63 specimens out of atotal of 3,718 catin fingerlings tagged in theGanga River systems in Uttar Pradesh, India, bythe Allahabad Substation of the Central InlandFisherioa Research Institute during the years1961-1965, it was revealed that the maximumdistance travelled by them was only 16 kin up-or downstream in a manum number of 301 da's,

3,5.3 Reproductive habits

According to Ghosli and Ghosli (1922), 2to 3 males to one female is the usual ratioin the breeding grounds. Kh& (1924) statedthat a female is often chased by three ormore males, but the reverse has also beenobserved by him, Rarely is a single coupleseen, If a mate is separated fa itscompanion, it has been heard to producegutteral sounds calling the other partner,

The mating behaviour of major carpshas been described in detail by Dubey andPuli (1961) and Alikunhi eta].. (1964). Thefish first indulge in a courtship. The maleschase the female, darting about in the water.The female is then held by the male, thelatter bonding ito body round the female,rubbing, knocking and nudging her, At theclimax of this activity, the pairs are soonto be locked in embrace, their bodiestwisted round each other with the fins erectand caudal fin quivering. Sometimes, thecoiling of the male may be behind the dorsalfin of the female, In this posture matingoccurs with vigorous splashing of water,wherein many fish lose a number of scalesand also sustain other minor injuries.

The sexplay lasts for a short timas,The coiling and. intertwining of the twosexes exerts pressure on the abdomen of themating pair, resulting in the extrusion ofthe ova and ejection of the milt, Accordingto Ghosh and Ghosh (1922) the extent of theextrusion of ova and mut depends upon therush of water into or out of the bundli; thegreater the rush, the moro complete theextrusion. All the eggs aro not laid at oneplace and at ono time, but at intervals,during which the pair keeps on moving (Khan,1924).

FR 532 Catla Rev.1

4 POPULATION (spocic)

4,1 Structure

4.1.1 Sex-ratio

The sex-ratio of the species, as evidencedby samples from river Yamuna, was found not todiffer significantly from 1:1 (Natarajan andJhingran, 1963). Alikunhi et al. (1964),recording carp breeding in bundhs, haverecommended a release of breeders of catla inthe ratio 1:1 by weight and one female to twomales by number.

4.1.2 Age composition

Detailed data on age composition of catlaare not available in the literature except forthe river Yaznuna at A].lahabad furnished byNatarajan and Jhingran (1963). According tothem the f ish-of-the-'year show up first in thecommercial fishery in September. Age groups Iand II (see also Table xx) formed 43.97% (bynumber) of the total landed, in the years 1959and 1960,

Table XXThe percentage composition of the numbers ofcatla of age groups I-VI (Nats.rajan and

Jhingran, 1963)

Age group 1959 1960

The higher percentage in the first-yearclass in 1960 was attributed to greaterabundance of the fish-of-the''year In the catchesof that year, and, when the 0-year class waseliminated, the combined numerical strength offirst and second age groups was reduced to31.83% in 1959 and 42.51% in 1960,

4.1.3 Size composition (seeTable XxI)

The size composition of catla, as revealedfrom random samples from the catches of RiverYamuna at Allahabad (Notarajan and Jhingran,1963) is given in Table XXII.

4.3 Natality and recruitment

4.3.1 Natality

Alikunhi et al, (1964), setting an arbitraryproduction target of 50 laklis of spawn in onebreeding in a small bundh of 0,12-0.20 ha area,allowing for 100% breeding, 90% fertilization ofeggs, 60% recovery and 50% hatching and survivalup to spawn stage, recommended the following

4:1

breeders to be introduced in the bund.h:average weight of female (kg) - 8-10;number of females to be Introduced - 12-15;number of males to be introduced - 20-30.

4.3,3 Reoruitment

The natural spawning of catis mayeom1enoo early or lato depending on the onsetof the southweot monsoon.

4,4 Mortality, morbidity

4.4.1 Rates of mortality

Mortality rate bétween the fingerlingand yearling stages of all the spooles ofmajor carps in a 208 km stretch of river Gangawas determined by Jhingran and Chakraborty(1958),

4.4.2 Factors or conditionsaffecting mortality

High fishing mortality o! catin andother major carp finer1ings has been describedby Jhimgren and Chekraborty (1958) in a seotionof the middle reaches of river Ganga.Natarajan and Jlilagran (1963) have brieflydiscussed the intensive exploitation of catlaof the first and second yeargroups, fromriver Yemuna at Allahabad, when the fish isundergoing Its fastest growth rato.

Sei 2,2,1, 3.2.1, 3,3.4 and 3.3.5Large.aoale mora1ity of finhec oaueod

by oxygen deficiency has boon observed inlakes, ponds and tanks usually in summer whencontinuous sultry weather is fo11odb suddenshowers (Ioitra, l955 Jllikunhi, 1957).

Severo fichsiortality, ocourrin( in theShandra fish farm, Delhi, wan attribued byChaturvedi (1962) to the highly alkalinecondition of the water (570 ppm) whichexceeded the tolerance limit of 500 ppm(Alikunhi, 1957) of the Indian major carps.Chaturvedi (1964) observed 28% mortality ofcatis fingerlings in Shandra tank, Delhi,caused by a drastic fall in temperature. Theauthor remarked that the water temperature inDelhi goes as high as 36°C in summer and downto near freezing point in winter. As thesefishes are used to high temperature, anydrastic fall in temperature seems sufficientto cause gross mortality,

4.4,3 Factors or conditionsaffecting morbidity

Khan (1939 and 1943) reported mortal itof fish in ponds and tanks and Maiden (1943in the river Sohan in the State of Punjab.Hora and Nair (1944) discussed the effects ofeffluents of the quinine factory at Mungpooin Bengal. Bhimacha.r and David (1946)described the deleterious effects of the

I 9.45 33,95II 24,74 20,64

III 13,96 12.23IV 26.93 21,10V 19.61 10,09

VI 5.36 1.83

Table XXIIPooled percentage length-frequency distribution of catla for the years

1959 and 1960 (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1963)

Class-range(mm)

Jan, Feb. Mar, Apr, May June July Aug, Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec.

100149 - - - - - - 2.09 0.70 1.63 1.66150-199 10.53 - 1,61 - - - - 14,08 8.13 19.92200-249 1.33 - 15.79 - 11.29 1.17 - - 1,26 8,45 5,69 29,46250-299 - - 1.75 2,44 1,75 7,53 3.52 3.25 21,16300-349 1,33 - 1,61 0.58 1,22 0.88 14.23 4,23 5.69 5.39350-399 5,33 2.44 - - 3.23 - 1.22 6.14 12,55 3.52 5.69 3,73400-449 6.67 4.88 1,61 - 4.88 17,54 5.86 6,34 4,88 3.73450-499 7.80 4.88 - 3.23 = 6.09 10.53 7.53 3,52 1.63 0.41500-.549 7.80 2.94 1,61 4.88 12,28 7.53 5,63 2.44 0.41550-599 9.33 - 2.63 14,71 6.45 - - 5.26 2,51 3.52 0.81 2.90600-649 7.80 2.44 - 14,71 4,84 - 4.88 5.26 2.92 11,97 3.25 2.07650-699 6. 67 7.32 5,26 2.94 4,84 1,75 4.88 8.77 8.79 11.27 4.88 2.07700-749 2.67 21,95 10,53 8.82 3.23 2.34 8.54 9.65 10.04 10.53 10,57 0,41750-799 19.20 21.95 15.79 20,59 4.84 4.09 9.76 11,40 5,02 5.63 17,87 2,90800-849 6,67 19.51 21,05 11.76 11,29 26.90 12.20 0.88 1.26 3.52 4.88 0.83850-899 7.80 2,44 5.26 8,82 9.68 25.15 12.20 2,63 1.67 2,82 10,57 1.24900949 5.33 7.32 10,53 8.82 17.74 24,56 17.07 6,14 3,35 0.70 5.69 1,24950-999 1.33 4.88 2.63 5,88 9,68 8.77 9.76 0.88 0,42 - 2,44 0,411000-1049 1.33 - - - 3,23 2.92 - - - -1050-1099 - - - - - 0,42 -Number 75 41 38 34 62 171 82 114 239 142 123 241sampled

carps landed from the river Ganga at Buzar during the years

1952-1954 (Jhingran 1956)

Sise o ogory Size-range in mm Approximate age Percentage frequency Period, of abundance

Juvenile 71-160 o ege group 7,7 September to November

Small 161-340 6-18 months 66.0 September to December

Mediwa 341-790 3-4 years 19.0 November

Large 791-1060 Older than 4 years 703 March

4:2 FR 532 Catla (Rev,l)

Table XXISize-group frequency distribution of oatla and. other major

FR S32 Catie. Rovi

wLB;;o1 from Mysoro PaperMi1i eid Lsor Irrn Worke. on the fieherieB ofBliadra river0 Mookorjoe and. Bhattaoharra (1949)reported on aphyxiation of catla and. other majorcarps, reeulti.ng in mortality in two tanks nearCalcutta, cauoed by the presence of suipharettedhydrogen and high alkalinity in combination withorganic mat-ber0 Gaxapati and. AlIktUthI. (1950a)an'i Menen et a1. (1959) reported on the toziceffects of the factory effluents from MetturChemical azd Industria]. Corporation, Madras, onthe fisheries of river Cauvery. Seth andBhaskaran (1950) studied the effects of the dis-posai of industrial wastes on the sanitary con-dition of the Hooghly river in and around Calcutta;Ganapati and Chacho (1951) and Menen et al. (1959)studied the pollutional effect on fish life of theeffluents from a paper mill at Rajahnundry, dis-charged in River Godavari; Srinivasan and Ganesan(1955) and Menon et al. (1959) investigated poi-.lution in river Cauvery caused by the effluentsfrom the Erode Cauvery Textiles, Bhavani; Motwanie-t al, (1956) studied arid reported on the pollut-iona]. effects of the factory effluents of theRohtas Industries at Dammiariagar on river Sono andBanerjea et ai. (1956) observed. a case of heavy fishmortality in the sanie river at Dohri.-on-.Sono,David (1956) studied the pollution of the Bhadrariver at Bhadravati caused by industrial wastes;Saha et ai. (1958) reported on the inimical effectsof raw sewage (ir in high conoentration) on fish-life due to the presence of CO2, H2S, NH and sus-pended solids0 Menon et al, (1959) observed con-siderable dwindling of he fishery of ChandriyaKalwa, in which oat1c formed an important componentdue to pollution by the effluents from a cane sugarfactory at Vuyyur. Qasim and Siddiqi (1960) re-corded a case of mortality among fish caused bywastes from sugar and. textile mills and a distillerydischarge in river Kali ¿n West Uttar Pradesli,due to increase in, the B000D, load, depleting thedissolved onrgen in river water; Banerjea andMotwani (1960) reported on the pollutional effectsof the wastes from a sugar factory at Balrampiir onthe fish arid fishery of river Suvaon, a tributaryof river Rapti, caused by oreatiòn of anaerobicconditions and low rod-ox potential; David and,Roy (1960) studied pollution of river Ganga atJanpur, caused by wastes from textile mills andleather tanneries but reported that the dischargedliquids undergo high dilution first in the citysewage arid later in the great volume of riverwater, losing their individual harmful effects.These waters, when discharged into small riversystems and ponds or reservoirs, causo ill effectson aquatic life, Ray (1961) evaluated the tox-icity of the effluents from sugar, pulp and paperfactories and distilleries on fish by bio-assayexperiments. Normai sugar wastes proved lethalto fish due to absence of orygen which can beremedied by saturating the water with orygen.Distillery wastes need a dilution of at least12-17 times, and those from pulp and paper factories4-5 timos, to render them innocuous, The effluentsfrom the pulp factories clog the gills of the fish

and bring about synergetic action after thesuspended. matter enters the gastrointestinaltract, The suspended colloids of the pulpeffluent accalorato the toxic effect ofchlorine. Ray and David (1962) observed acaso of fish mortality caused by the precipi--tation of f erric iron in the river Daha(N.Bihar) polluted by sugar and distillerywastes. r (1963) showed, ir a stream poi-luted by sugar factory and distillery wastes,that an absolute increase either in organicmatter, carbon or nitrogen does not indicatepollution and. that C/N ratio is the crucialfactor, Gopalakrishnan and Srinath (1963)reported considerable mortality of fish, in-cluding catia, when the dose of activatedsludge exceeded 312,5 g per 240 1 of water,

4,5 Iynamios of o ulation

There is a belief among the-fishing com-munity, especially of the Ganga river system,.that the major carp. fishery including that ofcatin, is dwindling year after year, Thisbelief is based on vague memories of the fish-ermen of past heavy landings but has no scien-tific basis, Rai (l948a) stated that inPakistan abundance of catla has boon greatlyreduced in rivers Ravi and Chenab and theirtributaries after the construction of weirsat he head.works of numerous canals. Studiesof the dynamics of catie populations of thedifferent river systems he-vs not been attempted.so far,

4.6 Relation of .opuiation to commuril and.biolo leal roduotion etc,

Po utilize -the food. available in differentstrata and zones in a body of water, mixedfarming of carps: of different feeding propen-sities is practised. in various tropical countries, The Indian major carps catla, rohuand mrigal are often co-stocked with varyingnumbers of kalbasu, bata arid reba in ponds inBengal, Bihar, Crissa, Punjab, Assam etc.Hora (1947) advocated a ratio of 50 percentcatla, 30 percent rohu and 20 percent mrigal,bata and kalbasu in mixed. farming of carps..Alikurthi (1957) recommended stocking of catla,robu and mrigal in the ratio of 30, 30 arid 40percent respectively, However, ho obtainedsatisfactory growth when these species werestocked in equal numbers, Ling (1961) statedthat the most profitable combination of majoroarp speoiee in mixed farming is 30 percentcatla, 60 percent rohu and 10 percent mrigal.Hora arid Pillay (1962), while recommendingthe sane ratio as suggeated. by Ling(1961), further stated that if kalbasu is in-cluded, the percentage of rohu may be dec-reased to 50 percent and the difference madeup with kaibasu.

In recant yoaro tho compatibility of catlaand other Indian major carps with Tilapiamossambica, oarpio H ophthalmicht smolitrix and Oteno har odon idellus has beenstudied.,

Catla fry, along with those of other majorcarps, have been found to ba incompatible withtilapia, sinos the latter foods extensively oncarp fry and ita young directly competes withthem for food0 Such a competition results inpoor ciurvival and ecowth of carp fry0

Catie and other major carps, when stookodwith the Bangkok otrain of cari,io var0communis, have bean found to form a hi1y conipatible community, resulting in highproduotiv-1 ty0

Alikunhi. and S unii-an (1964) carried outexperiment to elucidate oomptibility of ostiaand silver oaru H0mo1iti-ji and found that thepod in which silver oerp and ostia were stockedtogether yielded less than the one with silvx'carp alone and a little moro than that withostia alone0 Although tho production ofsilver carp alone was over doubla that of catlath presence of the two together oeamod. toaffected the owth of both anecies adversely0Though both specisa are plankton foaderadifferences in feeding habita aro structurally

FR/S32 Cala (Rev.l

indloated, Catla is predominantly a zoo-plankton feeder and H0rnolitrix a phytoplanktonfeeder0 As stated already(403), undercomparable conditions, silver carp was foundto grow faster than oatla0

The Indian major oerpe do not competefor food with the grass carp, .idella,since the latter feeds mainly on aquaticmacrovegetation.

It is hoped that the silver carp, thegrass carp and the common carp, whencultured toother with the Indian majorcarps will help increase fish productionand provo welc.oe additions to pond.culture in India0

Sroenivasan (1963) studied primaryproduction in three upland lakes 01' Madreoby the lIght and dark bottle method and foundthe occurrence of cyanophycose associatedwith high productivity0 The anise author(l964) adopting the same method in the atudyof a tropical pord in Madras found thatthera was a conversion o. l65% of the primaryproduction to fiah ostia being a majorplankton feeder among them0

i S32 Ca-t].s Rev0].

5 EXPLOITATION

51 'biiejYishiug saar

The aomsnon trpo of eara via. th.'ag, gill,

d±b, purse, cast nd a000p nets along withtraps and. hook and line are ai]. employed, to takeeatla (Table mii). me gear vhi.ch goes by theneme of 'Kaz,al1 or 1Iat1a ja19 used in rivera(.non0, 1962) and deltaio regions (Anon., 1949),is a typo of drift net and. does not oatoh eatlaspecifically as may be supposed., but tu reported.to catch carps in genera]. in rivers and. bektiostia and other fiui2es in ds].taic, area. Gulbad.a-'mcv (i96l 1962), who carried out experimentalfishing operations in several water bodies inIndia, viz., Met tur darn in À dras, Krishaarajaua'

r in Mysore, .thon, Panobot, Tilatys and. Eo-'nar reuei"voiru under Damod.ar Valley Corporationin Bihar and. Weat Bengal, recommended. the intro-'duotion of certain g-111 nets tested anddvaiped. by him, These are "Gulbanet" types Iand. II and. "Sebgul" nets which are described. inTable XXIII. Observing the capture of ostia byindigenous gears, eapeoia],].y 'rangoon' and. 'catis'type of nets, Gulbadamov (1961) and. Ao/tThr (1962)

remarked. that iarr speoimeno et' commercialfishes such as Catis ostl, Cirrhiva andMystus sor seem to occur singly and. at adepth between 1.5 to U n depending on the time ofday and area. Au the 'rsngoo& and. typenote are only about 3.6 to 4.2 n deep and areoperated with floats on short strops of 0.5 to1,2 n ienth, they fish a depth range from about0.5 -to 5.5 n, while a good. deal of the commercialfishes are found d.seper.

Catis has a habit of leaping, while beingfished. with a drag net, Taking advantage ofthis, the escaping fish are taken by hand. by

fishermen following the not (Aimiad., 1954),

Catis, being also a game fish and good.fighter(Mo!)onald, 1948), is sought by anglers.Thomas (1921), McDonald. (1948) and Go]Àciuxid.t(1953) bave described. the methods of anglingcatis, üoDonald (1948) stated. that foul hookingof catis is s common feature. Goidsohmid--t (1953)claimed to have hooked oatia successfully inPowai lake, Bombay, with modified hooks and baits,A common method of hooking catis in Bengal iscalled 'arab' and. 'jhima' fishing. In theformer, a joint of bamboo is split into bro'-like splinters, stuffed, with sound bait and.made into a small football-'ljke mass (cailod.sarah'), with a central core of a length of thinbamboo which is driven into the bottom of thetank. Catis is in the habit of sucking throughthe 'arak'. A feti 'ostia' hooks kept cloue tothe 'sreh° and touching h' bott.* take ostiasuocssaAaliy. In shallow tanks, the jb5method. is more successful, ospacisily £rom a-raised platform. oa11d a 'maohan', In thismethod of fishing, which io said to b offective

fox' hooking ostia (Thomas, 1927), the groundbai-t is flung far out arid. ono of the threebooks io baited with a big iunp of pastee

5.1.2 Fishit4, beste

The type and. number of boats used for theoperation of different mete that catch ostiaare shown in Table mn. In the mid.alluvial sous of the Ganga river system,fishing is done ircm email, light boats, knownas 'dongi° which a'o usually about 6 i long,1.5 n vide and. 45 cm deep. A big boat, knownas 'katr', about 10 si long, 3 n wid. at ishostern ux4 90 cia deep, is generally uod. 1,ooperate the bigar drag note, mahajal, d.arwctz'i,karin oto,

Fishing in river Narbads is done from boat6 -to 9 a long operated. by 3 or 4 neu, Te,like mou-t of the otbr riverins craft, aro flatbo-ttoiaod, In the river Godavari, open, plank»built, undooked. boats (called. 'nava') of about7.3 n in length and. 1,2 ¡e in width, are used.,In West Bengal and Aswn different typos of'dinghies' and. plank-'built 'ohandi nauka areused for fishing. In Ascesi, the shallow, plank»'built riverine fishing boats, largely used foroperation of clap arid dip nets vary t'rosi 3 te9 n in length and 0.9 to 1,,8 re in width. Thesepoiutd and. elongated boate are variouslydosisied. looally, as 'dinghi', 'Jale dinghi','Jails din,' or 'panel nauka',

5.2 I.ehigaresa

5,2.1 General geographicdistribution

Seos Table IV under 2.1

5,2,2 Geographical ranges (latitudes,distances from coast, oto.)

Latitd 8°1J to 32

Longitudes 68°E to lOO°E

5.2.3 Depth ranges

In the rivers the nets aro operated. bothin deep and. shallow waters, dopending upon thet' . of net used, Drag nets are paid out inthe form of a semi'oircle from the bank wherethe depth tu only a few on. They aro also used inthe deeper part of the river up to about 7 -U i. Bottcia-'a't gill nets, kamel oto. areopera ted. in even greater depths. In pondn end.tanks, sugiero generally prefer to cast theirtackle in 1.-2 rs deep watr.

5.3 Fishing seasons

5.3.1 Generai pattern of fishingasasen

Catis is oaugh-t practiosily all the yearround, 1owo-er, fishing is practically suspended

Ty

e of

gea

rgu

shV

erna

cula

ram

eN

ame

A:r

ea o

fop

erat

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

o'.

dept

h(n

)

Num

ber

Num

ber

and

Mat

eria

lof

men

type

of

re-

boat

squ

ired

requ

ired

*A

utho

rity

Rem

arks

agne

tN

ahaj

al

Dar

war

i or

Poor

si

Kar

la

Cho

ndhi

Do-

dand

i

Chh

anta

Uth

ival

ai

Gan

ga R

iver

syst

emIn

dus

Riv

ersy

stem

Gan

ga R

iver

5-9

syst

em

do--

-

Cha

mba

lR

iver

Gan

ga R

iver

ay s

tern

do--

-

do--

--41

Nar

bada

and

Tap

ii ri

vera

:M

otu,

r D

ais;

Blia

van

i asg

aran

d Pa

nohe

t dam

s

Met

tur

Dai

s

7-14

3.8

5,8-

6.5

Hem

p12

-16

2(i

IC

atra

and

i Don

gi)

5-li

2.4-

3.8

Cot

ton

12-1

6

Hem

p20

-22

9-15

6-u.

16

9.6

4.35

2

9,3

3,57

7

TA

BL

E X

XII

IFi

shin

g ge

ar f

or C

at].

a

Cot

ton

2

Cot

ton

3-4

i(D

ongi

)

2(1

Kat

ra a

ndi D

ongi

)

2(i

Kat

ra a

rid

i Don

gi)

21

(Don

gi)

Dub

ey a

ndM

ehra

(195

9)

Saxe

na(]

.965

)

Saxe

na(1

965)

Fe.r

uqui

and

Saha

i(19

43ri

on0

(199

Dm

bey

and

Meh

ra(1

959)

Saxe

na(1

965)

Saxe

na(i

965)

Saxo

ns (

1965

Faru

qul a

ndSa

hai(

1943

)H

oi-n

eu (

1923

)A

non.

(19

49)

Saxe

na (

1965

)

Gul

bada

inov

(1 9

61an

d 19

62)

do--

JUl t

he m

ajor

carp

s an

doa

tfis

has

do--

--

Faru

qui a

rid

Saha

i(19

43)

have

des

crib

edth

is u

nder

fixe

d no

t

1 ne

tT

iar

Gan

ga R

iver

392

18H

emp

21

Saxo

ns (

1965

)sy

stem

(Don

gi)

326

Hem

p

w H

Goc

hail

Ran

goon

no-

t;

12

34

5

se or

Bara

lap net

Gulbanet I

Gulbaziet II

Sebgul

itt net Karal or

Katla jal

Cast not

Bhawanar ja].

Ghagaria

Khepla jal

Baohari or

othar jal

Mettur Dam,

75

6Krishnaraja-

Bagar, Maithan

and Panchet

Hill Reser-

voir do-

-do

Deltaic area

of MaJaanad.i,

Ganga and

Brahmaputra

Ganga River

system

-do--

Estuaries of

Mahanadi,

Ganga and

Brahmaputra

do--

14

Cotton or

nylon

do-

-do-

-Hornell(1923);

Anon, (l949)and

Anon. (1962)

-Hornell (1923);

Anon. (1949)and

Anon. (1962)

21

(Dongi)

Saxena (1965)

i-

Saxons (1965)

Used in Baker-

ganj estuary

Primarily Hil sa

net, but this

not with the

mesh size men-

tioned catchez

catis and other

carps. In the

lower reaches

of Ganga River

this net is

known as Shangl

(Horneil, 1923

and. .Anon.l949)

Generally

fingerlings of

catis and other

carps are

caught

Large-sized

catla, rohu,

ostfiehes, ooekup

etc.,are caught

a o I

_6 5-8

7

Synthetio

10

Gulbadamov(196l

cI

and 1962)

N) o a

68-13

25-6.5

13-15.5

75do--

-do

Hemp

50

Feripatra

do--

313-18

Hemp

7

2,5

Cotton

do-

-Faruqui and

Sahai (1943)

Anon. (1949)

Rornell (1923)

Cotton

-Variable

4-6

1Anon. (1949)

Hemp

1

Scoop or

dip or

hand net

Hook and

i i-ne

Fish traps

ICuriar2

Jali

Ganga River

system

Hela ja].

do--

Kharrajsl

do---

Thesal ja].

do-

Koohbi

Indus River

system

Jor

Ganga River

155 (about

system

150

hooks)

Borshi

Deltaic area

300.-

800

Closing

screen

Leap pocket

Chaatam

Ganga River

vari-

9-9.

5system

able

Ori esa

--

1-1.6

Cotton

2.5-10

--

-Bamboo

--

-'Bamboo

spi intere

Cotton

boo

and

cotton

O

1-

Saxerxa(1965)

-Hornell (1923)

Anon. (1949)

-.Anon. (1949)

Anon.(1949)

Horneli (1923)

-Anon. (1949)

-Saxena (1965)

--

Anon. (1949)

11

Saxena (1965)

(Dongi)

-Kornell(1923)

-Anon,

(194

9)

-Anon. (1949)

--

do--

--

--

--do-

--

do-

11

These three nets are

synonymous

Small-sized, carps are

caught

do--

-do

Catches spawnera and

small fishes

May oocasionally take

oatia

Same as ICuria.r

Carps which have spalme

and are returning to

the main stream

Pond. fishes like carps,

catfishes, murrels,

feather-backs etc.

Used in paddy fields of

Malabar. Fair-sized

murrels, carps, mullets,

prawns etc. are caught

Chakja].

do

Polo or Tappu do

Chip

Indus River

system

Mudgi

derabad.

--

--

Job and Pantulu

(Ma.njra River)

(1953)

Orissa and

Madras

Malabar

Fixed

net

23

45

67

89

1011

Hocha

Bengal, Bihar,

--

--

--

Job and. Pan tu.lu

Usually fry and. fingei

Ansain and

(195

3)usgs are caught

ICumaon

IMavulu

Madras

-Jagannadhan

Fingerlings of catla

Andhra Pradesla

--

(194

7),Menon et

and other carps etc.

al. (1959)

are oaught

Khaur

Ganga River

--

--

-Saxena

(196

5)aya tern

Chanchi or

Ganga River

--

-Slender ban- -

Anon. (1949)

Carps, catfishes,

Pati

system (tidal

boo rods

mullets and murrels

areas and

woven into

are caught

bheels)

screens

(Pidal areas

and bheels)

--

--

--

Anon.

(194

9)

do--

--

--

--

Anon.

(194

9)

*The authority against gear is stated, in the order of importance

of publication describing

the gear and not chronologically

Large-sized carps and

catfishes are speared.

do--

Spawn col-

-(See:

5.6.

1)leotion nets

of various

types

Fish-

Konch

spear

Ek-Katya

in the main rivers during the south-west monsoon(May-.Ootober) because of excessively strongcurrent and g ecttly increased depths. Thefishing venue in the monsoon io shifted to emailtributarisa creeks, nullaha, drains oto.9 whereadult carps miatc for spawning and thejuveniles for shelter. 3uvenile of O ' cupof aise range 71-.160 mm are taken in largenumbers, often alive, for culturo operations byfino meshed drig-nete, in shallow inundatedareas from September to D3oember. Fishing inthe main rivers is z eatly accentuated. duringthe winter (November to February) mmd spring(Maroh..Tune), especially in the latter, Tanksand ponds provide a regular source of ostiathroughout the year, irroopootive of seasons.

5.3.2 Duration of fishing season

Seet 5.3.1

5,3.3 Dates of beginning, peak andend of season

See: 5.3.1

5.3.4 Variation in ti or durationof fishing season

A si:.-ificant oyolio feature of the water.of Indian subcontinent is th. 'eatfluctuation in their depth. In summer th, levelruns extremely low and most of the stresms aroreduced to a mero trickle. The southwestmonsoon brin.' heavy rainfall and flooding.The rivers often overflowing their banks andinundating vast areas. This phon.onondetermines fishing activity considerably. Atlow sta: s, fishing nota can be easily operatedin rivers and reservoirs and., conseQuently, insummer there is uaually more intensi'T flihing.

In India and Pakistan there is a generaldearth of oold storages, especially in the ruralareas, and fresh fish is preferred by the consu-mere. These factors, conbined with extremelyhigh demand for freshwater fish in the easternstates of India, especially Bengal, alsoinfluence the time and duration of fishingoperations. Fishing activity in different partsof India and Pakistan is suspended. on certainreligions festivals and ceremonious occasions.

5.4 Fishing operations and results

5.4,3 Catohea

In the years 1958-.60, 23 urban fishassembly centros were covered in a marketsampling proamme. In 1961 it was feltdesirable to confine sampling work to the moroimportant urban markets which aro fed thron:.. outih. year, and the number of towns covered wasreduced to oi:v.t. Table XXIV shows the annuallandings of catis at five urban assemblycentros situated on river Ganga and two on river

Taznuna.

Table shows the monthly landings of,catla at Sadiapur (A].l.bad), one of theimportant assembly centres on river Yamuna,

5.5 Fisheries management and regulation,'

The Indi:. Fisheris Act came into beingin 1897 as it was considarod expedient toprovide for certain matters relating to fish-orles as a whole. Section 6 of this Act empowerslocal governments to frame rules applicable totheir waters as and when found. necessary.These rules may prohibit or regulate ail or anyof the following mati res

a the erection and use of fixed enginesb the construction of weirao the dimension and kind of the not to

be used and the mode of using them,and

Cd) all fishing in any specified water fora period not exceeding two years.

Thereafter, Iron time to time, most of thestates of India framed rulos and regulationsto suit their needs.

In 1956, the Punjab State Government prohi-bited catohing of rohu, mrigal, mahaeor and.ostia smaller t,:. 25.4 o long. In Delhi, theCaptur, and sale of these species below 20.4in length has been prohibited since 1948. TheState of Uttar Pradesh has prohibitedsinco1954, the capture and sale of fry and. fingor»linge of major carps, 5.l'o25.4 cm in length9from 15th July to 30th September, and ofbreeding fish fr. 15th June to 30th July inthe prohibited areas, except under a licenceissued by the proper authority. The areaswhere fingerlings and breeding fish occur havebeen defined and published. In dhya Pradosha size limit of 22.9 cm was imposed in 1953, forthe capture of rohu, mahaeer, mri,:l and catis,In Bihar fishing is prohibited. in specifiedareas of river Sono.

5.6 Fish farmin trans lantin andother intervention

Sees 2,1

5,6.1 Procurement of stocks

Despite the develo.'øent of induced breedingtechnique by pituitary hormone administrationin India since 1956, the mainstay of the majorcarp seed industryin India and Pakistancontinues to be the colleotions from naturalsources. Eggs, fry and fingerlings constitutethe stocking material much needed throu..outthe country for culture of fastgrowing majorcarps.

6 Ffi S 2 Cat],a Rev 1

5 2 la (Rev.l)

Table XXIV

Annual landings of oatla at selected centres on the Ganga riversystem (in tons)

jYozr

1958

1Esflpur

704

Varanani

7,8

Gan

Baum

32

Pnna

30

Bhagalpu

11,1

Yanuna

Agrc A11nlabad

8,5 1003

1959 76 305 4.8 5,6 3.6 23 9 15.4

1960 11,6 1,8 2.3 4,1 5.9 2Q 5 15.1

1961 4,2 0,6 0.5 406 3.2 2.6 18.4

1962 4.0 1,1 1.3 7,1 404 207 14,5

1963 3,0 0,9 2.3 300 702 2 7 17,4

1964 1,2 1,4 1.0 2.9 2 2 25,5

Tab]. rn

onthly landin of oatla at Sadiapu.r (Al1..tbad) Centre (in tons)

Year Jan, Fob, Iaroh April Ilay Juno July Aug, Sopg0 Cot, Nov, Doo,

1958 1,03 0,96 0,41 0017 0,40 0,50 0,97 1,25 2008 1,35 0,57 0063

1959 0,92 0.88 0.56 0.70 0,92 3.64 0,99 0,90 1q35 1,04 1.77 1,68

1960 0,63 0.77 0.73 0.19 1,02 2,48 3.15 0.73 1,60 1,67 1.20 0.91

1961 1.90 2,27 1.88 0,49 1.48 1,84 1,15 0.64 2.46 2.33 0,86 1,07

1962 0,58 1,18 1,50 0,83 1,21 0,96 1,31 0,75 1,15 2.63 1,12 1,22

1963 0,80 1,83 1.33 0,73 1,01 3q15 0,68 0,82 2,30 1,58 1.92 1.21

1964 1,63 1,74 306 2,36 1,30 3,97 1,35 1.31 3,19 2.79 1,13 1,62

:8

River meanderings in plains result in aserpentine course with the cutting off of oxbowlakes. The bend and, curves of various shapes inthe river course often show a preoipitous fasteroding bank on one side, and. a flat, gentlysloping bank exaotly opposite, Both thesebanks are unsuitable for spawn collection. Thebest collection sites generally lie on the sideof the gently sloping bank, but at a spot wherethe current just diverges, casting off spawn tothe sides, as 1f by centrifugal force. At suchsites a large number of spawn collection netscan usually be fixed.

Current velocity and turbidity appear toaffect mesh selectivity of the spawncollection nets. While pH, dissolved 02 andplankton are unimportant factors in riverinespawn collection, some of then constituteimportant pre-conditions for major carps tobreed in their natural breeding grounds (Anon,,1965).

Riverine fish seed collection is done byspecial funnel-shaped nets (Figure 10) consis-ting of two parts, namely, the net proper and adetachable tail piece called 'gazncha', fixed tothe cod end. The 'gancha' is stitched to themain net in some varieties thereof. The netproper is of variable dimensions and, at times,two lateral wings are attached to it forcoverage of a wider area. The rear of the nettapers to a narrow end, where a cane or a bambooring is placed to give it a stable round shape.The 'gaznoha' is sometimes a rectangular openpiece of cloth, butmore often, has the shapeof a monk's hood. It is tied round the ringat the cod end of the main net. Such nets areoperated with the mouth facing the current.Fry are caught by the stationary net and collectin the tailpiece. The net is fixed in theriver bed in l-3 n deep water with the help oftwo poles each at the mouth and, the cod endand one or two poles for keeping the tailpieceIn position. Batteries of nets are at timesfixed in the river bed.

The dimensions of spawn collection netsused in different parts of India and. Pakistanare not standardized. The fishermen of theeastern districts of West Bengal and EastPakistan use benohi jal (Rahrnan, 1946)) a netmade of cloth of 12k- counts yarn of thefollowing dimensions: length 5-7 n, circum-ference 8-11 n, 'gazncha' length 1.22 n andwidth 91 cm.

In ?Lidnapore district of West Bengal thedimensions of the prevalent nets aro: lengthof net proper 320 cm, width at mouth 312' cm,height at mouth 61 cm, ring diameter 23 cm,length of 'gaxncha' 168 cm, height of 'gamoha'62 cm and width at rear end 44 osi.

FR/532 Catla (Rev,l)

In Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,Orissa, Gujarat and. Andlira Pradesh, aconsid.erable amount of fry arecollectea by gear si-sillar tothe 'bench jal' 01' West Bengal but, ofvariable dimensions, adapted to collectriverine spawn either in somewhat deeperwaters or in shallow flats.

Not only are the net dimensionsunstandardized, the mesh is also highlyvariable. The material of the net oftenconsists of plain cloth, mosquito netting orother fino meshed materials of cotton yarn.The tail piece almost Invariably consists ofplain mill or handloom cloth. Experimentsconducted by the Allahabad Substation of theCentral Inland Fisheries Research Institute(India), with nets of the dimensions used byMidnapore fishermen stated above, but of 3meshes,viz., 1/8", 1/16" and a combination ofl/8"-l/16", (front half of 1116" and rear half1/8" mesh) revealed that 1/8" meshed net wasthe most efficient. Its catching efficiencywas at times as high as 14 times as comparedto nets under local use. There were, however,indications that 1/8" meshed nets were moreeffective in slow current and high turbidityand 1/16" meshed nets in faster current andlow turbidity (Anon., 1965).

An attempt at standardization 01' spawncollection nets was made by the AllahabadSubstation of the Central Inland FisheriesResearch Institute, Barrackpore (India) and1/8" meshed net of the dimension used byMidnapore fishermen was taken as a standard.for comparison with other spawn collectionnets. New measures of spawn abundance andindices of spawn quantity arid quality weredeveloped to render spawn catches taken by astandard net at centres located on differentrivers, mutually comparable, and to make anassessment of the spawn yielding potentialityof the centres, Catch per net-hour was theunit of effort derived and the wholeseason's catch of spawn, taken by onestandard net, represented the index of spawnquantity available at a centre, The indexof spawn quality was an expression cfseasonal percentage of major and minor carpsand other fishes (Anon., 1965).

Fingerlings are collected fromriverine back waters, paddy fields,irrigation channels, tanks, etc., connectedwith the main river, generally with drag andcast nets. In Cauvery delta, fingerlingsare captured by regulating the flow ofwater through irrigation sluices intopuddles, from where they are collected with

FR/S 32 Catla (±v,j.)

fino meshed nets and transported for stocking0Dip nets and. basket traps called tmavulut areused especially in the rivers Godavari, Krishnaand. Cauvery (Jagannadhan, 1947v and. Menou et al.,1959)0

The fry and fingerling collection seasonin North-Eastern India and East Pakistan lastsfrom May-September, in North India and. WestPakistan from June-October, and in South Indiafrom July-November.

In river Halda (Cliittagong, East Pakistan),eggs are collected. 12-14 hours after fertiliza-tion, close to the tidal zone, and hatched. underprotected conditions. The collection gearconsists of a rectangular piece of mosq.ui.tonetting cloth, 11-12 m long and. 2.7 m wid.e,strengthened marginally with ropes and. tied ateach end to a bamboo polo about 2.4 m long.Two men operate the net either from a boat, orby wading in water, or by tying the net topoles fixed. in the river(Ahmad, 1948).

The eggs thus collected. in various stagesof development are put into a portion of aboat, partitioned off with clay, for hatching.A better method is to hatch the eggs in netssuspended. by bamboo frame-work, through whichflows a gentle current of river water; inbamboo baskets, lined inside with fine cloth,moored in the river and in hatching pits (eachc.448 cm x 244 cm x 46 cm in size) excavated.on the bank with arrangement for the supply ofriver water through pipes or hollow palm trunks,Each pit contains about 120 to 300 kg of eggsnumbering about 900,000 to 2,200,000, Usually25 to 50% hatching is obtained by this method.(Ahmad, 1948 and 1948a). Abmad (1948) suggestedimprovements in hatching techniques and proposed.the use of a double walled rectangular tank-likestructure, comprising one inner tank, made ofnetting, called the inner hapa' and. the outerof fine cloth, called the outer 'hapa', Thecorners of the inner hapa are tied to thecorresponding ones of the outer, and the wholedevice suspended in water with bamboo poles.The eggs are spread. on the base of the inner'hapa' and the hatchlings pass into the outer.The larvae thus obtained., are cared. for tillthey are transformed into fry and. have become4-5 days old.. It may be mentioned. here thatthe same trpe of hatching device is now used.to hatch eggs secured. from induced. breedingoperations, Kaushik (1962) has described. ahatching method which employs a series of tubsplaced. on sloping ground with a current ofwater flowing through them. Insideeach tub are fitted. two small 'hapas',

one inside the other in the sama pattern asdescribed. above. The fertilized eggs collectedin bu.ndho aro usually hatched. in improvisedpits filled with bundh water. However, elabor-atehatching arrangements are made in advancewhen major carps are to be induced to breed.Das and Khan (1962) and Chaudhuri (1964) havedescribed in detail the field techniques theyadopted., which are similar. To begin with,eggs are released. by the female fish in thebreeding 'hapa' where they are fertilized. and.from which they are transferred to the double-walled 'hapa' of the above-mentioned type,described. by Ahead (1948). The cuter 'hapa',used by Chaudhuri (1964), was made of ordinarycloth and. measured 182 cm z 91 cm x 91 and. theinner of round meshed. mosquito netting,measuring 152 cm z 76 cm x 46. These 'hapas'are laid out in perfectly horizontal position,one within the other, the inner submerged. in23 - 31 cm deep water, The batchiinga arokept in the outer 'hapa' for three days beforestocking.

The fry collected from rivers usually com-prise a mixture of a wide variety of specieswhich have to be segregated. before stocking.They are first filtered through a sieve whichconsists of a rectangular wooden fraise with awire mesh bottom or through bamboo grills or acoarse meshed netting. This contrivanceseparates the somewhat larger young forms of thepredatory fishes, advanced. fry, debris, trashetc, At present there is no satisfactorymethod of segregating early fry of differentspecies, Pre1iminarr attempts were made byAlikunhi et al, (1951) to evolve a technique ofsorting the fry of the major carps of India,following the Chinese method (Lin, 1940), Aknown number of fry (5.0-7.0 mm) were kept in alimited volume of water in earthen vessels andtall glass jars. Then the dissolved. 02 valuecaine down to 1,0 ppm or less and. the free CO2rose to 8.8 ppm, 60 to 96% of the catla frycould. be skimmed. off the surface where they. had.concentrated,

The distinguishing features of catla eggs,fry and fingerlings are described. under 3.2.1.,

5.6,2 Conditioning

The fry are conditioned in order to rid.them of excreta and. to inure them to subsist ina restricted area to which they ar inevitablysubjected during transport. The most commonmethod of conditioning is to store fry in acloth 'hapa' (Figure ii) in a still part of the.river. Saha and Chowdhury (1956) stated thatthe depth of water where a oonditioning

5:10 FR1332 Catla (Rev.l)

/s32 Catla (Rev.l) :11

4

o

Figure 11. 'Hapa' in which fry are temporarily tord

:12 FR/$32 Catla (Rev.l)

enclosure is to be installed should be 30,48to 35.56 cm, The period of conditioningdependo upon the size and hoslth of tho fryand. fingerlings. Jannad.hon (1947) atod.that catis fry need. 48 to 72 honro ofconditioning. Salis and Cboti&hury (1956)stated the sano9 but with roferonco tomajor carps in ¿.nera1. AiiLrunhi (1957)mentioned that about 6 hours o oond.itioningwere required before fry ax's packed fortransportation0 Morion al. (1959) mentionedthat ostia Zingerliu have to be conditionod.for 48 hours before transport. Srivastava andKaramohandani (in reas) observed that whenostia fry (8-23 ¡me) are oonditioned for 24hours prior to transport in a limited volumeof water (18 to 2.0 ml of water pox' fry) aminimum of 0.88 p4u of 02 was Swfflciont fortheir survival.

While conditioning9 involving starvationand evacuation of fascal matter is considorodto be a desirable practice9 it was reported byA].ikurihi (1957) that the fry stand tho strainof long distance transport better if they arefed on animalcules like ciad000rs dunnconditioning and whi1 under transport.

Various typos of oonditioninr oontainorearo used9 namely boxes nado of wire meshes9bamboo or cane wicker work barrais or bostawith perforated. bott.s temporary enclosuresnado of netting or bamboo msttingj pits andcloth 9hapa° oto. Clean9 natural iator st anoptimum temperature of 26.5°C is suitable tocondition the ostia fry (3sgaxuiad.hsn9 1947).During conditioning and transportation9 fry ndfingerlings should not be handled with baro handslost the slime and scales covering the body beremoved and. thereby render thorn vulnerable tofungel and bacterial infection (3aganad&1947). Fry collected from the nurseries arokept in nets fixed in ponds9 on which water isoplashod from all dix'eotiona9 arid the frighteriodfry pass excreta end vomit, After the fish havebeen properly conditioned they aro ready to betransported (Hora and Pillay9 1962).

5.6.3 Transport

Fry and fingerlings are inerlly trans-ported. ira open earthen vssols called. 9hundiss9metal carriers and. sealed bags or containersundor oxygen9 as e. hoad load. for short distancesor by rail9 road.9 water and sir over longerdistances, Salis and Chowdhury (1956) havedescribed the traditional method of transportingfry and fingerlings in 9hwidios as prsctisd inBengal, Though the 0hwidioa9 are of variablesize9 they are genarally of two types9 one smallof 20 cm diameter and. 23 i capacity carriod. area head load, and9 the other9 largar9 of 23 cmdiameter and 32 1 capaoity9 used for transportby rail, The 'hundiese are filled with waterfrom the same source as the fry and the latterreleased therein at the rato of 50000 i tho

sma1lr and 759000 in the lar.r ones,About 58 g of finely pulverised red coil iosprinkled over the water surface and duringtransport the 'hundiere9 aro subjected toperiodic shaking (seo Tables XXVI and .iI).

As earthen °hundie& are liable to beeasily broken during transport, improved opnmetal containers are often used and, at tpreferred, The latter are round vessels witha wide mouth, which can be closed. with perfore-ted presaed..in lids, the larger typed being£'53 osa in diectex'at the baso9 c.20 can at themouth and o.38 c hi According toJagannadw (1947)9 50.60 catis fingerlingscan bo transported in a tin container of 45.4 1capacity. Lienon et ,o (1959) remarked tit120='l50 catis (o 20='30 e.i 1enh) per tii canbe transported to a distance of 720 Ime (thoduration of the j. 'ey is not mentioned by theauthora) . To prevent denting and effectinsulation9ool1en covers are used on the metalcontainers (Jaganna9 1947)9 or the vassoi icioratod and kept wet during the journey (Mon,91962),, Jagarinadiien (1947) remarked. that someair repaco should be left above the reunfaco ofwater, A better container9 with a small semi»rotary pump9 has been dovied by the StatoFisheries Department of Grisas, Plia deliverytubo of the pump carries two rows of holes at450 to each other se as to px'odueo twooppositely directed. sprays over the entire reu'foco of water, By tho uso of this pump9 fishfry cee. bo transported in aemiimsulatod road.vane up to s ditnco of £0483 km with are low amortality as 5, Sealed ¡setal containers withoxygen have successfully been emp1oned. fortx'anaortstion involving longer durations.t4 (1939s and. 1946a) described a typo ofoxygenated. container fox' transporting fish reed..This was macla of galvanized iron rend. measured45.72 z 35,36 cm, with two air»tight openin,i atthe top9 ono to let oxygen in and the other tolot out the displaced water. The fish thus gotan atmosphere of oxygen while under transport.According to Khan (1946a)9 fox' a journey of 12hour& duration in winter9 each container canacconmdnte about 200 fry 2.54'5,O8 cm long9 ox'100 fingerlings of 7,62=10,16 crea, or 3O-50fingerlings 12,70-20.32 long, Mcokerjee(1940) devised a cheap method. for oxygenation,Mitx' (1942a) described the advantages ofsending fish fingerlings iii a suitably dosi.d.container With oxygen uhioh could be despatohod.through rail are an ordinary parcel, Gariapatiand Chaoko (1951) made a comparative studr ofthe transport of fish seed in ordinary tirioarrieo with or without oxygen, Ramada andICevalrsmswi (1956) conducted experiments on theair transport of carp fry packed. in p1aati bagsand. observed that approximately double thequantity of fr transportable in a 9hundi° byrail9 can b shipped by air in a plastic bag(duration 12 hours). Alikunhi (1957) mentioned.rJae uso of 18,2 1 kerosene tiras fitted withaix"='tight sorew='cappsd lids for filling arad with

Length of fry

(7u)

Table .2L.Vi

Number of fry to be transported. xi earthen hundies

of 27,3 1 capacity

(Alikurihi, 1957)

No0 per Mi mum duration Percentage of

hundi of transport mortality(hours)

l27-l9.05 1,500 24 2-5

1,200 36 2-5

l9.O5-254 1,000 20 2-5

800 30 2-5

25.450.8 500800 24 10.0

50.8-76.2 200 8 10.0

R S2 Catin Rev,1 :13

Table XXVII

Number of fry to be transported in closed containers

of 22.7 J. of water

(Alikun.hi, 1957)

Initial dissolved Size of fry to be No. of fry to be put Approximate safe

ozygen content tiaxisported in each container period in minutes

(ppm) (mm) dring which transportcan be effected

4 6-7 50,000 19

4 6-7 30,000 31

4 6..7 20,000 47

4 15-20 1,000 40

4 15-20 500 80

4 30 300 120

4 30 150 240

5 6-7 50,000 25

5 6-7 30,000 42

5 6-7 20,000 62

5 15-20 1,000 60

5 15-20 500 120

5 30 300 165

5 30 150 330

6 6-7 50,000 31

6 6-7 30,000 51

6 6-7 20,000 77

6 15-20 1,000 756 15-20 500 150

6 30 300 207

6 30 150 414

5*14 /s32 Catla (Rev,].)

FR7532 Catla (Rev.1)

Table XXVIIINumber of fry to be transported in 18.2 1kerosene tins under oxygen

(After Alikuithi, 1957)

Length of Number Duration of MortaJ.it

fry per transport by (percent(mm) tin air (hours)

tubes for drawing in oxygen from a cylinder.The number of fry that can be safely transported,when the tin is filled two-thirds with waterand one-third with oxygen, is given in TableWill. Saha and Sen (1958) desoribed threetypes of containers, viz, glass carboys,specially designed containers of aluminium andgalvanized iron sheet and latex-rubber andplastic bags for tranport of spawn and. fryunder oxygen pressure. They found the speoial-ly designed aluminium containers were the mostefficient buts considering the relative costs ofdifferent types of containers tried, recommendedthe latex-rubber bags for commercial use.Another type of container, popular in the Indo-Pacific region, has a capacity of about 0.18 1,with three apertures at the top, two of whichare fitted with metal tubes, one for 02 supply,another for discharge and the third (providedwith a strainer without rough edges) to elimi-nate excess water (Anon,, 1962). Hora andPillay (1962) stated that 18 1 cans were usedat the Central Inland Fisheries ResearchInstitute, Barrackpore, India, for the transportof fry of the Indian major carps with about 6 1of free oxygen. Such cans hold 900-1000 fry,1-2 cm long (about 285 g in weight) and can hesafely transported by air for over 20 hours.Alkathene bags of 74 x 46 cm, and of capacity3) 1, are widely used. currently for transport ofmajor carp fry under oxygen. The bag is one-third filled with river water and packed withoxygen and 30,000 fry (.5-7.5 mm) for transportover a period exceeding 24 hours, and 60,000 fryof the same size for journeys up to 24 hours,

The role of 02, CO2 and pH on the survivalof fry and fingerlings during transport has al-ready been discussed under 3.2.1. Basu (195lb)studied the effect of additions of red soil tothe transport medium of Indian carp larvae,referred to earlier in this section, and. reportedthat the added soil particles, by virtue of theirpositive electric charge, help in attraoting thenegatively charged dead fry (infected withbacteria) to the bottom of the container,getting them buried, in the soil. The extent ofpollution by organic matter was kept localisedby the deposit of red soil on the bottom of thecontainer. Saha and Chowdhury (1956) observedthat additions of red soil to the transportingmedium, constant shaking of the carrier andchañging its water do not extend the survivalperiod beyond 30 hours, They also observedthat the use of red or ordinary soil makes no

5 : 5

difference but addition of soil in a finelypulverized state increases the period of sur-vival, as is evidenced from the fact thataddition of soil to distilled water extendsthe life of fry from 10 minutes to 19 hours.Experiments conducted by Saiza et al, (1956b)on the uso of different absorbent substancesshowed that pulverized earth, activated char-coal and '.Amberlit' were found to absorb CO2and NH3 from the medium, with a consequentincrease in the period of survival of fry.Srinivasan and Chacko (1953) and Srinivasan,Chacko and Valsan (1955) observed that theaddition of Na2HPO4 does not reduce carpfingerling mortality in open containers butdoes so in closod ones, possibly because ofits ability to absorb 002 in the latter, whichis not possible in open carriers. Sana et al.(1956b) found that addition of Na2HPO4 to thewater containing f ry was harmful after 40 hours,a finding different from that of Vaas (1951).Spawn was found to stand a concentration of2.5 ppm of dissolved free ammonia and 15 pof dissolved ammonia in the form of inorganiosalts (Saha stai., l956b), Saha eta].. (1955),however, reported that sodium ainytal, a syn-thetic hypnotic, at o. 21 to 28 mg per litreof water considerably lowered the metaboliorate of the fry and that 30 percent moro frycould be transported in a given volume of water,thereby red.*oing the ultimato cost of transport.

Table XXIXMinimum water volume required by fry f

different size-groups(Sahao, l956a)

Length of Av.wt,offry (cm) fry (g)

4,93 - 6,603.12 - 4,742,62 3,60

2.03 - 3,431,77 - 1,91

Minimum water volumerequired by fry (cc)

1.910,92

0,350.250.076

25158

72

While fry can now be safely transported,transport of fingerlings (50-100 mm) is Btilla problem. Effective methods of transportingthese have been developed in Punjab and MadhyaPradesh in galvanized iron d-ruais of o. 180 1capacity. In Macthya Pradesh, a sufficientlywide opening, 48 cm x 30 cm, is cut along themain body of the drum for providing aerationand sufficient apace for the movement of thefingerlings. Four small iron brackets arefixed opposite to this opening on the outerside of the drum to prevent it from rollingduring transportation. A mortality of about 5%ban been observed during long distance tran2-port of fingerlings iñ those drums (Anon., 1955).The transportation of breeders for dry bundh orinduced breeding involves a great risk as beingactive, they are often severely injured. Opencanvas containers (1 n x i n i i n), supportedon a frame of galvanized iron pipes, introduced

recently in Punjab and Madbya Prado ah have beenfound to be very useful. Mammen (19625 has, how-ever, recommended a splaahles tank with attachedaeration equipment for this purpose.

12,7-19.05 800-1,000 12 5-1239.0-50.8 400 24 30

25.4-31.8 325 16 3

5.6.4 Holding of stock

The rato of stocking of spawn in nurseryponde of the Cuttack Substation of the CentralInland Pisheries Research Institute, rand fromo. 247,100-1,235,500 per ha. Alikunhi (1957) men-tioned that under exceptional conditions it couldbe rained to as high as 21,527,352 per ha even inwater as shallow as 30.48 cm, In oemont cisterns,without artificial feeding, the rato of stockingcan be 8,401,400 per ha but ouch heavy stockingneoessitates thinning wIthy 10 days, On attain-ing a length of 19-25 mm in the nurseries tho fryare usually transferred to rearin ponds.

it was earlier held that 25.4 nei long fryshould be stookod at 86,485-148,260 per ha in15.24 ei z 15.24 in z 3.04 ei rarin ponds, butAlikunlii (1957) noted that euch deep ponds cire notsuitable for the purpose, Ho advocated a stockingrate of 24,710 fry por ha in only 121.92 - 152.4orn deep ponds, without artificial feeding. Withartificial feeding, however, the etooking rate canbe raised to 197,680 fry per ha. Carp larvae,being easily identifiable at 19-25 long stages,mixed farming is recommended from rearinc pondst e onws for better results (see 4.6).. Ozi

attaining a length of 76,2 - 127.0 ulm in roaringponds, the fingerlings aro commonly transferred tostocking ponds, The rate of etooking, along withthe species composition advocated by differentauthors, is furnished in Table XXX.

Hora and Pillay (1962) stated, that in astocking pond, each oap finter1ing should be pro-vided with atout 001 rn' of water in the firstyear, 0.23 & in t1e second year and 0,45 ei3 Iv.the third year. This is achieved by thinning thepopulation at the end of each year.. An allowanceof 10 percent should be made in stocking ponds fornatural mortality and also for losses by reductionin the volume of water in the ponds as a rosult ofevaporation during summer.

5.6.5 Pond manement (fertilization;aquatic plant control, etc.)

Efficient pond, fish culture entails speoi].preparation of nurseries to receive the tenderhatohlings and fry. This comprises adoption of aseries of measures commencing with the drainingout of nurseries to remove p.atory fishes,insects and trash fish, drying, lining and plough-Ing the pond bottom.. Liming is unnecessary inponde situated on oalcareous soils. In deeperperennial water bodies which cannot be drained out,as many unwanted fish as possible are removed byrepeated netting and the rest poisoned. As a mea-sure for Increasing pond-fertility, Hora and Pilky(1962) mentioned that a short-season crop of legu-minous plante should be grown on the pond bottom,which thereafter, should be reploughed and level-led. Should the soil be acidic, ita pH ought to beraised to 8 or 9 by reining. The next step innursery preparation consists of manuring, aimed atsustained production of zooplankton to serve asfood to achieve a rapid growth of the fry.Details of manuring are described further in this

section. Tho nureory io then ZUlod either tiithrain-water or vIth doer water from a nearbysource.. In certain nureorios near Ca1outadomestic sewage in moderato dosoo is used fortheir enrichment, Bhaslcaron (1952) advoaatcdlimitation of tho oewago dosage so that the

02 concentration in the pond. deos not fallbelow 3 ppm,

Mention has been miado above of poisoningfor removal of unwantcd floh, A large numberof pisoicidos, of plant origin, are used forthis purpose, Soins of the moro common onesaro: safed sirio (Albiziaprocoroa) nagdonatithw (Artemisia val ario) dar-hald(Borbone arintata) tuba Dorns app,) banclu(Diosoorea epp..) chaulniugra (:ydnoc*.uskur_!); ciacrot Ju1ans raia ; Millettiaapp.; bacarmani P lianthus urinaria)Rhododendron spp, kuchla Strychnos nuz-vornica) earphonka (Tepbrosia purpur'&3 and.

ban taznbaku or gidor tanbaku (Vcnrbaecwsthapaus).. Dorns poder with 5 percentrotenone, is perhaps the commonest pond. poisonused, This should be odminlatared at least amouth before the anticipated dato of fryrolote. For application, the required quen-tity of darns powder is mixed with water andapr ed over the surface of the nursoxy pond,keeping it weil stirred durinc bho process,Depending upon the doso uscd, which mey varyfrom 4-20 ppm, the poisonous effect of derriteowdor wears out 2-12 deys, Hora and Pillay

(1962) remarked that 1aro perennial waters arsapt to be slightly coidIc which should berectified by lining at the rato of 300-500 kgper ha either together with derrite powderapplication or separately, Due to non-avai],ct-bili'ty of darns powder, endrino cit O..l ppmin now being commonly usì to eradicateunwanted fish (Anon., 1964),

Initially, pond manuring should be carriedout 7-lo days after poisoning. The manurescommonly used aro fresh or somidriod cow-dung,stable refuse, oil-cake, municipal compost,decaying vegetation end inorganic fertilizers,Little information existo on the relative uti-lity and dones of difforen manure; and, furtherexperimentation is needed.. Inorganic fertili-zers aro known to increase the production ofphytoplankton which the oanp fry are mostly un-able to digest end assimilate, Food of carp fryhas been mentioned under 3.2.1. Various combi-nations of cow-dung, mustard oil cake and.aquatic weeds auch as Eichbonnla, idnilla,Naias, etc,, ai o, 555 to 832 kg/ba have boonsuggest by Saha (1953). Alikunhi et al,(1955) manured the ponds of the Cuttack Sub-station of the Central Inland Fisheries Re-search Instituto (India), with cow-dung at therate of c. 11,208,26 to 22,416.52 kg per ha,Basing their observations on experimental ponde,cement cisterns and pots, they observed thatheavy manuring with cow-dung colours the waterdark brown, d,whuie during the first 8-io daysof manuring, the phytoplaxzkton content (net

:16 FR $32 Catla (Rv,i)

FR S32 Catlo (Revol)

plankton) of the etcr la remarkably poor troiathe 9th to 10th dey onward.a9 the rnter teeme uithzooplenkton particularly ro tifora oladocoranaaM copepode, the crop of eniinaloulea lactingfrom 7-10 deyn0 Alftunhïetal,(1955) furtherreported that the avarae production of planktonii ponda manured at the rato of 1120826 kg perha taa more then in thone manured at the rate ofl68l2,38 kg per ha0 It iaa aleo obeerved thatwhen manured with covi-dung at the rate of16812.38 kg por ha the averee production off inh flesh per day per pond amounted to about459 g a yield more then from ponde manured witheither 11,20826 or 2241652 kg per ha. Themanure ehould, be applied l5'20 dys before theanticipated dae of fry release.

It hac recently been observed that the ro-lease of soluble salts other then nitrogen aMphoophorue io not as high in the caso of cow-dungca in poultry manure (Roy end David in press).When poultry manure was applied along with 00W-dung manure in cement oleterna, catla was foundto grow at 1.1 mm per dey even at the oxooedthglyhigh rate of otocking of e. 16,575000 to28,050000 larvae/hag the rate of aurvivel being50 percent (Banerjce Singit end Rey in presa).

Alikunhl (1956) otated thatif the initialdoeo of manure dosa not result in the desiredlevel of plankton production, eupplomentary manu-ring should be dons which may riot 000ed 2951006k per ha but may have to be repeated every 45days hill production level of plankton io satin-factory0 A bloom of phytoplarikton, should itdevelop in the pondu can be controlled by spray-ing liquid cou'dung or some other organic matteror dyes, or by covering the surface of the pond.with the duck weed9 Lemna (Alikuxihi . 1952),both causing the bloom to dio within 4-5 days bypreventzg light penetration0 Alikunhi (1956)stated ha chemicals (eagacidee) should not beused o control algal blooms9 as they are likelyto be harmful to animalcules, the main food ofgrowing carp fry. In manured nursery ponds9weeds particularly the submerged onesp grow veryrapidly utilizing the readily available richnutriente end thus adverae].y affect planktonproduction. The weeds also offer shelter to pre-datory inacce. Alikunhi (1957) atetad thatmechanical removal cf usada at roc lar intervalswith human labour or with weed, cutting machineslo perhapo the moot practical method of removingthem in ahalleu nursery ponds.

Insects predate heavily on carp fry andspecial care la therefore taken to control thembefore re1easin fry in nurseriso, The controlmeasure consists of epreylug an emulsion of 56 kgmustard or coconut oil and 18 kg washing soap perha, on the water ourface 12-24 hours before re-leasing the fry (Pakraei, 1953). The emulsioncan bo applied, with a sprayer or sprinkled by hand.A still dey should be chosen for spraying lost theoil film gets blown to one sido of the pond.

The quantitative abundance of zooplanktonin a nursery can be estimated by adoptingappropriate limnological methods, A roughmethod for estimation of plankton has beendeveloped by Alikurihi (1956) for use by fishfarmers, About 54.552 1 of water, taken fromdifferont representative areas of the pond,aro filtered, through a muslin tow-net with aglass tube tied to the lower narrow end, thed,iwnotoz' of the glass tubo being 2,54 cm, Apinch of powdered couoeon salt is added to thewater in the tubs, when detached, to kill theplankton, Within 15-20 minutos of adding thesalt, most of the organisms settle at thebottom of tho tube, If tho column of planktonsediment is 6.35 to 8.5 en high from thebottom of the tube, is found to consistmostly of water-fleas and other animalcules,the water in the pond may be consideredsufficiently rich in plankton to be stockedat the rate of 494,200 to 741,300 fry per ha.The anima], er plant nature of the planktonsediment is roughly indicated by a palebrownish or greenish colour respectively. Aminimum of 1.5-2,0 ml zooplankton in 45 1 ofwater was observed by Alikunhi et al, (1955)to be essential for satisfactory stocking oftho pond. Ultra Mohapatx'a (1956) havealso stressed the desirabill of thoinitial availabi1i1 of iooplankton at therate of 0.1 to 0.33 cc per try and opinedthat e higher concentration does not giveappreciably bettor results, The number offry to be stocked in nursery ponds, dependingon the density of plankton, has been shown inPablo T.

For stocking a nursery with spawn, thewater in the fry container should be graduallybut thoroughly mixed with pond water so thatthe temperature difference, if any, is homo-genized, The fry container should thon beslowly dipped and tilted in water so that fryare free to swim out of the container intothe nursery, It is botter to release the fryin different areca of the nursery, Alikunhi(1957) observed that stocking a nursery isbest done lato in the evening, This givesthe fry time to acclimatize themselves duringthe ensuing night, relatin],y free from anypredators.

Within 2-3 days after stocking the foodavailable in the nursery often becomes verylow, Alikunhi (1956) observed that for thefirst two deys after feeding commenced., thefry do not take artificial food but dependalmost completely on natural food, Afterthis periodo artificial food along with thenatural food enhances the growth end surv'ivalof fry considerably, The commonly uinie-terod, artificial foods are rice bran and oilcakes of ground-nut, coconut and mustard.Powder oil-cakes and rice bran, which areto be given to fry as artificial food, should be

:1

Perennial or seasonal rearing ponds,

121.92-182.88 cm deep, 0.62-1.24 ha in

area and paddy fields with a depth of

45.72 cm or more

Rearing ponds slightly larger than

nursery ponds

Perennial or seasonal rearing ponds

retaining water for a long period, but

not deeper than 182.88 cm, long and

narrow in shape for easy, inexpensive

fishing operations and paddy fields

45.72-60.96 cm deep

R.aring ponds

Rearing ponds

Stocking ponds 1.25 - 2.0 ha in area

Table XXX

25.4-50.8mm 49,420 -74,130 without

feeding; 148,260-

197,680 with regular

feeding

25.4-38,1mm

98,840-123,550 without

feeding, 148,260-197,680

with artificial feeding

19.0-25.4mm

24,710 without feeding

197,680 with artificial

feeding

25.4-50.8mm 4,000-5,000

35 mm

250,000-500,000

Fingerlings

5,000-8,000 (catla:rohu:

50-100 mm

Inrigal: 3:6z1)

Rate of stocking in different kinds of ponds

Pype of ponds and/or their areas

Stage and!

or size

Approximate number

per ha of water

surface

Duration of

rearing in days

Authority

24

5

Shallow, seasonal nurseries, 91.44-152.40 orn

de.p, 1,524 cm z 1,524 cm or 1,828.8 cm z

914.4 orn in area and paddy fields with a depth

of over 30.48 orn.

fry up to

8.5 mm

741,300-1 235,500,

depending on density

of plankton available

as food

15-30

Anon. (1956a)

Seasonal nurseries 1,524-1,828.8 cm z 914.4 -

1,219.2 cm z 91.44-121.92 orn

do

1,235,500 - 1,976,800

15

Alikunhi (1956)

Seasonal, shallow nurseries 1,524 cm z 1,524 cm

in size and 91.44 - 121.92 cm depth

fry few

hours -3

days' old

222,390 without feeding,

1,235,500 with artifi-

cial feeding

15

Alikunhi (1957)

0.62 ha in size

30

Goodsell (1959)

Seasonal nurseries, 0.9 - 1.5 ni deep,

2.4 i

in in size or perennial ponds

f 'y

7,8129500

12-15

Hora and Pillay (1962)

1.8 - 3.6

nideep and 0.5 ha in area

Anon. (1956a)

30-60

60

Alikunhi (1956)

60-90

Alikunhi (1957)

60

Goodsell (1959)

Hora and Pillay (1962)

Lin (1951)

Stoc

king

pon

ds

Perennial stooking

pond

s 18

2.68

cm

ox'

mox

'cde

ep0.

202

ha o

x' m

oro

in a

rea,

pre

fera

bly

long end narrow in

ehap

oor

eas

y9 in

expe

n-sive nctti.ng opevationa and large water

bodies

do,

Perennial otookin

ponde

deep

, 0.1

34 h

a or

larg

er0,

809

- 1.

214

ha)

narr

ow in

eha

pe f

or c

aey

netting operations

Stocking ponds

Stoc

king

poLzda

do,

over

182

.88

cmin

arc

a (p

x'oZ

ox'x

'ed

preferabLy long end

inozpeneivo

2543

05 m

m19

853-

2,47

1without

Lee

ding

,29

965-

3,70

6 w

ith a

rtif

icia

lfe

edin

g

veni

lee9

76.2

- 127

.0 m

m3,

706

with

out a

rtif

icia

lfe

edin

g (c

atla

8 ro

hu m

riga

l3,

3,4)

2,47

1 ca

tla, 3

9296

roh

u,en

d 4,

492

mri

c].

5'-1

0of each apoolea ea allow-

eico fox' natural mortality

(if

indi

vidr

nl a

peal

e a

alon

e ar

e e

ookc

d)

-1,

023

eatia

, 1,0

23 x

'ahi

. and

1,364 mrigel .

10

of each

apoelee ea allowance for

natural mortality (oatlag

rohm

mx'

igal

c33

:4)

3,00

0

8-13

cm

1,87

5 ca

tie, 3

,750

roh

uen

d 62

5 m

riga

l

45

365

or more

Anon,

(195

6e)

-Alikunhi

(195

6)

-Alikunhi

(195

7)

A].

1 (1

957)

Goo

d.se

ll (1

959)

Hora

and

Pillay

(196

2)

i2

3

Fingerlin

LL

,942

-7,4

13 w

ithou

t fee

ding

102-

153

mm

9,88

4-12

,355

with

artif

i-18

0-.2

40Anon.

(195

6a)

ciel

Loa

ding

11th to 15th day 1

Table

Rates of feeding &w?in 15 days in nursery ponds(A1ikuzhi 1957)

Table Yfl

Volume of artificial food o be given to fry for 15 cl

in nursory ponds(U.kt1ai 1956/1957)

Vo1uao of fy uantitv of dai Leed in bati( bQti) ]iIutard oil Ground nut Coconut Rice bran

cake oil cake oil cake

* Bati a. small cup-like measure usually of 130l50 co capacity

20 FR S32 Catla (Revol)

First 5 d.cys after cjtooking Daiiy, double the weight of fry atthe time of stocking

6th to 10th day after stocking Dai1y, triplo the o1ght of fry atthe time of stocking

11th to the 15th dir after ctooking Daiiy9 four times the wight of fryat the time of stocking

i1

2nd to 5th ¿iE!y

6th to 10th clay

sifted through a fine meshed elevo to remo thehusk and to onsu.re uniformily in the size ofparticles, Daily doses of artificial food inthe first 5 days of stocking should be equal(Hora arid PIllay, 1962) or 1k-2 times (Ansan,1956a arid JUikunhi, 1957) the weight of fry atthe time of stocking; double (Hora arid Pi1ly,1962) or triple (Alikunhi, 1957) the weight offry as at the time of stocking for the nett 5days; and triple (Hora end Pillay, 1962) or 4-4times (.non., 1956a cnxì Alikunb.i, 1957) theweight of fry at the time of stocking, during thefollowing five days (see Table XXXI)O A fry of6-6,5 mm length weighs about 0,0014 g on enaverage (see Table XXXII). The average pro-duotlon of oar].y fingerlings in the first 15

of rearing io ehon in Table S$ III, Thehibee rato of survival was observed in thepond to which rico bran was added daily attwice tho initia], weight of the fry0

After about 15 days of nursing, when thefry have grown to 25,4 - 38.1 mm in length, theyare transferred to rearing ponds. The fry shouldnot be fed for two days in the nursery immediate-ly preceding netting for their transfer intorearing ponds0 A nursery cari be used to raiseseveral crops of fry in a season (&xion., l956a).Alikunhl, (1957) was able to produce 94,000 fryand early f ingerl inge in a 0.25 ha pond, in twocrops within a period of fIve weeks.

Rearing ponde should, as far as possible,be prepared in the sane manner as nursery ponds,The essential steps in the preparation ofrearing ponds are, as in nursery ponds, theelimination of all predatory and, trash fishesand manuring prior to stocking with fry. Withproper care the young fish attain fingerlingsize of 76.2 - 127,0 mm within 2 months in therearing ponds. They are then ready for thestocking ponds.

Table XXXIII

Production of early fingerlings in the first 15 days(A],ikunhi, 1957)

The stocking ponde should cuco be prepared, inadvance for reception of fingerlings, Thef'Jxst step is to drain them, if possible, andto remove the accumulated bottom deposits, Ifdraining io not possible, the bottom depositscan be colleoted by means of long scoops,operated from the bank or a boat, or byrepeated netting, Lime le thon added to pondswhich have acidic wa,er or a low cilkalinereserve, or in whIch there has been a fishdisease, Slaked, lime or quicklime should, asfar as possible, be applied to the pond bottomafter draining and ocdlmeut removal, or it meybe released at he pond inlet, or spread onthe water surface, Hora end Pilisy (1962)suggeccd that for complete disinfection ofponds a doso of about 10,000 k per ha of limoio necessary, but, if the liming is done rolarly every year L'or fertilization purposes,100-200 kg per ha should suffico for soilswhich are not very acidic or poor in carbo-natos. A limo dressing of 1,000 to 1,500 kgper ha is required for ponds with acid soiland water, The authare also stated that thealkaline reserve of pond water can be broughtto the desirable level with about 2 kg per haof lime but much larger quantities of limoare required to neutralise acidic pond sub-strata, It ici necessary to bring the pH ofthe soil, to about 6,5 to prevent a eudden fallin the pH of the pond water,

Hora d Pilisy (1962) have recommended adose of over 1,000 kg of cattle or horsemanure, about 560 to 1,200 kg of poultry manureand 5,000 kg of green compost per ha formanuring atooking ponds, Those ponds, likenurseries, may also be manured with compost,green grass, cow-dung end, oil oske, Theseauthors observed that a minturo of organic andinorganic fertilizer, consisting of 3 partoof enlisai manure and. 1 part of superphosphate,

Artificial foodprovidal

No, of ponds used,for earin

Percentage ofsurvival range

Average Avero produoionnumber per lia

Rico bran 4 47,0-99,0 77,2 953,633

Ground nutoil cake 5 13,2-71,8 36,6 477,076

ustard oil cake 4 4,5-51.0 28,2 348,460

Coconut oil cake 2 47,8-61.0 54,4 672,409

FR S32 Catla Rev,l :21

5:22

applied at the rato of about 500 kg per ha perannum9 is aleo quite feetive

Stocking ponde often t choked with aquaticweeds which deprive the pond soil of its nutri-tive slants, restriet the movement of fish,interfere with net ng'operations and harbourpradatora, inseot etc, Philipose (1964) 11aebriefly deocribed the methods cdopted for eradi'cation of weeds in pothe

Floating weeds like Eiohhornia and Pietie.are beat removed tr manual labour0 Chemicalalike 2,4-D ave quite effective and economical

a1net Eichhornla, though not froqueotly egainr3 bPietia,, Salici, Sen and Muhuvy (1956) worked outeconomics of the process cf dootruetion ofEichhornlci by using °CIDICO' containing 80-82percent sodium salt of diohlovophanor aoeticacid at c 4.2 ke/ha, without affecting the majorcarp stock, Actual spraying was carried out witha power sprayer, covering on an average about '

.hectare per day with the help of one mechanic andthree labourers. In Assem, spraying with 2,4-Dcit 8.4 kg/ha (in 19125 1 ciqueoue colution) withthe aid of Knap-sack sprayers, was found to bethe most effective method for masa clearance ofEichliornin in a bheel, Rannohandran (l963a),2,4-D, when mizad with a common domestic detorent,acts effectively on weeds like Platin,and Nelumbo in which leaves ae either hairy orwar, Simazino WP50, applied at 5,6ll.2 kg perha, has been found to kill Pietia, Eichhorninand Colocasin completely within 2-3 weeks evenduring rains. Laboratory ozperimen be conductedat the Cuttack Substation of the Central InlandFisheries Research Institute, India, showed thatSirnazine 25 percent pasto, sprayed in aqueoussolutions at 22 kg/ha killed 80 percent of Pletiaand 70 percent of Eichhornia in 15 days, withthe remaining plants also showing deterioration.Taficide-80 has been successfully used at dosoof 2,2 kWha for the control of Elobliornia,

Marginal weeds 1ikeypha, grasses, sedges,rushes, jpomea, Jusaiaea, gittaria and Colo-casia are boat controlled9 under Indian condi-tions, by ploughing-in, grazing by live-stock,buxning during dry season, or repeated cuttingand deepening of marginal shelves,

Rooted emergent weeds like Limnsnl,hemumaTrapa, gv-riophyllum etc, are auccesaful].y removedby repeatod weekly cutting of leaves beforefruiting, for about 6-8 weelcs0 Alternatively,spraying once or twice with 2,4-D (at 5.6-11,2 k/ha) kills some of these plants0 In field experi-mente, Cu304 when applied as crystalline lumps at140 ltg/ha to ponds infested with the weedLimnarithemuin cristatum, uprooted nearly 95 percentof the plants without any adverse effects on theplankton and fish populations of the treated waterareas,

'a/s32 Catin (Rey,1)

Rooted submerged weeds are cleared by a number of simple, manually operated devices likebottom rakes, log vreadera, metal aplicas withor without barbed wire attachment, forks, dragchaina or a bamboo pole fixed with a crosspiece at the lower end followed by repeatednetting with strong wire or ropa nota, Othermethods einploycä. include shading by floatingplants like Pistia or Scilvinia for a period of8lO weeks or by creating algal bloom or algalmats by repeated fertilisation with LPOtC.Soie of the fishes known to feed on woods are

idellci (Chinese ase carp),piitiue avanious, Tila la mossambica, T.molenopleura end vpinue carpio common carp)oOf those, grass carp is known to feed vorn-cioumi.y on Bydrilla and, to e. lesser degree,on Lagarosiphon, Najas, Lemma Azolla, end.

be used for effective biololcal controlof some of these aquatio weeds (Alikunhi and.Sukumaran, 1964), Philiposo (1964) stated thatsodium arsenito at 5'-6 ppm is very affectiveagainst submerged we s but cautioned againstits frequent use duc to its highly poisonousproperties, Banorjen and ultra (1954)appli CuSO4 of 10 ppm concentration innursery ponde heavily choked with Otteliaalismoidee, Linnanthemum 9ristatum and Nainsfoveolata, after the pH of the pond water wasfirst lowered to 6 by the use of 10 ppmH2SO4, Visible si;&s of withering of theweeds appeared in 3-4 days, and all thevegetation died in about 25 days, CuSO4 alonehas very little effect on the submerged weeds,Fish, however, are fatally affected by theabove-stated dose of CuSO4, Supnrphosphateor urea, at 150 ppm or above, kills most ofthe submerged weeds, usually producing analgal bloom and, probably serving as afertilizer as well, Remachandran (1963b)observ that anhydroua ammonia gas has beenfound effective for controlling weeds likeydril1a, Nains, Wolff la, }ymphasn end

Neluxnbium, when injected into the subsurfacelayer of water by means of an applicator at112-334 kg/ha or 6.4-18 ppm of uonia N,The unwanted fish are also killed by thismethod. Simazine WP-50, applied at 3-5 ppmhas been found to suppress ydril1n underlaboratory conditions,

Algal blooms end mats can be controlledby maintaining a thick cover of Lemma for2-3 weeks (Alikunhi et al,, 1952 ; SitnazinoWP-50, applied at 1 ppm, has boon found tocontrol algal growth without killing fish,Field trials have yet to be carried out,

After the pond is stocked, the conditionof the fish should be periodically checked bynetting at rogular intervals to ensure thatthey are thriving. Control measures to checkdisease are discussed under 5.67. Shade is

L32Catla ! *provided in shallow ponds by planting trees onthe ombanbnent, taking oars to perioUoallyremove the leaves which fall into the water0Treatment of acidic v.ratera by lime at ratesup to 10 ppm, and of foul water by 4Mn04 indoses not exceeding 1.5 ppm, has beenrecommended by Hora and Pillay (1962).Basu (l950a and 1958) stated that Bengal fishfarmers float cut banana stems on the ponds toadjust its pR. Although banana stem juice isacidic in reaction (pH it containsa considerably alkaline reserve which isbeneficial to the pond. The bottom of thepond is frequently raked to remove noxiousgases orten found accumulated there. Minutedoses of alum help to settle the suspended orcolloidal matter and thus to control highturbidity of the pond water, Sugar-canejaggery (gur) is sometimes employed forclearing pond water, but it should be used withcare as it is lethal to fish even at 1 percentconcentration, The inlet and outlet of thestocking pond should be protected by wirescreens,

5.6.6 Paddycum-fish culture

Alikunhi (1961) has briefly describedfish culture in paddy fields in India. Incertain districts of Andhra Pradesh, millionsof early fry of Catla catin, Cirrbina mrialaand Labeo fimbriatus enter the irrigated paddyf ields during June-July. They grow to earlyfingerling size of 4-6 cm by September-Octoberwhen they are caught in traps set at the inletsand outlets of terraced fields and across theconnected ditches and drains. An experimentwas carried out in the 24 Parganas districtsof West Bengal in 1945. Fingerlings of majorcarps, 19.05 - 63.5 mm long, were stocked inabout 238.765 ha of paddy fields at 1,478 perha. The growth of fingerlings in 3-4 monthswas recorded as 12.7 - 30,48 cm withoutartificial feeding and the production waso. 112.08 kg per ha. Further experimente ona larger scale have been undertaken by theMadras Fisheries Department. Hora (1951)observed the annual average yield of fishcultured in rice fields without artificialfeeding to be 104,2 kg per ha, Paddy-cum..fiehculture is commonly practised in the deltaic

areas of the rivero Godavari, Krishna andCauvery and the "IColo" oulivation fields inSouth Malabar (Chacico and Ganapati l952)

5.6.7 Disjo and parasitecontrol

Ses Table XXXIV

5.6.8 Harvest

No definite information is available onthe best size at which catla, raised inculture operations, should be harvested0 Inmost oases, the entire crop of fish in thepond is harvested regardless of size, although,in some well organized fisheries, fishesbelow a particular size are not captured forfood, Catla attains ita maximum rate ofgrowth in weight probably in the second orthird year of ita life, Seasonal ponde haveto be completely fished out in summer whenthe yearlings are transferred to permanentwaters, if available, However, dependingon the local demand for fish, the yearlingscan also be profitably maricetod.

Catin as a speoies is not ordinarilycultured alone but jointly along with othercarps. Fish produotion in pond culturooperations in India and Pakistan varicewidely. An unattended wild crop doce notordinarily exceed en annual production levelof o. 112 kg/ha. In cultivated v7atora, with-out any artificial feeding, a produotion of300 to 900 kg/ha is achieved annually (Lin,1951), With artificial feeding the annualproduction can be increased to o. 2802 kg/ha(A].ikunhi, 1956), In a pond oulture experi'ment with catin and the silver oarp,H o hthalmicht a molitrix, lasting fourmonths, Alikunhi and Sukumaran (1964)computed an annual production of 1328 kg/ha.When catin was cultured alone, they estimateda production of 1193 kg/ha annually.

5:24

Tabi r, Iv

Diseases and their control measures

FR S32 Catla (Rev.l)

Dye disease

Costiasis

Argulosis

Ligulosis

Dropsy

Dip for 1 minute in 1:3,000 CuSO4solution once daily for 3-4 days. Inlaboratory conditions dip treatment for Gopalakriahn3 seconds in 1:10,000 solution of ala- (1964)chite green was found effective.

One hourly treatment with Ch1oronrcetinfor 2-3 consecutive days, or treatment Gcpalakrishnanwith 1 ppm KMnO4, (1962)

10-minuto baths in 3% cotrnon salt Hora and Pil1solution or in 1:2,500 formalin (1962) endsolution. Gopalekr'ishnaai

(1964)

Hora ii Pillay(1962)

Application of lime in the pond at0.1-0.2 g per 1 after all fish areremoved, the pond. bottom exposed tosun for at least 24 hours beforeapplication of 1ime,

Pond. treatment with gamznexano at aconcentration of 0.2 p*i repeated twiceor thrice at weekly intervals.

No chemical method yet devised.. Partlycontrolled b±ologioally by the das buc-tlon of permanent host.

Gyrodactylosla 5 minutos' dip in 5% common salt or5-lo minutos'dip in 1:5,000 formalino1ution.

Treatment rith Ch1oroycetin at aconcentration of 60 mg in 4.545 1 ofwater. No food, to be given duringtreatment.

Alikunhi (1957)

Hora and. Pillay

(1962)

Saha and Sen (1955)and Gopalakriahnan

(1964)

Gopalakriahnan(1964)

van Duijn (1956)

Disease Control measures Authors

Fin rot Bath for 1-2 minutes in 1:2000 solutionof Cu504. Treatment to be stopped, when Hora and Pillfish show distress. (1962)

Ichtbyophthiriasia Dip for hourly durations in 1:5,000formalin solution for 7-10 days, or Gopalakrishnancommon salt solution for more than (1964)7 days.

Gill rot 5-10 minutes' bath in 3-5% salt solutionor in 5 p..n KMnO4 solution.

Saprolegnia Dip in 3% common salt solution or ininfection 1:2,000 solution of Cu604, or in

1:1,000 solution of L04 for 5-lominutes, or until fish show distress.

FR/S2 Catla (Rev.l) 6s1

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Saha, LC, and N,IL Chowdhury, Studies on the mortality in spnin and fry of Indian major carps1956 during transport. Part 1. Investìgations rolating to the uso of specific soil (red.

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1955 Ann.Biochem,, 15(1)z71-2

Studies on the mortality in spasm and fry of Indian major carps during transport.

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D,P. Sen and S,M. Banorjee, Uso of sodium tal in the transport of fry of Indianmajor carps. Ann,Biochem,, l5(2):l33

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1958 Soins), by 24-D. Soi,Cult0 23:556

Saha, LO, et nl,, Stud.io on the factors influencing spawning of Indian major carp in bundh

1957 fisheries, Indian J,Fish. 4(2):284-94

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Sarkar, H.I.., On a new Acanthocephala, Pal1isenti colisal from the fish Colisa fasciatus

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SYNOPSES OF FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL DATA

This is one of a series of documents issued by FAO, CSIRO and USFWS concerning speciesand stocks of aquatic organisms of present or potential economic interest. The primary purposeof this series is to make existing information readily available to fishery scientists according toa standard pattern, and by so doing also to draw attention to gaps in knowledge. lt is hoped thatsynopses in this series will be useful to other scientists initiating investigations of the speciesconcerned or of related ones, as a means of exchange of knowledge among those already work-ing on the species, and as the basis for comparative study of fisheries resources. They willbe brought up to date from time to time as further information becomes available either asrevisions of the entire document or their specific chapters.

The relevant series of documents are:

FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. FR/Sreplacing, as from 1.1.63 FAO FisheriesBiology Synopsis No. FB/S

CSIRO Fisheries Synopsis No. DFO/Sand

USFWS FAO Fisheries Sinopsis No. BCF/S

Synopses in these series are compiled accordng to a standard outline described in FIb/SiRev. 1 (1965).

FAO, CSIRO and USFWS are working to secure the cooperation of other organizations andof individual scientists in drafting synopses on species about which they have knowledge, andwecome offers of help in this task. Additions and corrections to synopses already issued willalso be most welcome. Comments including suggestions for the expansion of the outline andrequests for information should be addressed to the coordinators and editors of the issuingorganizations.

FAO:

Fishery Resources and Exploitation DivisionMarine Biology and Environment BranchFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy

USFWS:

L.W. Scattergood, Chief, Branch of ReportsU.S. Department of the InteriorFish and Wildife ServiceBureau of Commercial FisheriesWashington, D.C. 20240, U.S.A.

FRm/S33(Rev. 1)

FRi/S36

FRm/S34(Rev. 1)

FRm/S38

FRm/S39

FR/S32(Rev. 1)

CSI RO:

Maureen A. Wright, Scientific EditorCSIRO Division of Fisheries and OcenographyBox 21Cronulla, N.S.W.2230 Australia

Synopsis of biological data on the Norway pout Trisopterusesmarkii (Nilsson) 1855

Synopsis of biological data on the bream Abramis brama (L.)

Synopsis of biological data on the blue whiting Micromesistiuspoutassou (Risso) 1810

Synopsis of biological data on Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus)Le Jolis. Provisional version

Synopsis of biological data on Monostroma latissimum Wittrockin Japanese cultivation. Provisional version

Synopsis of biological data on catla Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

January 1968

February 1968

July 1968

August 1968

August 1968

November 1968

Consolidated lists of species or groups covered by synopses issued to date or in preparationwill be issued from time to time. Requests for copies of synopses should be addressed to theissuing organization.

The following synopses in this series have been issued since January 1968:

MR/81970/12.68/E/1/750