W*w Proficiency

hssKEYWorkbook

NICK KENNY

AMACMILLN

Macmillan Education

P.iy:9" Towns Road, oxford OX4 3ppA division of Macmillan publishers iimitedCompanies and represenrariu.s rh.;;;;;; the world

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-^^._ 9 3)j 974jj e twirhoui[ey)ISBN 0 333-9^7438 7 (Greek editi6n wirh keyt0 333 e7437 e (Greek edirion;i;h;;iev)Text @ Nick Kenny 2002Design and illustraiion @ Macmillan publishers Limited 2002

First published 2002

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Acknowledgements

;::#i"ffi i#?.:',::'j#::l#5: j:,,iitgTxxf :ffi?.Edi,hBoreham,

HTJi::lfl,l #::T,:ii' wourd rike to thank the foilowing for permission to

The Independent for an exftact from ,The world is just a great big tortellone, byKeith Botsford, The Independen.t s."f""], ii.ptJmber r_sse; octopus publisiring

3;::; :?; # :;,Jffi ,t::r n a Y c i oitvi' av ffil ag... u. .,, rvn ( r.e8 e ) ; k t e s r ap h

Mccarrney^;r;;;i"i"#,ilir3 jL,l'S1TB,r:1l$n::;*t**3;_(t996); The Independent ior rrr.*t.io i."rlr:o". ir _y per nates, by David

i"ilii,$l;"TiKr;xft:,"f #:#:|;n,H[ii;:#\:";*ii,i;"y;:l0/01; penguin Books,(UK) f". u; ;";;;l;;;';;" Adventures of the BbvReader' by Laurie Lee r:-r

9an,t stay l;;;,";;;;;rooks te77,@ Laurie Lee.1975; Douglas Friedli fr

;,xtp jr#':#f #::i{!tr!,it":riT*i*:li*,r*i"*

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counsel, by "r,ifU ,Surn,r.t

in Tatler,July 1998, JuliaSamuer @ Tatler The cond6 Nast pub]rL"ti"*"iffia; curris Brorvn and companyfor an exrrao from rhe eyivennp^rreii;;/"";;;"n, (sphere Books. teer i

ii4.ij:!#,*,_r:,i;}n;;;5*h,tr jxijB"rffi*#,x,rt#:tlrfrom ,Mash

is not such 3 fiIi, i" rir6 aiirrit.il.*, ro.rao., Issue 5 of rhe AList, rhe Mirror,22_28 May,.te9e, c""iil;"r.;;silp.r, rimirca for an extracrfrom 'Bland ambition cl, of ,fr. w".f"^n".r;iy ilr;ady Costa in The GuardianFriday Review 8 June 20C

exracrrrom"",,r*,"'.1'r?.sfi:f lillx'J,"sffi ffi :',flkD.?t jJ,ic."l#;Financial Times weekend nr* ,r.spriii, u"i"i"r,"io7u,-*.p.oauced by kind per_il.';;ffi }i'H2:.:w,n;nni!:i+fiT::,T"#f Lff j*.*:*::,Ltd for an exracr from rh, M"ki";;i;;;riir*"iar*bs

to Mindby StevenRose, Banram press (ree2).@ st""." n"i. id;;a:;;bn:i;r-d;;#;;;;1". ""iiTf iitffi g,JtK#'(.rfr 3;^,:*r:;#r;*iiig,;';;;;;;;;!";";\;"

Inremadonal Newspaoers.Ltd ro. u" .*,iu&L"ori'to- g-.y matrer can be red hot.by Anjana Alruja in The Tim,es .,tntertr..;, ia b""U.JI996 @ Times NewspapersLimited, l6 october 1996; Josh sm, fo.*."irli?om ,past Masrers Secondhandbut nor Second Best: vintag-e-de"r ; ii iili'iliii*i weekend How to Spend rt

ff '#::i';i;,;:y;"wiii;w:i::it*:,,;ffi I"#d###,,ffifor an exrracr from Life s otier Secret: iniiiilii#tics of the Living worrdbv ran,stewart (Allen Lane The penguins ?r.rr, r iss-it;;vngrrt o Ian Stewan, 1998;David Higham Associares on "behalf

"f i-t..rrf,"ii5i lby Dorothy r. s"v..r-u".perCouins; rhe Economist ror:"":11?Lti:n"audy

Nisht'Monumental, in The Econ

p*:t"u*"*###:ii*{,i[x[[.'}i]inE*;:"li*r";;iffi .Tetley Group Lrd for an .rTT frgT .ffri.riy *oit,?.uourr" Ttainee Tea Taster, inThe Guardian,23 June ,00,1, ,{" N"rt"""f ljr#"#e"co. Ltd for an exracr from

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au.,., for an exftacrfrom 'on four legs you can take fJr ;;;;, i" rh; ;;;;;rdent weekend,e Marchl::x,#:;:;"wi::#i;l,txi:ti:n;.::ri/ix'i:;'d;?iii{i#^",Illustrators magazine for an exfiact from ,offner"r it e,foGascoigne tn Artists and lltutAttists e rilu s tr atoo uos oa,)K'ffi "?1h1t

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whilst every effort has been made to trace owners of copyright materiar in thisbook, there may have beetto co nr a ct th e o wn e rs. *;"J"fr: ;X' :lJ*ffi Jffi :jT:T:ffi';Ti: ";;ilrecognizes copyright material and wh"o i,

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Prinred and bound in Thailand2009 2008 2007 2006 2005lr 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

Contents

Introduction

Unit 1 Sign of the Times 5

unit 2 call of the wild 15

Unit 3 A Word in your Ear 24

Unit 4 A Fine Romance 33

Unit 5 All Right on the Night 43

Unit 6 Tip of my Tongue 52

Unit 7 A Matter of Taste 62

Unit 8 Go your own Way 71

Unit 9 Nose to the Grindstone 80

Unit 1O The Road Ahead 89

Answer Key 97

IV

IntroductionIhis Workbook is designed to be used alongside the Student's Book and the exercises in each unit are generallybased on the themes and topics found in the Student's Book.

Each unit in the Wo.tUoot lncludes a wide variety of tasks and exercises, all designed to help you develop yourvocabulary and practise the reading, writing and Use of English skills you need to pass the revised CambridgeCertificate of Proficiency in English examination (CPE). Even if you are not following a course based on theStudent's Book, you will find the exercises useful.

As well as giving you practice in the exam-style tasks and exercises, this Workbook also has a number of otherimportant features:

. explanations of the main grammatical points with practice exercises

r interesting texts with either multiple-choice or comprehension questions

o practice of both composition and summary writing

. help with the correct use of punctuation in English

. help with pronunciation

. help with spelling

. vocabularydevelopment

. practice in the use of idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs

tv

Sign of the Times

VOCABULARY Wordsearch1 Find as many words as possible connected with the topic of hamburgers in the grid. Words may run

horizontally or vertically. One has been done for you as an example.

TAYOHBAJRFDARSOTCFKOCOADFREH

K E AWA Y L A B

MN I P R E S E N

c owTKLWHMMA E

GMALBTOULBRSAGELDSILAZ NMEREND E

H AMB U R G E R

CUPRHVRXEROZENRITLSTRAWPLUIAEICONLNSHOLWILLBHGROUNDJURAAKMCDONAHELENBEEFSEASONINGI E S C C HA I N

C O K E AMB L A

Divide the words you have found into groups under these five headings:

Accessories Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies Methods/ProcessesIngredients

READING: Comprehension1 Now think about another type of food - pasta. Think of as many words as you can which you associate with

pasta and put them under the five headings. Do you need any other headings?

Ingredients Accessories Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies Processes/Methods

5W

UNIT 1

2 Read the first part of this article about pasta quickly. How many of the words on your lists can you find in thearticle?

3 Read the text more carefully and answer the questions which follow.

10

15

Plonet PostoPasta, in one form or another, is a componentof many cuisines around the world. Evenwhere it is not part of the local cooking tradi-tion, it is still generally available. All the moreextraordinary, therefore, that sales of pasta inBritain should have increased 48% between1991 and 1995, and continue to do so. A sim-ilar trend has been registered in France andthe USA. Only the Italians, it seems, are con-suming less of the stuff. So, what lies behindthis trend?

First, let us consider pasta itself. Apart fromputting a slab of meat on a fire, boiling an eggor eating vegetables ra% no dish in the worldis much simpler than pasta. It consists of flour,egg and water. It is dropped into boiling waterand requires no more skill in cooking thanboiling an egg. Like an egg, it is appetizing orunappetizing according to the amount of timeit is cooked, and like an egg there is some vari-ation in the cooking time, depending onwhether you like it soft or prefer it to retain itsresilience.

However, where other staples like rice or breadhave survived and are eaten more or less as is.

the almost unique characteristic of pasta is thatit is no more than a savoury depository forother flavours: those of its innumerablesauces. No one you or I know eats pasta plain.At *re very least, we add butter and theChinese cook it in stock or add pungent spices.

This combinatory capacity, of course, is oneof the reasons for the ubiquity of pasta.rJThatever your most prized and availableflavours (fish, meat, fungi or vegetables), theycan be combined with pasta, and this factorallowed it to migrate from its original Asianhome to Italy, whose main foodstuff it haslong been. It also permitted chefs around theworld to experiment and invent means bywhich its flavour could be enhanced.

Pasta is also cheap, democratic, filling andnutritious. Its carbohydmtes provide quicklyconvertible energy and whatever you add to itsimply adds to its nutritional value. Finally,though there are some people who don't eatsome of those additional ingredients, youwould be hard put to find anyone who doesn'tlike it.

Extracts from an article by I(eith Botsford, first published in The Independent 5 September 1996.

I What is it about pasta that the writer finds so surprising in paragraph one?

2 What essential quality of pasta is the focus of paragraph two?

I Which word in paragraph three describes the group of foods to which pasta belongs?

4 In your own words, explain what the writer means by'this combinatory capacity'. (line 32)

5 In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'you would be hard put to find...'?(lines 47-48)

Pasta has become one of the most ubiquitousfood items in \Testern culture in recent years.The food's obvious qualities of taste and tex-ture don't fully explain this, however, and Iwould like to suggest that a number of eco-nomic and social factors have played a part.The first and most important of these is thenew democracy of the kitchen; the fact thatneither meal-times nor the symbolic impor-tance of the dinner table retain their formerformality. Pasta is a rough-and-ready, quickly-prepared food fix. As it meets with universalfavour and takes no great effort, it is availableto all, and at any time. One cannot underesti-mate what this new ease of eating, at any time,under any circumstances means. It meansfreedom from planning because the ingredi-ents are always available; it means quick andpungent satisfaction of appetite allied withfacility; it is uncomplicated.

As the old habits of eating - as a family, withthe usual cast of characters, with manners,table settings, etc. have died out under the exi-gencies of modern working hours and theabsence of a woman stuck at home preparingfood for husband and children, so pasta hasadvanced alongside, I might add, other quickfixes from the take-away to the stir fry, thepizza to the pre-washed salad. The influencehere is American. It is Americans who invent-ed the whole idea of the meal-on-the-move,the drive-in, the fast-food outlet, the fran-chised, standardized meal.

The next major influence is economic. WhenI was much younger, pasta was what one ate inrestaurants: it was what one could afford, it

was a known quantity, it seldom went wrongand wasn't pretentious, not requiring mannersor formality of any kind. Pasta is user-friendlyin much the same way as it is cook-friendly.

But if pasta has made great strides in the pastfew years, it has to be due to the emphasisplaced on the 'healthy' Mediterranean diet. Ican remember, many years ago, that when Ireported in the British press that the Italianfootball team trained on pasta before a bigmatch, I was thought scarcely believable. Pastawas considered a 'heavy' indigestible dish inBritain at that time. It was not long, however,before the sceptics realized that, in fact, wehave few such excellent, short-term energy-providers as pasta. It is quickly absorbed, eas-ily digested and gives instant results. In a

world increasingly devoted to health and exer-cise, pasta was a natural.

I like to think, however, that the clinchingargument in favour of pasta, and the reasonwhy it is the fastest expanding food area infood marketing, is its accessibility. Pastabreaks down the distinction between cookingand eating: it brings out the inventive in eventhe rankest amateur, since almost anything canbe thrown into a pasta saucel it makes nodemands on anyone. Even the most modestcook can produce miraculously good pasta -as it were, by accident. The democracy ofpasta is based on the enjoyment factor. It is infact a convivial dish, an always welcome dish,a leveller. If you combine that with the healthfactor, its accessibility to vegetarians and itslow cost, the phenomenon becomes perfectlyunderstandable.

105

120

4 Now read a continuation of the article and answer the questions which follow.

I Which word in the first paragraph is used to describe the fact that pasta is found everywhere?

2 In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'the new democracy of the kitchen

urnes )o-) / )

3 What two social changes are described as contributing to changes in eating habits in Western culture inrecent years?

UNIT1 W

7W

WW UNIT 1

0 it (line 4)

I It (line 16)

2 those (line 28) =3 whose (line 38) =4 these lline 56; =

=

-

Pasta their (line 59) =It (line 65) =

here (line 79) =

it (line 9l ) =

Vocabularycan you add any more words from the second part of the article to the lists you wrote before reading the text?

SummaryI use information from both parts of the article to list the main reasons why pasta has become so popular.2 Put the list of points in order, from the least to the most important, u..o.ding to what the writer has told us.3 In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, explain these reasons in your own words as far as possible.

Begin with the sentence below and use some of the words and phrases in the box to help you.

4 In your own words, explain why the writer chose to eat pasta in restaurants when he was younger.

5 why were British people initially surprised that Italian football players 'trained on pasta,? (line 95)

6 What does the writer mean by the phrase 'the clinching argument'? (lines 105-r06)

firstly secondly thirdly finallylastly what's more moreover in

furthermore thereforeaddition likewise

There are a number of reasons why parta has become such a popular food in western countries like Britain in recent years. . .

Reference skillsLook back at these words which are in bold in the texts. In each case say what the word is referring to. onehas been done for you as an example.

)6

7

8

Dependent prepositionsPut one of the prepositions from the box into each of these phrases from the article without looking at thetext. When you have finished the exercise, look back to cheik your answers.

to from of into with

I Apart putting a slab of meat on a fire... (lines I2_I3\2 It consists _ flour, eggs and water. (linesl5_16)3 Whatever your most prized and available flavours... can be combined pasta... (lines 34-36)4 As it meets universal favour... (lines 6l_62)5 It means freedom planning... (lines 65_66)6 In a world increasingly devoted health and exercise... (lines lo2-lo4)7 Almostanythingcanbethrown apasrasauce... (lineslll_li2)8 Its accessibility vegetarians... (line I 19)

W8

UNITl W

sewite .

N.B. This form exists in a variery of tenses and in each case it is the verb to have or to getwhich indicates the tense.

Use:mainlytotalkaboutprofessionaIservicestoacustomer:t'rii naving mi car ripaired. (This means that someone is repairing my car for me.)

''rcompare wlrn:|m repairing my car. (This means that I'm doing it myself .)

For questions l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the-.r'ord given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wordgiven. Each of the new sentences uses a causative form. Here is an example (0).

Example: My car needs servicing badly.

gotAnswer: It's high time I got m)t car serviced.

I They will shorten trousers for you at the cleaners.

haveYou can at the cleaners.

2 Your central heating boiler should have an annual service.

getYou annually.

3 I shall ask a professional photographer to take my passport photo.

getI shall a professional photographer.

4 We will be employing a catering company to prepare the food for the party.

havingWe'll by a catering company.

5 It's not necessary to find an engineer; you can repair the fault yourself.

have

You don't have , you can do it yourself.

6 Someone is making a new pair of dining room curtains for us.

rnade

We for the dining room.

7 It was a mistake to let a gardener paint the outside of our house.

have

We shouldn't by a gardener.

9WW

W UNIT 1

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 1: Full stops and capital.I'IICIC

IS

for the pronoun I

In this passage there are no full stops, commas or capital letters. First read the text to get an idea of its content, thendecide where the sentences should begin and end, and add the required punctuation.

as any italian housewife will tell you homemade pasta is not difficult to make it does however require

patience and time which is why i tend to make it on sunday mornings people who have a gift for making

pastry or bread will have very little problem in making pasta as many of the skills applied to allthree are

the same the most important thing to remember is that you need plenty of uncluttered work surface a

very large chopping board or marble slab is ideal but modern laminate worktops are quite adequate an

extra large rolling pin will make the rolling of the pasta dough much easier if you plan to go into pasta

making in a big way then it may be worth your while to buy a pasta machine at the turn of a handle this

will give you many different shapes and thicknesses of pasta these machines manufactured in northern

italy are now widely available in specialist kitchenware shops all over the world

PHRASAL VERBS: With outChoose one verb from the box to complete the phrasal verb in each of the sentences 1-10, and write the correctform of the verb in the space provided. One has been done for you as an example.

bring call come draw get g€ hold fall pull sell watch

o

I2

3

4

)6

7

8

9

l0

Darren said that certain types of trainer lnad gone completely out of fashion.

One supermarket has out in favour of banning cigarette sales.

Another supermarket is

-

out a book on healthy eating in December.

Tony's very shy. Get chatting to him and see if you can

-

him out a bit.

Justin and Rachel are not talking; they have out with each other.

Tracy said she'd

-

a lot out of that course in media studies.

No agreement was reached. The strikers decided to

-

out for a better deal.

The supermarket has completely out of cheap washing powder.

As you go round the flea market out fol pickpockets as well as bargains.

The doctor can't see you at the moment; he's been

-

out on an emergency.

Tim was out of a parking place when the accident happened.

w10

UNITl W

' READING: Lexical clozeRead this article written by an anti-smoking campaigner. The linking words and phrases have been taken out.For questions l-12, decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. One has been done for you as anexample (O).

Smoking is known to be one of the greatest single causes of death in our society. Too little seems to be done,

(0) C , to stop young people taking up the habit in the first place.

(f ) _, cigarettes are openly on sale in many public places and laws governing the minimum age at which

they can be bought often seem to be ignored. (2) _, cigarette advertising continues to figure largely in some

parts of the media, (l) _ recent moves to outlaw this, and is, (a) _, often targeted at young people.

(5) _ anti-smoking campaigns have been organized in recent years, these seem not to have been

particularly effective, (6)_ the rise in the numbers of young people, especially girls, who take up smoking

each year. (7) _supporting such campaigns in principle, I would like to propose an alternative approach.

(8) _, I think that the advertising of cigarettes should be completely banned from all aspects of the media.

(9) _, the sale of cigarettes should be more tightly controlled to ensure that the law regarding underage

smokers is respected. And, (lO)

-

, cigarettes should not be sold in places such as caf6s and supermarkets

frequented by young people and families. Their sale should ( f f )

-

be restricted to licensed tobacconists

and sharp penalties should be imposed on those breaking the law, particularly those selling cigarettes on the

black market.

(f2) _, I would like to add that, of course, it is the duty of parents, teachers and other responsible adults

to set a good example; by not smoking!

0 Aalthough Bdespite Chowever Dmoreover

I A Likewise B To begin with C Whilst D Therefore

2 AHowever BMoreover CNonetheless DThough

3 A otherwise B thanks to C despite D however

4 A what's more B likewise C therefore D even though

5 ADespite BHowever CFurthermore DAlthough6 Aresulting Bespecially Cinstead Dgiven7 AHowever BWhilst CFinally DTherefore

8 AAlthough BWhilst CFirstly DEspecially

9 AFurthermore BTherefore Clnstead DOtherwisetO A to sum up B secondly C in addition D in spite of this

ll Ahowever Bnonetheless Cinstead Dlikewise12 A In addition B Consequently C Therefore D Finally

Speliing in English is sometimes difficult as there is no dir".t relationship between the sounds and the lettersused to represent them. Also, the 'rules' of spelling are complicated and it is not useful to try and learn them. Youhave to do what English speakers learn to do - remember the spelling of each new word ur yo, come across it.

There are, howevel some tips which might help you io improve your spelling in Engfish and these can be usefulto remembei, sut don't forget, there will always be some exceptions to even the simplest general rules.

11M

W UNIT 1

The silent eMany words end in Lhe letter e, but in a number of words this e is silent, or unpronounced:

care /kea/ believe lbili:v/ achieve /etJi:v/ de[inite /defrnrt/ nice /nars/."1?,i;.)n"::#flu.'hich end with a sounded letter e:

When adding a suffix beginning wirh a vowel ( -ing, - able, -est) ro a wole is usually dropped:

rd ending in a silent e' then the lett'

care + caring* believe * believable nice - nicest

illll,XX}iifJ,::|il,::i,T;;it with a consonant (e s - rv, -menr. -rur) ro a word ending in a sirenr e, rhen

achieve - achievement detinire * delinitely care + carefulThe main exceptions are words ending in c and g sounds. So, rry to remember:

notice+noticing+noticeablechange+changing+changeablemanage+managing+manageable

For questions l-l l, add a suffix to the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in thspace in the same line. The word you write should make sense in the context of the passage.

John got up, looked our of the window and (r) started TMMEDTATE(2) . After five days of pouring rain and wet clothes, he SMILEsaw to his (3) that the sun had come out. He had AMAZEalways known the weather in Scotland would be (4)

but he wasn't prepared for the pleasant surprise of (5)

the sun (6) ---

down on him this particular morning. He sHrNEcould (7) believe his luck. BARE

For, according to the (8) he had come to with rhe AGREE(9) _-- of the hotel, this was the day when he would go MANAGEsailing round the (f 0)

had told him was (11)

Isle of Skye, which all his friends LOVEworth doing.

CHANGESEE

DEFINITE

GRAMMAR: Review of past tensesRemember the form and use o[ the past tenses:

Present Perfect:

Form: have + the past participle of the verb

l" i:,::h ::? id;;: :,:y:i;;i:"'i

n vo u r'l i'| e :

' ';,':';;o,xi:Yi:;:i;;i,I:;' happened in unrinished pcriods or time:

I've learnl how to use a PC.

o the present perfect continuous to talk about things which staned in the past and are still happening now:I've been painting my rlom since this morning. I shiuld be finished by tonighi.

"f r)?,' j,li};,;X';f ,:,i::X,Tehappenedrecenr,v:

w12

uNfTl W

Put the verbs in brackets in this text into the correct tense according to the context. The verbs may be eithersimple or continuous forms of the past, the present perfect or the past perfect tenses. One has been done forrou as an example.

Many children start going for dental checkups at an early age, but l(elly Smithers was fourteen years old

whenshe(0)went(go)forthefirsttime'It(r)-(be)notahappyexperience'

Until then Kelly (2) (be) lucky. She (3) (always have) good teeth and (4)

(neverhave)sufferedfromtoothache.ButfortwooIthreemonthsI(elly(5)-(get)pain,onandoff,inoneofherteeth'So,hermother(6)-(decide)thatatriptothedentist(7)-(be)necessary.

It (8) _ (turn) out to be a terrible experience for I(elly. She (9) (have) twelve fillings inone sitting and (fO) (be) in great pain. Since then, Kelly (f f ) (suffer) from dental

phobia and (f 2) (never have) the courage to go to the dentist's again.

But then, three months ago, Kelly (f 3) (sign) up for a session at Feelgood Dentistry. She

(r4)-(start)tohavetoothacheagainand(r5)-(realize)thatshe(l6)-(need)todosomethingaboutit.AtFeelgoodshe(r7)-(have)regularcounsellingsessionsand(l8)-(be)giventhechancetotalkthroughherproblemsthoroughly.,It(l9)-(be)wonderful so far,' she says, 'I (20) (begin) to understand what lies behind my phobia and so Ishould be able to overcome it soon.'

13w"

UNIT 1

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passageFor questions l-15, read the text below and from the words in the box, choose the one which best fits each snace.One has been done for you as an example.

with against during in jrlsfcame take been way who

outwhal

tot5

up which

The Grisly Things that Land on your Plate

Imagine finding a sheep's tooth in a packet of peanuts, a dead spider in your frozen pizza or broken glass in abread roll. These are (O) just a few of the items that lound their (l) on to consumers' tables lastyear, according (2) a report on consumer complaints by Alan Richards.

His job (3)

-

to try and identify when and how the objects got into the product. About ten percent ofclaims turn (4) to be unfounded. Tests on wasps and flies in pots of jam, for example, often showthey were not cooked along (5) the product in a factory, but fell (6)

-

much later -unnoticed by the outraged consumer, (7)

-instantly

blamed the producer.

But, products often end (8) back at the factory for investigations into (9) went wrong. Inthe past, screws and metal rivets have fallen from machines (10) processing, or lightbulbs haveshattered, sending shards of glass into the product. But these days, most factories ( f f ) _ great care toensure that their quality systems are very thorough indeed.

Factory workers have (12) known to sabotage food because they had a grudge (f3) _ themanagement. This is the only explanation for how one consumer (f4) to buy a carton of milk(f 5)

-

contained the entire contents of a fly-trap - over one hundred insects.

VocabularyFind these words in the passage. One has been done for you as an example.

0 a noun meaning people who buy clnsumers

I an adjective meaning not based on fact2 an adjeclive meaning very angry

3 a verb meaning broken into small pieces

4 a noun meaning small, sharp pieces

5 a verb meaning deliberately damage/spoil something

6 a noun meaning a feeling of anger or dislike towards someone

SummaryIn a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the reasonsgiven in the text why strange objects sometimes turn up in food.

w14

Call of the WildVOCABULARY Animals1 Find the names of twenty animals in the word 'snake'.

in

Match each adjective on the left with an animal on the right to make a common simile. One has been done foryou as an example. Are these animals associated with the same adjectives or qualities in your language?

"-'"*t'%.nt* \,

s..&*-

""0"nd*'\ooo^

busy

free

sick

proud

quiet

sly

strong

stubborn bee

wlse bat

Use one of the animal names in the box as a verb to complete each of the sentences. One has been done foryou as an example.

dog worm badger fox fish rvelf

0 The way David wolfed down the sandwich, you'd think he hadn't eaten for a week.

I Derek has been by misfortune all his life.

2 Amy her mother to buy her some sweets.

3 The police were completely

-

by the mystery of the missing manuscript.

4 When Sally said her dress was nothing special, she was really for compliments.

5 Tievor is very secretive, it's difficult trying to

-

information out of him.

s*a.

dead ---___ parrot

blind \ dodo

ngr:vq

%9)9^e-'a/n

'9atorh

aki

As dead as a dodo.

peacock

OX

owl

mule

mouse

fox

bird

15W

s uNtT 2

READING: Comprehension1 Read the article quickly and underline the names in

relationships between these people and animals?the box as they occur in the text. What are the

Brad Carter Mary-Ann Selena Joshua Ashley Ron Hawkins Ann Webb

One of my pet ba,tesWhen I heard the terrible srory of the familyattacked by a nine-foot python in a hotel room inSan Diego, California, my initial reaction was toblame the hotel management _ who increasingly

s cut costs by hurrying chambermaids throughtheir duties. But even allowing for such careless_ness, it would take a very casual cleaner to over_look a two-stone (metric) serpent; for constrict_ing snakes will not blend in with shower curtains,

ro bidets, pile carpet and trouser_presses.

So, I was relieved to discover that the unfortu_nate victims of the reptile had actually broueht itwith them; Brad Carter and his p..gnun, -*if.,Mary-Ann, and their toddlers, Joshua and

r s Ashleg were sharing one room with their oetpython, Selena. Early in the morning, the usual_ly docile serpent, obviously tired of its usual dietof live guinea pigs, plunged its fangs into theample backside of the sleeping mother. One can

zo only speculate what species of animal it thoushtit was eating, and how it thought it was goinftoswallow its prey.

Unsurprisinglg the bite woke Mary_Ann, whodescribes how she was simultaneously ,frozen

zs with horror' and 'screaming hysterically,. So, thepython decided it had better constrict her quick_ly. Brad then woke up, sized up the situationpreffy quickly ('my wife is being eaten by asnake') and started belabouring Selena with a

:o penknife. Eventually, a passing paramedic, RonHawkins, decapitated the reptile with a Swissarmy knife that had been bought for his birthdayonly a fortnight earlier - a happy accidentindeed.

Apparently, Brad had purchased Selena from a :s'street trader' for g100. She was a happy snake,who liked to lick his face afrer her guinea pig. .Likea slippery puppy dog', he said ruefully. But todayhe is a wiser man, for he knows that it is very rarefor a chap to go on holiday and find his wife being aothrotded to death by the family puppy dog.

Obvious, you might think. But don,t be too smug;Brad has his counterparts in Britain, and plentyof them. Every year) more and more exotic petsare sold. One company, pet City, has made a for_ astune selling (among other things) giant boas andp1'thons (500 last year), chipmunks (350), scor_pions (300), and, ofcourse) tarantulas (600).

And, like the many other exotic species you canbuy, all these pets are ,harmless,, ,friendly'

even. s0Thke this statement, for example: .Thrantulas

arenot particularly aggressiver' says the honorarysecretary of the Thrantula Society, Ann $Zebb(yes, that is her name). Of course they aren't,Ann; they don't have to be. They only need to ssrurn up on your pillow and the instant heartattack will do the rest. There is only one point toowning such an animal, and that is to siare thelife out of family and friends.

Yet Pet City will do a ,Tarantula Starter Kit'eocomplete with baby spider, warming pad (forthose freezing winters) and ,tunnelling material,for just d33. Let's face it. The resr of us will justhave to live in fear, simply so that the BradCarters of this world will be able to boasr about osthe exotic pets they keep in their houses, and takeaway on holiday with them.

Extract from an afiicle by David Aaronovitch, first published in The Independenr 24 Augusl

UNIT 2 we

' 2 The article can be divided into two main sections. Look back and decide where the division between these twosections comes. What is the main focus of each of the sections?

3 Now read more carefully and decide if each of the statements l-8 matches the writer's opinion or not.

I The problem with the snake was the fault of the hotel management.

2 The hotel staff should have noticed the snake.

3 The snake probably attacked Mrs. Carter because it was hungry.

4 Brad Carter was totally incapable of dealing with the situation.

5 Brad now realizes that buying the snake was a mistake.

6 The Pet City company has been successful at selling exotic pets.

7 The information given by the Tarantula Society is inaccurate.

8 People are buying exotic pets for the wrong reasons.

4 Now read the article again and answer the following questions.

f Why does the writer use the pronoun 'one' in line l9?2 What is the writer referring to when he uses the words 'its prey' inline 22?

3 What is the meaning of the phrasal verb 'sized up'? (line 27)

4 What is the 'happy accident' referred to in line 33?

5 Who is 'you' in line 42?

6 What does 'these' in line 50 refer to?

7 Why does the writer add the phrase in brackets in line 54?

5 The writer uses different words and expressions each time he talks about Brad Carter's pet. Look back at thearticle and underline each of these. Whv does the writer use all these different forms?

5ummary1 What do you think about the style of writing used in the piece? How does the writer use this to get his point

across? Think about:

. the intended audience

. the effect the writer wants to have on that audience

. the use of irony

2 Look at the words and phrases in inverted commas in the article and for each one decide why these have beenused.

3 What is the main point that the writer is trying to make in this article? In a paragraph of between 50 and 7Owords, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the writer's attitude to the trade in exotic pets,giving his reasons.

17 ww

ffi uNtT2

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

Remember: the personwho...

the thing/animal which...the place where (something happened)...

the person whose.. . (possession)

the place which (I like)...

1 Join each pair of sentences using an appropriate relative pronoun.

I Ron Hawkins used the penknife. It had been bought for his birthday.

2 Ann Webb was talking about tarantulas. She says they are not particularly aggressive.

3 Selena is the snake's name. It bit Mary-Ann.

4 Joshua is a toddler. His father owned the snake.

5 Pet City is a shop. It sells tarantula starter kits.

6 Selena was a snake. She was used to eating guinea pigs.

7 The story takes place in a hotel. It is in San Diego, California.

8 Anewpet shop hasjust opened. You canbuy snakes there.

9 I met a woman. Her child had been bitten by a tarantula.

lO Britain is a place. There are many exotic pet fans there.

2 Complete each sentence with a suitable relative pronoun.

I The hotel _ the story takes place is in California.2 It was the Carter family brought the snake into the hotel.3 It was Mary-Ann first raised the alarm.

4 It was Ron _ knife was used to kill Selena.

5 It is Pet City sells 500 tarantulas per year.

6 It is tarantulas _ sell in the largest numbers.

7 It is the Tarantula Society secretary is called Ann Webb.

8 It was Selena was feeling hungry.

9 But, it's in Britain _ Pet City have been selling lots of exotic pets.

;nm 18

UNIT2 W

\vhole project from being (7) _ . DROP

'It really hadn't (8)

-

to people that there could be a ocCURrnarket for the materials,' Suzv remembers, 'and (9) TRANSFER

resources from other projects was not really (10)

-

.' PERMITBut Suzy's determination paid off: at a recent sales (ll) CONFER

dog-hair products were hailed as the company's largest growth area.

19W

@ uNtT2

PHRASAL VERBS: With up and downwrite one word in each of the spaces to complete the phrasal verb.

I The botanist's theory has been up by newly-discovered evidence.2 After his accidenr, Jed didn,r _ up to going to the party.3 After three weeks' holiday, I had a lot of work to _ up with.4 I'm sorry to

-

this up, but I've found a misprint in this contract.5 I can't ger this zip to _ up, it must be broken.6 The contract for the new project will be up next week.7 The completion of the new by-pass will be up due to a strike by construction workers.8 I'm afraid there's no truth in the story; Geoff

-

it up as a joke.9 He up a lot of debts in the town and then disappeared without a trace.

l0 A new organization is being up for those concerned about the welfare of dolphins.

WORD FAMILIES AND WORD STRESS

1 Complete the grid with the missing words from these families and mark each of the words to show the wordstress. The first word family has been completed for you as an example.

verb0 surprise

I depress

nounsurptbg

adjectivesurpti;ing

invading/invasive

2

t4

globe

prevention

5 What is the difference betwe en invadinq and invasive?

6 which other word in the table has two adiectives? what does each mean?

2 Mark the word stress on these nouns. 3 Mark the word stress on these verbs.What is the adjective formed from each of the nouns? What is the noun formed from each of the verbs?Is the word stress in the same place in the adjective? Is the word stress in the same place in the noun?

adjective verb nounnounI ecology

2 catastrophe

3 continent

4 photograph

5 biology

I homogenize

2 populate

J devastate

4 isolate

5 naturalize

6 infiltrate7 punctuate

8 pronounce

w20

uNrT2 W

GRAMMAR: Cause and resulttrl:rrplete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do notdange the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

I Whale strandings are often caused by illness or injury.

lead

Illness

2 When African grasses were introduced, this led to more frequent fires.

resultedIt was the more frequent fires.

I The result of isolation has often been the creation of new species.

leads

Frequently, created.

4 Pollution may be responsible for the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus.

blamePollution may the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus.

5 Human activity is not always the culprit in environmental disasters.

blamedThe activity

6 A TV programme is to blame for the latest fashion for exotic pets.

resultThe latest a television programme.

7 Hunting is thought to have resulted in the extinction of the dodo.

broughtThe extinction of the dodo by hunting.

strandings.

in environmental disasters.

GRAMMAR: Uses of the article.:- :his text from the Student's Book, the articles have been taken out. In each space write one of the following:

- the definite article the

- the indefinite article a/an- no article ( - )

l'* hen you have completed the exercise, look back at page 34 of the Student's Book to check.

If somebody finds, say, (f ) _ rabbit that's been run over and has (2) _broken leg, (l) last thingone should do is take it to (4) vet and waste (5) _ money on trying to pin it together and then put itin (6) _ cage. (7) kindest thing to do is knock it on (8) head. Now that would horrify(9)

-

average town dweller, but what we're trying to do is preserve (lO) _ genuine rural habitats.I'm afraid the trouble is, and it may seem unkind to say it in this way, but (f l) _ certain people are merelyover-sentimental about (12) animals, and it really tells you more about (f3) _people concernedthan it does about (f4) _ well-being of wildlife.

21w

UNIT 2

::tt wlrH PuNcruArloN 2: commas

The comma is used:

o after the salutation and close in letters:D.ear Sir,Yours snrcrelv.

. in lists:The comma,is used with words, phrases and clawses.

Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.

o to mark out adverbs and clauses:Recently, there has been a change of anitude.As I had already seen the film, I found the visit to the cinema rather boring.

. when two clauses are joined by a conjunction:I hoped to catch up with Mary at the station. but she was tlo quick for me.

. P rho.*.that an idea is in parenthesis:The whole expedition was, l'm slrry t0 say, a complete waste of time.

. to prevent misreading:The girl ran around the room ten minutes after she fell asleep. (ambiguous)The girt ran around the room, ten minutes after she felt asleep. (clear)

In this letter there are no commas. Put commas in where thev are needed.

27 Acacia AuenueHarnborough

SurcegThe ManagerPel CilgManchesler

Dear Sir

Recentlg I read an arlicle which said lhal Pel Cilg was lhe besl place lo bug laranlulas. As Iwr:uld like to bug one 6s a pel I an wtilin7 to ask i{ gou haue 6nA ih slock al lhe nonenl.

Un{ortunalelg I have never had a pet spidet be{ore so I was wonderlng i{ gou could send ue

sone in{otaalion aboul lhe besl wag lo look aftet lhen. Fot exanple ale Aoul laranlulas sold

wilh cages and bedding or do I haue kt pag {or lhese separalelg? I alreadg haue a pel dog and

a snall pgthon bul no olher spiders. Do gou think rng {aranlula will be lonelg? Should I bug lwo

ot/ ti/ill lhal lead lo olhet ptoblens?

I would be gtale{ul lo recerue lhe answer to lhese queslions logether wilh gour pricelisl a

brochute ang other rn{ornalion Aou n6A haue aboul latanlulas and delails o{ how {o gel lo gour"

shop {ron lhe cilg cendre.

Yours {aith{ullg

/ Slrangelore

w22

UNIT 2 WW

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

-:,,ose the best word or phrase from the alternatives in italics to complete this semi-formal letter in an;rr:opriate style.

Cycling Holidays Ltd.YorkYOl3 AR2

23 February

Dear Sir,

24 Oaklands Avenue

London

NE5 RE4

I am (1) writingldropping you a line to ask for (2) morelfurther information about the cycling holidays

1'ou (3) put onlorganize inthe Yorkshire Dales.

I (4) noticedlspottedyour (5) aduertladaertisementin the Yorkshire Tourist magazine and I was

pleasantly (6) surprisedltaken aback to see (7) the wide range/all the dffirent types of}l'oliday you have

i8) for the takinglon offer.I (9) feel surelwouldn't mind betting that one of your holidays will (10) be

exactly what I am lookingforlsuit me down n the ground.

I would be (11) gratefullchuffed, therefore , (12) to getlto receiae a copy of your (13) latestlnewest

brochure, (14) together withland don'tforget a booking form and price list.

Looking forward to (15) haaing your replylhearingfrom you.

;l 6) Re gard s I Yo ur s faithful$t,

^\. Reader

trriting: a formal letter"L::'_line you work at Cycling Holidays Ltd. Write a reply of about 150 words to the letter above. You should:

- use an appropriate formal letter layout- thank the customer for their letter and enquiry- give information about availability, special offers, latest booking date, etc.

23w

AWord in your EarREADING: Lexical clozeFor questions l-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Pleasure Zone

Reading is my ultimate pleasure, as it is very good for the soul and a great way to (1) _ . I have a realpenchant for collecting vintage books. (2)

-possible,

I scour markets and vintage bookshops, particularlythose little tucked-away ones nobody ever seems to notice. Here you can browse and find something verysweet and inexpensive. My favourite books are those which (3) _ how people lived in the past such as

and Peace, and old books about fashion. They are a (4) of inspiration to me because of my work as a

clothes designer, and I am fascinated by the time and effort which people used to put into dressing.

I (5)

-

books all around the house - by the fireplace, in the hallway, next to my bed. They add to thecharacter of any room and are always accessible to (6)

-

into. Old books with plenty of character and goodcontent appeal most to me - browsing through the musty-smelling pages transports me back in time.

I A respite

2 AWhenever3 A pretend

4 Abase

5 Apepper

6 Adip

B unwindB Whichever

B project

B spring

B litterB pop

C restore

C However

C propose

C source

C scatter

C slip

D unburden

D Whoever

D portray

D root

D clutterD drop

The Boy Reader

One of my earliest memories is that of a small boy sitting in our village street surrounded by a group ofgrey-whiskered old men. Bored and fidgety, his mind clearly (7)

-,

he is reading aloud in fluent sing-songvoice, the news from a (8)

-

newspaper. This boy and I were of one generation and we (9) _ thesame trick of enlightenment: we were both the inheritors, after centuries of darkness, of our country's firstliterate peasantry. My mother and father, the children of a coachman and a sailor, read well and were(10)

-

self-taught. But their parents could do little more than spell out their names - which they were notoften (11) to do - and if given a book were likely to turn it over in their hands, cough loudly, and(12) _ it aside.

n24

rffi$iw-@il

7 Asomewhat Bmeanwhile Cotherwise Delsewhere

8 Ahaggard Btattered Csplintered Dbuckled9 Ashared Bjoined Csplit Dhalved

lO Agreatly Blargely Cwidely Ddeeplyll A cut out B sent up C filled in D called on

12 Alet Btake Clay Dhold

Thing of the Past?

The decline of the tlpewriter from ubiquitous business tool to museum (13) _ has been rapid. But despite

having been all but superseded by the computer, the old manual typewriter still has a few loyal fans. They point to

certain advantages the (14) obsolete machine has over its speedy and versatile electronic rival. The first iscost: why spend large sums on the latest hardware, software and printer, they (15)

-,

if all you need to do is

Epe a few letters or invoices? (16)

-,

typewriters are immune to computer viruses, rarely crash and can be

used to print single labels and envelopes, which can be a fiddly job on some computer printers. But before you

dash off in (17)

-

of one, there is one small (18)

-

to the typewriter; finding a shop that still sells them.

13 Aentry Bpiece cpart Dscrap14 Aapparently Bactually Ceventually Deffectively15 Acounter Bdispute Cdisagree Dargue16 A On the other hand B For instance C Be that as it may D In addition17 Atrack B search C hunt D chase

l8 Adeadlock Bdetriment Cdrawback Ddisabililtv

bcabularynftm each of the three texts, find words which match the following meanings.

Pleasure Zone: I a special liking2 look thoroughly for something

3 not easy to find4 look around casually

Boy Reader: 5 with a beard

6 unable to sit still7 age group

8 able to read and write

Thing of the Past?: 9 found everywhere

l0 replaced

ll out of date and useless

L2 able to do many different things

13 not affected by

14 difficult to do practically

uNrT3 ffi

25@'

ilM UNIT 3

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using theword given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the wogiven. Each new sentence should make use of the passive.

I People say that ICrsty is friendly with a number of well-known celebrities.

saidIfirsty with a number of well-known celebrities.

2 People generally think that Paul did a good job.

thoughtPaul done a good job.

I Most people consider Mr. Jarvis to be the best dentist in town.

widelvMr Jarvis town's best dentist.

4 An unnamed source alleges that the President is about to get married.

is

the point of marriage.

5 They ought to have informed us that the flight's departure would be delayed.

aboutlate departure of the flight.

The

nK 25

, ffi

A rarge wasp orsllacteo

byThe

t{re stuoents lrom tne leclure.

during the lecture.

t Everyone believes that the wrong man

widelyThe

was accused ol the murder.

been accused of the murder.

Nobody had publicized the date of the meeting, so few people came.

been

As the few people bothered to come.

kvidffie*

*tlith

Sehis

tbatm

apostrophes to the following sentences where needed.

I Please dont waste everybody elses time as well as ours.

2 I havent bought anything for the twins birthday yet.

f It isnt the sort of thing that suits Bill and Fionas taste.

1 The citys full of shops selling tomorrows fashions today.5 Some childrens clothes are sold upstairs, others are to be found in teenage fashions.6 Lindas appointment is at four oclock and Roberts follows hers, but youre not on todays list, Im afraid.7 well have to make sure that Mr. Peters watch says the same time as ours.t Its high time the sports club did something about its members changing facilities.I Toms mothers house isnt as old as its appearance suggests; her neighbours houses are older.

lO Theirs is the villages most beautiful garden, and theres no doubt its larger than anybody elses' too.

27

UNIT 3

HELP WITH SPELLING 3: Words ending in yo You usually change a linal y to i when adding a suffix:

,o ;::':",;,j;:;*: sn

aaaing ins,

marry + marriagebeauty + beautiful

boy' .*, , bcys ,' ,..,

Add a suffix to makeI rely2 deny

3 apply4 nasty

5 imply

earlY- earlierday + daily

marry marrying copyo You usually change y to i when forming plurals or adding the third person j:

tly + tries bea uty + beauties

N.B. Do not change y il it is preceded by a single vowel:pay --+ pays valley ; valleys

nouns from these words.

2 Make the following singular nouns plural.I toy2 trolley3 quarry

4 puppy

5 highway

6

7

8

9

l0

6

7

8

9

l0

LqL y

defy

bullydrylovely

holidaypenny

display

spy

fairy

VOCABULARY SimilesChoose one word from the box to complete the simile in each of the idiomatic phrases. One has been done forrs an example.

black peas bright quick d€ad light pretty fresh fit srubborn right

There's no life left in that plant; it's as dead as a dodo.Look at that old house; it's as _ as a picture.After a good long sleep, Edward felt as _ as a daisy.

You have to be patient with Hilary, she's as as a mule.If you keep taking the medicine, you'll soon feel as _ as rain.After she'd taken out all the books, Muriel's bag felt as _ as a feather.I'm not surprised that Sharon's doing well at school, she's as as a button.DavidthrewopenthedoorandaS-asaflash,madeagrabforthejewelbox.After all that exercise I feel as as a fiddle.The brothers are as alike as two in a pod.

0

I2

3

4

)6

7

8

9

l0

l8

I think it's going to rain; the sky to the west is as _ as ink.

UNIT 3

OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage::is passage, a recently successful novelist talks about her careet. Fill each of the numbered gaps with one

ble word from the box. The first one has been done for you as an example.

way indeed likely one as in betweenshould do not since were

about rvhen who

My chequered career

Asachild,Idreamedofbeingawriter(0)whenIgrewup.ThewayIwent(1)-rea|iztngthiswasgettingajobinpublishingaSateenager.Andtoanyone(2)-thinksit'srrnfairthataliteraryagent3)

-

have written a novel that's attracted quite a lot of attention, I would say'You can do it too. You too

.-an go (4) _publishing at eighteen and type your (5) through contracts and things for

;;ears,learningaSyougo'.Butintruth,onlynow(6)-IfeelI,vegotan1thingtowriteabout.7)-,Ithinksomethingwould-beyoungwriterstendtooverlookisthefactthatyourfirst1oveaffairas

a student is fascinating to you, but (8) necessarily to *re world outside.

\I1'great battle for the twenty years I've been running my own literary agency has been to fight the distinction

9)-so-calledliteraryandso-cal1edcommercia1fiction'Inmyview,anynovelnowregarded10)-aclassiconlyhasthatstatusbecauseithassoldwellandcontinuously(11)-itwas

3ublished. I was screamed down on television once for saying that, (12) she writing today, Jane Austen

;r-ould be writing just the sort of thing you pick up at airports. But I stick to my guns. A good story is

13)-whichgets(14)touchwithawideraudience.Themoreitdoesso,themore15)-itistosurvive.So,whynotbeagoodwriterforpeoplewhopassthroughairports?

-Conrprehensionllfnr:je if each of the statements l-lo reflects what the writer feels by writing Yes or No.

I It was always my ambition to become a writer.2 I entered publishing at a secretarial level.

I My first book was written when I was a student.

4 Writers need to have some experience of life.

5 It takes more than large sales to make a classic.

6 I have been criticized for writing 'commercial' fiction.

7 Some people disagreed with my comments about Jane Austen.

8 My writing was influenced by my knowledge of the publishing business.

9 It worries me that I may have an unfair advantage over other writers.

29w

UNIT 3

l,URlTlNG: An articleYou have been asked to write an article for a student magazine on the topic of translating into English.Write a short article of about 300-150 words in which you talk about:

- common problems encountered when translating from your language into English- suggestions on how to avoid the most common mistakes- suggestions of books, materials, etc. that might be useful

Before writing, think about your readers:

What information will be useful for them?How can you make the article interesting, as well as informative?What style should the article be written in?

Write your article.

GRAMMAR: Comparison and contrast!-or questions l-lo, write one sentence that contains all the information in the two sentences printed above it andtses the word or expression given to form a comparison or contrast. Do not change the word or expressiongiven.

I English makes great use of the passive. Some other European languages do not.unlike

2 Computers save a lot of time. Learning to use a computer is very time consuming.although

3 The demand for cookery books is rising. The demand for quiz books remains stable.whilst

4 Our local bus service is very regular. Other areas are not so lucky.comparison

5 It rained heavily for a short time. The garden party was a great success.despite

6 Many people think eating out in Glasgow is expensive. Prices are actually quite reasonable.far from

7 James had a slight head cold. He sang beautifully at Jessica's wedding.in spite of

8 The coach takes five hours to get to London. The train does it in two and a half hours.whereas

9 You may dislike folk music very much. I'm sure you'lllike this particular band.however

lO Hill walking is tiring. Mountain climbing requires more concentration.as much

t0

uNtT3 W

NGr Multiple choiceare going to read two extracts which are both concerned in some way with the written word. For questions;hoose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits according to the text.

I Which phrase does the writer use to underline the wider significance of typing speeds?A mundane task (line I )

B untapped potential (lines 4-5)C far in excess (line 78)D initial stimulus (line l3)

2 The example of the 'finger dance' shows that typing is

A a skill with unlimited proficiency.B an unexplained anomaly for psychologists.C an example of the brain's adaptability.D a particularly mindless activity.

There can be few more mundane tasksthan retyping a document but, ratheramazingly, it's one which offers animportant insight into the untappedpotential that lies locked within our brains.Ever since the first typewriters wereintroduced in the late 19th century,psychologists have been intrigued by howtyping speeds are far in excess of whatwould be expected. The reaction times ofthe human brain are very fast - with a

mere 250 milliseconds elapsing betweenthe initial stimulus and the response - butthis allows a typing speed of just 48 wordsper minute. How then do experiencedtypists readily achieve speeds two or threetimes greater than this?

The simple answer, of course, is practice -but what does this mean? In his recentbook Mind Sculpture, Ian Robertsonclarifies what is going on with the followingsimple example. Hold your left palm uptowards you. Mentally number the fingers:forefinger 1, middle finger 2,ringfinger 3,little finger 4. Now look away from yourhand and touch your fingers in thesequence4-l-3-2-4. This will take you about twoseconds; but repeat the sequence for 20minutes a day, and within three weeks itwill be down to a mere three-quarters of asecond, because the amount of brain tissueinvolved expands as you get good at thefinger dance. It's rather like the way thatmuscle bulk increases with exercise.

20

25

10

il

MIND 5{\-}LryT*reX

{

31w'

I

W UNIT3

10

Book Review: Pobby ond Dingon by Ben Rice

Ben Rice's first novel is quirky, moving and completely unexpected. It will charm all butthe most determined cynic, and at just 90 pages, is slim enough to fit into even the snuggestpocket.

The synopsis is unlikely to convince. Pobby and Dingan, loyal friends of Kellyanne, a

lonely eight-year-old holed up in an isolated Australian opal-mining town, have

disappeared. They will not be easy to find. They are imaginary. But they are real enough

to Kellyanne, whose grief is so profound that she is wasting away. In desperation, herbrother, the teenage Ashmol, who had previously jumped on the thin air supposedlyinhabited by Pobby and Dingan and called his sister names, realizes he must do something.

So, he cycles round the tiny town of Lightning Ridge, frantically organizing a search party.

The resulting fable, narrated by Ashmol, effortlessly combines whimsy with surprising realism.

Just when the story looks set to descend into farce, it clicks back into the real world of familytragedy and small-town politics. It is strangely affecting.

According to the reviewer, the novel isA surprisinglytouching.B completelyridiculous.C wholly unconvincing.D unexpectedlyexciting.

Which phrase does the reviewer use to praise the author's writing style?

A the most determined cynic (line 2)

B the snuggest pocket (lines 1-2)

c rhe resulting fable (lines I I )

D effortlessly combines (line I I )

Which word or phrase used later in the text re-enforces the idea that the book is 'quirky'? (line f )

A holed up (line 5)

B whimsy (line li)C farce (line 12)

D clicks back (line 12)

ww32

AFine Romance

IfiDING: Multiple choiceAuqu ;:: going to read an article about agony aunts. For questions l-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you&ryLu ::s best according to the text.

Tk W d4^l t/,t u"I/^.r./Summer, traditional time of moonlight andromance) is in the air and bookshops are burstingout all over with advice for those whose path isstrewn with briars. Agony aunts) marriagecounsellors and psychologists have rushed intoparoxysm of print: how to have a goodrelationship, stay together, solve your problems,how to understand the opposite sex. They are therelationship experts, dispensing understandingand advice to anyone who has hit a bad patch.

To write about the pursuit of happiness isbrave; to offer guidance is braver still. It betokensa confidence in their own opinion that somemight call foolhardy. One cannot but ask who arethese self-styled authorities? Do agony auntsmanage their lives and loves with equalperception and professionalism, or is a fair shareof strife essential to sympathy?

Irma Kurtz makes no bones about callingherself an agony aunt. Hers is the common-sensecounsel of an outspoken friend, freely dished outto thousands of readers in one of Britain's topwomen's magazines. She claims no formaltraining, no favourite philosophy, no know-it-alldogma. As Irma says, 'Endless curiosity and anirrepressible compulsion to communicate whatI'm thinking are probably the two highestqualifications for *ris job. Nosy and bossy inother words.'

That and empathy. Irma - wise, warm,funny, tolerant - is the first to admit how many ofthe problems which arrive in her postbag strike achord, the last to take *re moral high ground. 'I

too, have been there in my time, and, more thanonce, believe me) made a mess of things,' shewrites in her book, Tbn-point Plan for anLlntroubled l:ife. 'I've sent letters I wished I hadn'tin my timer' she confides, 'I have been out withmen I did not really love and loved men I did notreally like much.'

She is 59, and now relishes the richness of lifein a tiny flat in London's $7est End; theatres andrestaurants only a heartbeat away. The Tbn-PointPlan is a self-help book, she says. 'It's veryimportant to have the confidence to solve yourown problems and not immediately cry "help",because no one is more expert in your ownexperience than you, and I really think we areforgetting that.'

'I didn't expect to be on my own at 60. Inever cared about marriage, but I always believedI d find this great love.' Twice she was deeply inIove; 'The first time and the last time, likebookends. With the last one, ten years ago, Iremember thinking, "Dear God, just get me outof this in one piece and I'll never do it again,never."'

But this, as she is keen to point out, is onlyher experience, 'You can't assume that it will beeveryone's; all it teaches you is the variety andpossibility of life'. If there is one vital lesson topass on, she says, it would be the importance ofthe essential. 'Keep in view what matters to you -be it friendships, love or whatever - and don't letsilly things get in the way. Listen to the music andignore the static.'

33w

W UNIT4

I In the introduction, what point is the writer making about the type of book she mentions?A Sales are booming at the moment.B They are attracting a lot of publicity.C Some new titles have just appeared.D Some surprising people are writing them.

2 The writer expresses a doubt about whether the people who write these booksA have sufficient experience.B are suitably qualified.C lead happy lives themselves.D really understand the problems of others.

3 Irma I(urtz's approach can be described as based onA certain guiding principles.B interest in other people.C research into human behaviour.D a keen sense of humour.

4 Irma I(urtz admits thatA she has made mistakes in her life.B she often turns to others for help.C she is dissatisfied with her present life.D she regrets not getting married.

5 What is Irma's principal piece of advice to people?A Be open to life's possibilities.B Don't look to others for help.C Don't let love pass you by.D I(now your own priorities.

VocabularyFind these words and expressions in the text. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and one has been done foryou as an example.

o an idiomatic phrase meaning full of (l) bursting out aII overI a verb meaning to give out (l)2 a verb meaning to suggest (21

3 an adjective meaning unwise (2)

4 a noun meaning dfficulty (Z)

5 an idiomatic phrase which means doesn't hesitate to admit (31

6 an adjective meanill:g frank and honest (3)

7 a phrasal verb meaning given (3)

8 a noun meaning a set of fixed ideas ())9 an adjective meaning unstoppable (3)

lO an idiomatic phrase meaning remind (one) of something e)tl a verb meaning to enjoy very much (5\L2 two adjectives both meaning very important (7)

m34

h of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible Irma Kurtz'stowards problems in relationships, saying whether you agree with it or not.

l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, usinggiven. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the

It's not often that one's lucky enough to meet such a famous writer.chance

Seldom meet such a famous writer.

Aknost

countHardly

nobody keeps a record of how many cups of coffee they drink a year.

the number of cups of coffee they drink a year.

uNlT4 n

We had

tJran

Hardly

You scarcely ever see owls during the daytime.

rarelyff-I*t

only just taken our coats off when the film began.

the film began.

I have never had

have

Never

during the daytime.

such an uncomfortable journey in my whole life.

such an uncomfortable journey.

opened.

You don't often get offered an opportunity Iike that.

GDInE

Rarely your way.

t This envelope shouldn't be opened under any circumstances.

noUnder

f I only

caugh

realized what I'd said whent

I happened to see her face.

Only I realize what I'd said.

35n

M UN|T4

HEIP WITH SPELLING 4: Common errorsSome pairs of words which sound the same, or very similar, are often confused:

principleprincipal

a brakea break

adviceadvise

+ anoun+ a verb

+ a general law or truthmost important thing or person

stops your car or bicyclean interval, or something's broken

+

-

Choose the correct spelling from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.

I I think we have to go back to first (principles/principak) to understand this problem.2 There's been a (brake/break)-in at the shop; lots of money has been stolen.3 Let me give you some (advice/advise).

4 For (dessert/desert\ there is either ice-cream or fruit salad.5 Be careful not to (loose/lose) your button, it looks abit (loose/lose) to me.6 Tanya has put in hours of (practise/practice) since getting her own piano.7 The traffic was completely (stationery/stationary) during the hold-up on the motorway.8 I can't decide (weather/whether) to take an umbrella today.9 It was (quiet/quite) a nice skirt, but not really what Sarah was looking for.

l0 We (past/passed) John3 old school on the way to the bank.ll The building}:.ad (formally/formerly) been used as a barn before being turned into a house.L2 I thought I recognized the man who came and sat (beside/besides) me on the bus.

Do you know what the other words mean? Use your dictionarv to check.

USE OF ENGLISH: Word-building clozeFor questions l-lo, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to formword that fits into the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Anger

Anger is one of the most commonly-felt emotions, and it can get

us into hot water - whilst (O) bottling things up only makes mattersworse. So should you do more than simply gnash your teeth?Shouting,swearing,andhitting(r)-objectsliketablesanddoors are common responses to accumulated (2) . Losingyour temper is, however, likely to be little more than a temporary(3)-foryourfeelingsandu]timatelymayleadtohumiliationLETrather than vindication.

So, we learn to hold our emotions in check. The (4) of our

BOTTLE

ANIMATEFRUSTRATE

EXTEND

BRING

CONVERSE

CONTROL

reaction to any event, however, will often depend on our (5)

For if parents scream or fall into awkward silences when theyare cross, their offspring will probably do the same. (6)

a child may be wary of anger precisely because one of its parents

had an (7) _temper.s[ 36

UNIT4 T

there are no hard and fast rules for how best to deal with'ager, burying it inside is probably the least (8) _ method.

lhysical release through exercise can be (9) _, however, and

:my a tense situation in a (fO) has evaporated thanks to

epillow or water fight. On the other hand, you could get it outdyour system by just writing it all down in your diary.

a narrativefor young people has asked readers to send in articles with the title 'The day I really lost my temper'.

article will win aprize - a free Caribbean holiday! The article should explain what made you angry, howand how you feel about it now.

article (350 words).

*nfrat made you angry in the first place

-how your anger grewhow you expressed your angerhow people respondedhow you felt afterwards

these expressions:

PRODUCT

WORTHRELATE

37-

_l

I

E UNIT4 II

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the Iword given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wolgiven.

I

II Tom and Carly had their wedding on a Friday evening. Isot I

Tom and Carly evening. II

2 Jane was blamed for the mistake. IIsot I

The person _ Jane. II3 Rosy is very easily upset Iset I

It doesn't upset. I

I4 Terry's teacher told him off seriously yesterday Isot ITerry from his teacher yesterday. I

5 After ten minutes, waiting began to depress I(athy. lfed IIGthy after she'd been waiting ten minutes. I

I6 When Liz talks about herself like thar it really irritates me. Inerves IIt ralks abour herself like that. II7 I find all this talk of mariral disharmony very depressing. I

sets I

All this talk down. I

8 We'll have to hurry up if we're going to catch that bus. IImove I

If we're going to 0n.

Although my neighbours are rather reserved, I'd like us to be friendlier.getAlthough they're rather reserved, I'd like

better.my neighbours

lO Simon should let a dentist fix that broken rooth.

seen

Simon should

m38

to by a dentist.

UNIT4 W

d,:ADING: Gapped textI i.ead this extract from a story. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the

:aragraphs A-H on page 40 the one which fits each gap (f-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not:eed to use.

Mrq'::: Kett was hanging about a little way down thenm'n,al :.rm our house, pretending to be doing somethingml Ir: rike. If I had not recognized him, I would havefiitr: rr::zed his bike anywhere, a birthday present fromlilh# r-i:dnts whose perception of their son clearly differedl&mq'r :rl own. It was blue and white with turned-downllhrLi-iDirrS and the lines of a cheetah poised to springilnm{ri ::} unsuspecting gazelle.

He patted Bagshaw, for that was the donkey's name, onthe muzzle like an old friend, shooed the flies away fromhis eyes, and even snagged his new pullover on thebarbed wire and didn't seem to care. If I was, to behonest, a little put out by this level of vivacity, nevertriggered by my presence, it was as nothing to myannoyance at the donkey's response.

Wrrr .,"-d hello to each other and were. as usual,ummt::ately at a loss for words. I think I said something,ml - - iking his pullover, which was a dazzling newlnlrLr:T: :dnd-knitted one in cable-stitch, Going bright red* ri:::r lt came to blushing there was not much towhr ,.'i. b,etween us - he told me his Aunt Mabel hadiliilhrrrr::i it for him. To break the painful silence which]ifurlr,:,,:r",;l this information I mentioned that I was on the,wi$r ., :eed a donkey.

Bagshaw purred, Bagshaw simpered, Bagshaw flutteredhis long eyelashes at Robert Kett in away that was quitedisgusting. I might as well have not been there at all. 'Ittakes one donkey to recognize another', I thoughtferociously, but I remained uncomforted. My faithlesslover then turned to me and demanded'Is that all thereis?'Though the answer must have been plain to see -where, for heaven's sake, did he think I kept extra bread?I burst into tears.

'lW,',r '" .*:'ed in a depressive quiet down to the cross-roads.ll :*: ,, rg ago resigned myself to the sad recognition that- :n -:-: circles I frequented at any rate - people did not{iffiilfffl] ::ie rvith either the wit or the high seriousness theyilnfr,,ir-,.rir- exhibited in books. Even so, with nothing but4[,L-tr \iabel's pullover between us and silence, I couldtmrLr, 1 r:-t feeling that we had touched rock bottom.ffi1r,4il 1", .r. once we got into the back path things got evenim(' -i: For Robert I(ett grew fussy and I could never,.flilmrrrltr -: sSineSS.

r l.i:- --: .s I hated fuss, I felt sufficient sympathy for my{il{rirrnt:":it,on in his obvious distress to suggest that he andllMru .' -;le change their minds about accompanying melMilvITr-- :ld retreat to the safety of made-up roads. Robertlffioc'1 , :cfusal to withdraw may have demonstrated a

,glr:l:r' -:q desire for my company despite all danger, ifil{fir]r-i -: irad not said: 'It's ages since I saw a donkey.'

It was masterly done. The shock of it dried my tearsinstantly. The destruction so utter as to precludepettifogging worries about whether or not the damagecould be repaired. Even as the boy stood staring downunbelievingly at his front, the nothingness enlarged itself.It seemed that breathing was enough to send morestitches into oblivion, more wool unravelling, morecables untwisting themselves.

Red with the effort of stifling my laughter, I helpedRobert I(ett divest himself of the mangled remains of hispullover - not easy because some of the loose strands ofwool had wound themselves around the buttons of theshirt he wore underneath.'Hang on a moment,' I said as I pressed close against hischest, working at getting the buttons free. I hadn't heardfootsteps or the gate opening, but suddenly I heard a

voice inquiring icily: 'What on earth is going on?'

5

6

7

39w

N UNIT4

A $7hen Robert Kett demanded in a high-pitchedvoice, '\ilfhat am I going to tell Auntie?'I took charge,the way, it seemed to me, girls often had to whenfaced with boys' inability to cope. .Tell her you lost it.She'll knit you another. Women always buy morewool than they need, she'll be glad of a reason to useit up.'

I silently implored my four-legged friend not to lay somuch as a hoof on the gleaming object of RobertKett's affections. However, my relief when RobertKett had the good sense ro lay his bicycle on theground rather than prop it against the wire fence wasshort-lived.

Not that I had seen - nor ever expected to see -Robert Kett riding his machine with the panache itdeserved. He seemed happiest quietly pushing italong, himself padding alongside in a submissive waythat did not make it entirely clear which of the two wasin charge.

I don't know which of us was the most embarrassed -me, Robert Kett or the donkey, but only the latter hadthe sense to do something about it. pushing his headeven further than usual through the strands of barbedwire, he first rubbed his nose affectionately againstRobert's new pullover, then, opening his mouth wide,champed his teeth with an audible .clack' down onAunt Mabel's handiwork and bit a large piece out of it.

E It seemed *rat none of the householders cared. adeal about the state of the hedges which flankedpath, for with spring passing into summer, theroses had grown prodigiously, the bramblesover the pathway or snaking thornily alongground with the express aim, surely, of trippithe unsuspecting passer-by. As a place for pickiscratches on the beautiful blue and white enamelnew bike, it took a lot of beating.

B

c

F Here was I who had been feeding the wretchedday after day without receiving as much as ain return) and here was a complete stranger moveffortlessly to take over the heart whichthere were any justice in the world, belong to me.

I was not conscious of framing ttris comment inform of an invitation, but he took it as one. and Inot contradict him. It was such a relief to dipurpose for our being together.

H Robert Kett and the donkey liked each other iIt was love at first sight. My titular boyfriend tookdonkey in a way I had never seen him take toUndaunted by the large yellow tee*r that madeprefer to throw bread down in the ground ratherrisk my fingers, Robert fearlessly held out lumpsbread for the animal to snuffle up with its slobbery

Some words which you may not know can be guessed from their context.the text:

Look at the following phrase

He. . . even snagged his new pullover on the barbed wire.. . (fifth paragraph of the main text )

In this phrase, 'on the barbed wire'makes the meaning of 'snagged, clear.

For extracts l-9, decide which phrase (A, B or C) best describes the meaning of the word or phrase in i

From the main part of the text on page 39:

I First paragraph 'Robert Kett was hanging about a little way down the road...,(clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)

hanging aboutmeans A spending a lot of time in a place or with a personB waiting near a place with no particular purposeC giving careful attention to something

G

D

2

n40

uNlT4 rc

t Second paragraph 'when it came to blushing there was not much to chose between us...'ldue - read back a few words)

blushing means A not quite telling the whole truthB not being able to think of anything to say

C becoming red in the face because of embarrassment

l Third paragraph 'I could never abide fussiness.' (clue - read ahead to the beginning of the next section)

abide means A bear

B comprehend

C refuse

I Fifth paragraph 'He... shooed the flies away from his eyes...' (clue - 'from his eyes')

shooedmeans A made a powerful pushing movement with his hands

B aimed a violent kick at an animal/person

C made a sound or movement to an animal to send it away

t Fifth paragraph 'If I was, to be honest, a little put out...' (clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)

put out means A upset

B impressed

C puzzled

eom the paragraph options A-H:

a Paragraph C '...riding his machine with t}:.e panache it deserved.' (clue - read ahead to the next sentence)

panachemeans A contempt

B respect

C style

T Paragraph C '...himself padding alongside in a submissive way...' (clue - read ahead to the end of the

sentence)

submissive means A forgetting one's purpose or reason

B yielding to the authority of others

C giving away no outward sign of emotion

I Paragraph E '...the hedges w}ric}r flanked t}:'e path...' (clue - read ahead to 'the brambles arching over thepathway')

lanked means A completely covered

B ranparalleltoC were on either side of

, Paragraph E' ...sratcheson the beautiful blue and white enamel...'(due - read back to 'wild roses... brambles... snaking thornily...')

scratches means A dirty marks that don't easily come offB bits of vegetation left on a surface

C damage to a surface made by something sharp

41xr

a W UNIT4

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 4: lnverted commas

ffi:: ;#i:T:::::, words which somebody said

i *#r'f: :*tiru#;f*u,,...,-, .,.,'Hang an o

^o*tl'o r'qt,f,rrh everybody. whar,s been going o

ff,i#,,{i#ltr:nT!;,;:t;nirlxy;r n?

N.B. other punctuation marks usually come inside the inverted commas.

Add all the necessary punctuation to this short piece of narrative.

Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover what ayn I going to tell auntie he said tell her youlost it I suggested shell knit you another Robert didnt look conztinced and was trying to take off theremains of his pulloaer hang on a molnent I said itl help you I hadnt heardfootsteps or the gateopening but suddenly I heard miss Lockes aoice enquiring icily what on earth is going on here

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentencesFor questions l-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

I The couple walked along in silence, each at a complete for words.The company made a

-

on the retail side of its business last year.The

-

of Joe Trent through injury affected the team's performance greatly.

2 Richard and Diana, who've been going out for years, have just decided to _ up.The three charities involved decided to

-

the proceeds of the concert equally.As she crossed the road, Barbara's plastic bag -- and the potatoes rolled off in all directions.

3 Shouting is one way to vent to your emotions.we will not print any announcements which may

-

offence to third parties.Inanargument,it,simportantto-asgoodaSyouget.

4 At the end of a long day, we decided to _ the road and head for home.claire has not really it off with her new manager at work.Dan has been

-

very hard by Sally's decision to call off their engagement.

5 It's to you which of the four alternative ways of paying you choose.I'm getting rather fed _ with so many rows in the office.I'm not really to dealing with the problem at the moment. Can we discuss it later?

1wffi42

AllRight on the NightllmMAR: Clauses with whatever, however etc.rr' n,i':s:ions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using themffi r-,'en. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wordllUT'"

: \\-hatever it may cost, I'm determined to complete the project.

muchi{owever

3 It may make

sticksHowever

him unpopular, but John never abandons his principles.

to his principles.

Gloria has been in many types of films,

appears'r\hatever

but always seems to play the same character.

, she always seems to play the same character.

I: doesn't matter which road you take,

lead'r{hichever

they all end up at the same place.

you to the same place.

, I'm determined to complete the project.

you go in the city, you're sure to see examples of modern architecture.

examples of modern architecture to be seen.

i: doesn't matter where

rhere"r\-herever

* n reminded of Marilyn Monroe every

it,\-henever I

time I see Sally in that dress.

of Marilyn Monroe.

- lhe last person to leave the building should set the alarm.

rvhoever

^he alarm building last.

* - he composer who writes the best song will conduct the orchestra.

rvhicheverlhe orchestra the best song.

43w

M UNIT5

SPETLING AND PRONUNCIATION

though through thought throughoutthorough tough troughs distraught

He was always a very person, no stone was ever left unturned.

It doesn't matter how much you spend on a present, it's the that counts.

I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is not in the office today, could I put you to his secretarv?

It's rather on Marion, having to walk all that way with such a heavy bag.

The history of the business has really been a long series of peaks and

the match. Ttacv tried not to think about what she would do with the prize money if

won.

7 The young couple lookedvery when they learned that their new car had been stolen.

8 Tired he was, Mike was determined to cycle to the next village before nightfall.

2 Put the words in the box into one of three lists, according to how the final sound is pronounced. The

each list should rhyme with one of the words below the box.

port /pc:ti craft /kro:ftl stuff /st^f/

Some words sound the same, but have different spellings depending on the meaning. For each sentence,

choose the correct form from the alternatives given. One has been done for you as an example.

1 Complete each of the sentences with one word from the box.

0

I2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

r0

I2

t4

5

6

3

He sighted/cilgdan old textbook as his main source of reference.

What sortlsought ol car will you buy next?

The tennis players walked on to the caught/courtjust after two o'clock.

They arrived at the race course/coarse just in time to see the first race.

The weather was really fowl/foul, so they turned back after a while.

Jason is hoping to become the next teenage pop idle/idol.

I(nowing that the burglar alarm was fitted to the house gave the family great piece/peace of mind

they were away on holiday.

Her son's appealance on TV was a great sauce/source of pride for Mrs. Berkeley.

Sharon has been to choose the bridal/bridle gown for her wedding next spring'

The cinema was so full that people were sitting in the kle/aisle.

I can't bear/bare to see scenes of violence on TV. I have to switch it off.

taught draught sought trough enough ought fraught

tough laughed nought rough coughed caught distraught

lJ44

Do you know what the other words mean? Use a dictionary to check.

Lexical clozeat the first paraglaph of this text. Read it quickly. One phrasal verb is used four times in this paragraph.

you find it? what does it mean?

at the first paragraph more closely and put an article, either a, an or the in each of the gaps l-16. One has

done for you as an example.

Who's a Pretty Plant Then?

are named after the great and (O) the good, the worthy and (f ) wealthy. Indeed, one of

greatest honours that can be bestowed upon anyone is to have (3)

-

plant named after

. Sometimes (4)

-

person is famous and (5) naming of (6)

-

plant is

natural succession to popularity and public acclaim. Actors, singers, dancers, royalty, and latterly

(S) _ television news-reader, have all been honoured by having (9)

-

plant named after

On occasion, (10) _ individual has had no public profile, but (f f ) plant has become

so that we feel we know them. Few people are likely to recognize (f2) name of Maria Ann

but most will have heard of (I3) apple named after her, (fa) famous Granny Smith;

case of the plant making (16)

-

person famous.

read the rest of the article and for questions 1745, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which best fitsgap.

!rciils gone by, it was not always easy to determine that a plant had been named in honour of a person,

the name became Latinized. This was, (17)

-,

considered to be very chic, (f8) surely

a socialite or an academic would have known that the Liliummackliniae immortalized Jean Macklin, the

rrile of a famous botanist.

hrecent times, this practice has died out and now when a plant is named after a person it is clear for

frrryone to see. The beautiful patio rose Anna Ford, (l9l is a fitting tribute to the broadcaster,

P) _ former Nottingham Forest football manager, Brian Clough, is f€ted with a luminous,

-orange exhibition sweet pea.

illl) _ who decides upon those who should be honoured in such away? There are no hard and fast

(22) _for the most part, plants are named by their breeders or originators, either as an honour to

near and dear, or as a mark of respect for the famous. But there are commercial undertones. If you

m launch a new rose named after a really popular celebrity at a flower show and get that peison to attend,

ten the press coverage received is enormous.

mB) _, if you decide to name your sweet pea after Barry Dare, the former Managing Director of your

mpany, as Unwins Seeds of Cambridge did recently, then the commercial value is little. (24t

-

, the

hnour for the person concerned is great, recognizing as it does the affection of the staff.

f nobody is interested in naming a plant after you, (25)

-it

is always possible to buy a new variety and

bve it named yourself. This is common practice amongst commercial companies, especially with roses,

lilere names hke TJtphoo Tea, Benson andHedges Gold andYorkhire Bankserve as good advertisements. If you

cm come up with the cash, then you can buy the name rights to a new unnamed variety and name it after

UNIT5;

or a member of your family.45 I

1 w uNtT5

17 A however B albeit c therefore D for example18 Aotherwise Bbut Cdespite Dor19 A for example B nonetheless C on the other hand D however20 Aindeed Bwhen Cwhile Dthereby2l ASo BAlrhough cLikewise DSrilr22 A Wherein B For instance C If D But2, A Therefore B on the other hand C Otherwise D By all means24 A owing to B providing c Despite D However25 Atherefore Bhowever Cyet Dthen

Reference skillsLook back at these words and phrases which are in bold in the text. In each case say what each word or phrase ireferring to. One has been done for you as an example.

O them (line 3)

I This (line I I )

2 this practice (line 14) =] such a way (line 18) =4 that person (line 2I ) =5 the person concerned (line 25) =6 This (line 27)

7 where (line 28)

8 yourself (line 30)

= anyone

VocabularyLook back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and ohas been done for you as an example.

0 a verb meaning to give slmeone an honour (l) bestow

I a noun meaning approval (I\2 an adverb meaning recently (Il3 a phrase meaning sometimes (I)4 a phrase meaning in the past (2)

5 an adjective meaning stylish (2\

6 an adjective meaning appropriate (3\

7 a verb meaning honoured (31

8 a phrase meaning fixed (4)

9 a phrase meaningfind the money (6)

SummaryIn a paragraph of between 50 and 7o words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the various waby which a new plant might get its name.

w46

UNIT5 T

questions l-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, usingword given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, includingword given.

a)o you know Mrs. Tfout's phone number, Liz?' asked Darren.

whetherDarren Mrs. Ttout's phone number.

'Could you pass me the newspaper please, Patty?' asked her father.

himPatty's the newspaper.

the sports commentator.l think it's going to be a day to remember,' said

wasThe sports commentator said he memorable dav.

I'll have to ring you back later, Tom, there's somebody knocking at the door,' said WiIIiam.

Iater, as there was somebody knocking at

The receptionist said to me, 'I'm sorry,

asked

but would you mind repeating your surname please?'

The receptionist repeatrng my surname.

'\Mould you be able to phone Fiona for me please, Terry?' asked Zoe.

if

wouldWilliam said

door.

the

Zoe asked phone Fiona for her.47n

READING: Lexical clozeFor questions l-12, read the following extracts from two reviews of the same new restaurant and decide whichanswer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Eating in Sleaze

The trouble with many London restaurants is that more planning seems to go into what's on the walls thangoes into what goes on the plates. And, sadly, that is what (f ) one about the new restaurant called

Sleaze.

It (2)

-

a lot, which is what you'd expect from the owner, Johnny Price who, after all, has created a

number of fabulously fashionable eating places around the city. He's certainly been clever in designing Sle

As you walk into the two-storey building, you feel as if you're back in the 1970s. (l) _ on the walls

advertising (4)

-from

that decade, the floors are covered in hexagonal tiles, and the seating is mostl

built-in circular sofas.

But strangest of all, at the back of the restaurant, behind a glass wall, are the gleaming tanks of a workingbrewery. Four (5) of the beer are on sale, and it's not bad! It's certainly a fun environment thatmakes a good talking (6) _ throughout the meal.

I Ablows Bknocks Cthumps Dstrikes2 Apromises Bwarns Canticipates Dthreatens3 APlastered BSplattered CPeppered DSmothered4 Ascenes Bimages Csnaps Dicons5 Abranches Bvarieties Cstrains Dsorts6 Amatter Bfocus Cpiece Dpoint

Sleaze by name...

My dinner (7)

-

off to an excellent start, with an appetizer of wood-roasted vegetables. But for the

main course, I made the (8) of ordering a salmon dish. It was more than an hour before it arrived.

My dining partner, himself a chef, took one (9) _ and told me it was off. I sliced into it and sure

enough , it seemed undercooked. I sent it back and when it (fO) to reappear after another l0minutes, settled tor apizza topped withmozzarella, pesto and rocket. It was delicious.

Surprisingly pleasant also was my dessert of basil and mascarpone ice-cream with stewed rhubarb. In the end

(f l) _, the dinner had taken three times longer than it should have done. The only taste in my moud

when I saw the bill was a bitter one. Our meal for two (12) to the princely sum of f,62 withoutservice.

7 A took8 A slip9 A stink

lO A missed

Il A despite12 A arrived

B got

B mistakeB sneeze

B failedB moreoverB came

C wentC choice

C sniffC happenedC thereforeC reached

D madeD fuss

D snoutD waitedD howeverD got

rc44

UNIT5

-

these statements are TFue or False, according to either writer's opinion.

f,ftought the restaurant was going to be very good.

appearance of the restaurant is very impressive.

&brewery is an unnecessary distraction.

,kt of the food I ordered was disappointing.

that the service could have been better.

restaurant offers good value for money.

read the reviews, what rating out of ten do you think the restaurant deserves under these headings?

2 service 3 food 4 drink

irthe topic of each paragraph in the reviews?

5 value

53

4

paragraph of the two reviews, what is the balance between:

of the restaurant or food?

writer's opinion of the restaurant or food?

would you expect to find pieces of writing like this?

& you think is likely to read them?

rould you describe the style in which they are written?

A rcviewasked by a local English-language magazine which is read by English-speaking visitors and

h your home area, to write a review of two different restaurants; one which you would recommend,you would not. Write your review (300-350 words).

farget readersthey want to know

style you should adopt!o make the review interesting

fwo separate reviews, or one longer piece which compares the two places?

kind of language could you use to make comparisons?

t4

would the paragraphs be organized?

49r

UNIT 5

READING: Multiple choiceYou are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with entertainment. For questions Ichoose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

WeekIf music weren't important, none of this wouldmatter. A Clovis album wouldn't be something totie yourself up in knots over, pondering such vitalquestions as: what do we want from our popstars? Attitude, glamour, volatile behaviourwhich we watch from afar, fascinated, appalled,enraptured? No thanks. Or the Clovis model -regular boys, just like the friends you call at6.00 pm on Friday night in the almost certainknowledge that they'll have nothing better to dothan join you for a couple of drinks or a film. No,that doesn't satisfy either.

The advantage of the band's plainness, however,is that you know what to expect from them.

CD of the

10

Those who loved the sorrow-tinged yet breezytunes on their first album will be just as satisfiedby this latest offering, their third album.Listening to this CD is like coming home fromtravelling the world to find your slippers by thebed, and your favourite mug waiting for you inthe cupboard. Everything in its place, and as youremember. They'll never disappoint you becausethey never make claims for themselves. '\7e're aband for ordinary people,' says their lead singer,and there's nothing defensive in this claim. But Iknow what I want from an album and Clovis, forall their unquestionable proficiency, don't haveas much as a teaspoon of it!

I In the writer's view, the new CD by the bandClovisA has been unfairly criticized.B contains rather uninspiring music.C will not live up to the fans' expectations.D is disappointing compared to their other

albums.

Which phrase from the text best reveals thewriter's opinion of the band members?A volatile behaviour (line 5)

B regular boys (line 8)

C sorrow tinged (Iine 15)

D nothing defensive (line 25)

Sound of the SeventlesIn the 1970s the keyboard instrument known as But playing an original Moog is a different l

the Moog synthesizer seemed like the epitome experience from scrawling through theof futurism. Readers of a certain age will recall computerized menus of the modern digitalthat these wieldy, multi-switched devices not keyboard. Like old guitars, each Moog had its

s only looked like they belonged in a NASA own personality that came from having beenmission control centre, but they emitted individually-designed on a workbench. This 2r

impressive-sounding drones and bleeps into the meant they had to be warmed up before youbargain. Playing one seemed to require a degree could go beserk on the buttons.in engineering, and unconventional musicians n ,- -1

10 sucn as brran bno and Kraftwerk used;;" Despite the cost (about d3'000 second-hand'

-For thts was rock music's cutting edge. plus a further d300 for retuning)' the pleasureof owning a working classic will far outweigh 2:

Now, over 30 years after its invention, the any derived from the flat, bland-sounding resultinstrument's digital successor continues to of playing the latest digital models.underpin the score in seminal pop anthems.

ffi50

UNIT5 W

''\-:t rh phrase from the text best summarizes the status of the Moog synthesizer in its early years?

{ epitome of futurism (lines 2-3)B impressive-sounding drones and bleeps (line 7)

C seminal pop anthems (line 14)

D go beserk on the buttons (line 22)

-- ::lis extract, the writer's main purpose is to.{ compare two different t}pes of musical instrument.B argue in favour of certain techniques in instrument making.tr encourage readers to invest in an antique instrument.D take a nostalgic look at a period of musical history.

Notes to accompany the CD boxed set

This is probably the most starry Verdi recordingso far this century. There have been moreimportant releases of the composer's works inrecent years in terms of rarity value, but it looksunlikely that there will be an opera set to matchthis one for sheer musicianshio for some time tocome.

A less than wholly successful stage productionlres behind the recording. This Faktaff startedlife at a spring music festival in Germany,conducted by Colin Baldacci, but without singerGriff Berwyn, who was unable to appear at the

last minute. Then the production showed upagain at a summer festival in Salzburg, withBerwyn singing, but Baldacci no longerscheduled to conduct. So these CDs, recorded inBerlin a year later, present a souvenir of a castthat never quite managed to get it together in thetheatre. Never mind: it is the standard of the endresult, rather than any sense of live occasion, thatmatters here. I'm sure that if Verdi were alive tohear what one of today's top orchestras canachieve with this miraculous score) it wouldprobably leave him open-mouthed. They haveindeed done him proud.

l:re writer praises this recording forA its imaginative interpretation of Verdi's music.B the inclusion of less well-known works by Verdi.C its faithful recreation of a memorable live production.D the exceptionally fine performances it brings together.

lhe writer suggests that if Verdi could hear this CD, he would be

A disappointed with aspects of it.B full of admiration for it.C unable to recognize his own work.D unsure of how to react to it.

51W"

Tip of my TongueREADING: Multiple choiceYou are going to read an extract from a book about memory. For questions l-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or Dwhich you think fits best according to the text.

THE MAKING OF MEMORY

Memories are our most enduring characteristic.In old age we can remember our childhood g0 ormore years ago; a chance remark can conjure upa face, a nameJ a vision of sea or mountains once

s seen and apparently long forgotten. Memorydefines who we are and shapes how we act moreclosely than any other aspect of our personhood.All of life is a trajectory from experienced past tounknown future, illuminated only during the

ro always receding instant we call the present, themoment of our actual, conscious experience. yetour present appears continuous with our past,grows out of it, is shaped by it, because of ourcapacity for memory. It is this which prevents

rs t}le past from being lost, as unknowabie as thefuture. It is memory which thus provides timewith its arrow.

For each of us, our memories are unique. youcan lose a limb, have plastic surgery,

" tid.,.y

zo transplant or a sex-change operation, yet you arestill in an important sense recognizably yourselfas long as your memories persist. We know whowe are) and who other people are, in terms ofmemory. Lose your memory and you as you)

2s cease to exist, which is why clinical cases ofamnesia are so endlessly fascinating and fright_ening. Advocates of cryonics, that Californianfantasy of quick-freezing the dead until futureadvances in medical technology can bring thern

:o back to life, recognize this; they propose a com_puter backup store for the frozencorpse's mem_ories which may somehow be read into therevived body at a future time. But our own

human memories are not embedded in a com-puter, they are encoded in the brain, in the ten:sbillion nerve cells that comprise the human cere-brum - and the connections and pathwaysbetween these cells. Memories are living process-es, which become transformed, imbued withnew meanings each time we recall them. 40

Most of us worry that we have a poor memory,that we forget faces, vital appointments. yet *rescale and extent of what any one of us canremember are prodigious. Imagine sitting downand looking at a photograph for a few seconds. asThen another, then another. Suppose that aweek later I show you the photographs again,each accompanied by a new, different one, andask you to say which you had seen before. Howmany photographs do you think you could iden_ sotify correctly before your memory ran out or youbecame confused? \7hen I asked my colleaguesin the lab, their guesses ranged from 20 to 50. yetwhen the experiment is done in reality most peo-ple can identify accurately at least 10,000 differ- ss

ent photographs without showing any signs of'running out'of memory capacity.

Do we then really forget at all? Are all our pastexperiences, as some schools of psychoanalysismaintain, encoded in some way within our 60

brains, so that, if only we could find the key toaccessing them, every detail of our past wouldbecome as transparent to us as is the presentmoment of our consciousness? Or is forgettinefunctional, so that we record and rememblr orl! osthose tlrings which we have reason to believe areimportant for our future survival? If that wereso, then to have a perfect memory would not be a

r'e&e 52

UNIT6 W

help but a hindrance in our day-to-day existence,': and the long search for techniques or drugs to

improve our memory - a search which goes backfar into antiquity - would be at best a chimera.

.\bove all, how do we remember? How can thesubtleties of our day-to-day experiences, the joys

-: and humiliations of childhood, the trivia of lastnight's supper or the random digits of a passingcar's numberplate become represented withinthe mix of molecules, of ions, proteins and lipidsthat make up the ten billion nerve cells of our

i: brain? It is hard enough to envisage such a greatnumber of cells, it is enough to note that eachhuman brain contains getting on for ttree timesas many nerve cells as there are people alive onthe earth today, and that if you were to begin

.: counting the connections bet'rveen them at the

rate of one every second, it would take you any-thing from three to thirty million years to com-plete your tally. Enough here perhaps to storethe memories of a lifetime...

And yet there is a problem. During a human life-time every molecule of our body is replacedmany times over, cells die and are replaced, theconnections between thern are made and brokenthousands, perhaps millions of times. Yet despitethis great flux which constitutes our biologicalexistence, memories remain. No memory withina computer could survive such a completeturnover of all the machine's constituent parts.Somehow just as the shapes of our bodies persistdespite the ceaseless ebb and flow of their molec-ular components, so do our memories, embed-ded in the structure and processes of the brain.

100

t

it h-v is memory described as our most enduring:haracteristic?A Old people can remember details of their

own childhood.B It provides a link between our past and our

future.C All our actions and behaviour are products

of our memory.D It is an individual characteristic,

unknowable to other people.

iet'rple are fascinated by cases of amnesialecause

-{ it is a highly unusual condition.B it represents a loss of individual identity.C it can be brought on by routine medical

treatment.D they are afraid that others will not

recognize them.'.1 hat doubts does the author have about:r-onics?A It oversimplifies the problem.B It originated in California.C It is completely unscientific.D It is too reliant on computers.

i{hat is shown by the experiment usingthotographs?A Memory can easily be improved.B We worry unnecessarily about our memory.C We underestimate our memory.D The human memory is very powerful.

How might having a perfect memory be aproblem?

A We would confuse present and past.

B We would remember a lot of irrelevantthings.

C We would need to take drugs tomaintain it.

D We would exhaust the amount ofmemory available.

According to the author, the human braindiffers from a computer because ofA the amount it can store.

B the speed at which it operates.

C the range of material it can process.

D its ability to renew itself.

The expressions flux, turnover, and ebb and floware all used in the final paragraph to describe

A a rate of change.

B the consequences of change.

C a state of change.

D problems associated with change.

d

53m

UNIT 6

0 it (line 13) =

I this (line la) =

2 them (line 29) =

3 they (line 30) =

4 they (line 35) =

5 them (line 40) =6 one (line 48) =

7 them (line 62; =

I that (line 67) =

9 them (line 85) =l0 here (line 88) =

ll them (line 93\ =12 so do (line 1 01 )=

I characteristic

2 illuminated

f unknowable

4 accompanied

5 humiliation

6 appointment

7 connection

8 embedded

9 recognizably

l0 constituent

Il subtleties

12 components

VocabularyLook back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are givenhas been done for you as an example.

O an adjective meaning lasts a long time (l)I a phrasal verb meaning to bring to mind (l\2 a noun meaning a type of line (l)3 a noun meaning loss of memory (2)

4 a noun meaning people in favour of something (2)

5 an adjective meaning wonderfully large (3)

6 a noun meaning something which gets in the way (4)

7 a noun meaning a fanciful idea (4)

8 a noun meaning events leading to feelings of low-erteem (5)

9 a noun meaning unimportant detaik (5\

10 a verb meaning imagine (51

ll a noun meaning a record of a count (5)

12 an adjective meaning deeply buried (6\

enduring

Reference skillsLook at these words which are in bold in the extract. In each case say what the word is referring to.done for you as an example. """*rt.l

I

l

I

I

l

in br

ju.r oast

Word stressUnderline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text:

w54

UNIT6 W

ffiffixes and suffixes) - -ook at these two words from the extract. Draw lines to show where there are any prefixes and suffixes.

:'::oded embedded

I -ook back at the context in which the words were used. Why has this suffix been used?

i lhe prefix em is sometimes used instead of en. Can you think of more examples?

II|MAR: Gerund and infinitive5:c.e r.erbs are followed always by a gerund and some always by an infinitive:

t

- a$w playing games that involve using my memlry.- i-: Jmt I am unable lo remember numbers iery accurately.

5,-r-c verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but the meaning may change:.:. .. . ..

fut ro remember the phone number. = Please do it; it's important.kt remembering the phone number. = Il would be a good idea.I ranembered to postthe letter. = I didn't lorget.I rtmember posting the letter. = I'm sure f did it.

. : 'se the correct form from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.

- -\re you able (to memorize/memorizing) people's phone numbers?

I Do you remember (to go/going) to the post office last Wednesday?

i Some people find images easier (remembering/to remember) than words.

4 I must remember (trying/to try) andphone Phil this evening. I've got a message for him.

i You can't remember complicated instructions without (to make/making) notes.

t To memorize/Memorizing) data is a learned skill that requires a lot of work.- The professor recommends (using/to zse) nmonics as an aid to memory.

! -\ctors say there is no easy way (to learn/for learning) their lines.a Piease don't hesitaLe (calling/to call\ me if you need any help.

- I i'm looking forward (to hear/to hearing) from you in due course.

i haven't managed (to find/finding) a jacket to match my new pair of trousers.

Do you dare (/o ask/asking) the visiting expert such a leading question?

f - -ie the verbs in the box into two categories:q. - -hose generally followed by an infinitive and B - those generally followed by a gerund. Some verbs may, : : -ar in both categories, depending on their use.

avoid resist face offer miss intend regret finish want risk mentiondecide postpone expect consider refuse hope learn plan

l

t - infinitive) B (+ gerund)

55W

ffi uNtTS

USE OF ENGIISH: Word-building clozeFor questions t-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to formword that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why do we forget?

Despite the remarkable (0) efficienqt of the human brain, we still suffer

from lapses of memory when we are (f )

-

to remember something

that we thought was well established in our mind. Why does this happen?

One theory suggests that information stored in the memory falls into (2)

unless it is activated fairly regularly. In other words, we need to practise

and revise what we have learnt, otherwise the new input will gradually

fade in the memory and (3) disappear. This is called 'decay theory'.

In(4)-tothistheoryistheideaof,cue-dependentforgetting,,whichasserts that information does in fact persist in the memory, but we may be

incapableofrecallingit.Inotherwords,thefailureisoneof(5)-ratherthan (6) . Evidence for this theory derives from a number of experiments.

Inoneofthese,subjectsweregivenlistsofwordsto(7)-andwerethentestedon their powers of recall. Then they were tested again, only this time they were

given relevant information to (8)

-

recall. For example, if a list contained

the words 'sofa' ,'armchair' and 'wardrobe', the subjects would be given the

superordinate word'furniture'as a cue to help them. These experiments showed

that recall was considerably (9) by appropriate cues, suggesting

thattheinformationwaSnotpermanentlylostbutonly(ro)-.

EFFICIENT

ABLE

USE

ULTIMATE

OPPOSE

RETRIEVE

STORE

MEMORY

FACILITY

STRENGTH

LAY

PUNCTUATION: Commas and clausesWe often use a comma to separate a clause or an adverb from the main part of the sentence. For sentences l-10,put a comma in the correct place and decide which is the clause and which is the subject of the main sentence.

Example: If you press that button the machine will work.

Answer: If :tou press that button (clause.\. the machine (subiect.\ will work-

I Before beginning work for the day Tom turned on his computer.

2 First of all I'd like to talk about my own experience.

3 Surprising as it may seem memories are our most enduring characteristics.

4 Apart from Dr. Brown nobody knew how to programme the computer.

5 You can borrow my BMW as long as you drive carefully.

ffi56

6 Far from being cold in the room it turned out to be rather warm.

uNlTS n

it not been for Barbara's help the project would never have been completed.

fre party will be held in the open air providingthat it doesn't rain.

lhless you have any objections the meeting will take place on March 4th.

Despite the limited time available for rehearsals the band seemed very well prepared.

Comprehensionthese three sentences:

Tlre reporter attacked the senator and admitted the error.

Tla reporter who attacked the senator admitted the ercor.

Thc reporter who the senator attacked admitted the error.

three have the same meaning? Can you explain any differences in meaning?

of the sentences is the most difficult to understand? Why?

at the headline of the article. What do you think the article is going to be about?

tre article quickly to decide which of the sentences (A, B.or C) best summarizes the article.

*ictttists prove that the harder the question, the longer the brain takes to answer it.

dentists show that the harder a brain works, the more it achieves.

firientistsfind that the more complexthe problem, the quicker the brain responds to it.

ion did the researchers ask the volunteers? What was the purpose of the question? What otherdo you think they asked?

more carefully and answer the following questions.

hwhat way do you think'teasers' (line 2) are 'irritatingly compulsive'?

Explain in your own words the phrase 'springs into action'. (lines l4-15)

What does the writer mean bv the term 'common sense'? (line 19)

What are 'high levels of cognition'? (lines 24-25)

What did the researchers set out to prove?

In your own words, explain what other theory has been supported by the research.

57:

UNIT 6

How ffiwwry matter can beThose irritatingly compulsiveteasers which crop up in theback of weekend magazinesneed never defeat you again.For, according to a fascinat-ing study published recentlyin Science, thinking harderreally does make your brainwork harder. Researchers inPittsburg, USA, have conclud-ed that they can measure howhard people are thinking sim-ply by measuring how muchbrain tissue springs intoaction. The observations weremade using a method that iscalled'magnetic resonanceimaging'.

Although common sense sug-gests that the more complexthe problem, the harder thebrain works, there has alwaysbeen speculation aboutwhether high levels of cogni-tion can actually be detectedin terms of brain activity.

Simply by asking volunteersto look at wdtten sentences,the researchers seemed tohave proved that loftierthoughts really are linked tohigher brain activity. Theirtechnique may also help sci-entists to tell exactly whichparts of the brain are used tocarry out particular mentaltasks.

The task chosen for this

experiment was understand-+o ing written sentences. The

researchers chose thisbecause a wide variety ofknowledge is required toprocess the meaning of

+s words, phrases, how they fittogether, and to develop avisual picture of the meaning.

Fifteen participants of collegeage were shown the following

so sentences which increase incomplexity:

t

552

3

60

The reporter attacked thesenator and admitted theer1('LThe reporter who attackedthe senator admitted theet1()LThe reporter who thesenator attacked admittedthe error,

The ascending order of com-plexity is confirmed by thefact that the third sentencetook the participants longer

6s to read, caused their pupils todilate more, and was morelikely to be misunderstood.

After reading each sentence,they were asked questions

70 such as, 'Did the reporterattack the senator?' Theyanswered by pressing but-tons. As this was done. the

iJf I

researchers monitored the7s brain activity in four areas of

the brain known to be associ-ated with language. All areasbecame more active as thesentences got more compli-

so cated, the areas in the lefthemisphere of the brain beingactivated more dramatically.Around three times morebrain tissue was used in the

as left-hand-side areas than inthe right hemisphere. Theexact amount of brain matterinvolved varied from personto person and with each set of

9o sentences.

The scientists postulate thatthe different areas of thebrain may have a specific rolein deciphering the sentences.

ss Wernicke's area in the lefthemisphere may be responsi-ble for processing the mean-ing of each word, and Broca'sarea, also on the left, may

roo help to associate the sound ofthe word with its meaning.

The researchers conclude thatit is now possible to map howdifficult a cognitive task is by

ros looking at how much of thebrain is needed to tackle it.

35

7 In your own words, explain why the researchers chose to use written sentences in their research.

8 Explain the phrase 'ascending order of complexity'. (lines 6l-62)

9 What three pieces of evidence suppofi the idea that one of the sentences was more difficult tounderstand?

@58

lO Which side of the brain proved to be the most active? Why?

Relative pronounsat the three sentences the volunteers were shown. One of them would be much easier tohad the wordwhombeen used instead of.who. Which sentence is this? When is it possible to use

mher thanwho?

of; the sentences l-IO, decide which is true, either;Lr.ho can be replaced by whom.dn must be replaced by whomCrto cannot be replaced by whom

.bn is the man who I go to watch football matches with.

tto is that knocking at the door?

Sc is the woman who wrote the article about brains.

llr is the woman with who I had a conversation about the Internet.

tr are talking about the woman who I love,' he said.

t[.a you indicate the man to who you sent the letter?

]was the only one of the actors without who the play couldn't go on.

k- wondering who to ask to the party.

t*y is the little girl who we bought the birthday present for.

fto is going to help me do the washing-up this evening?

lrrposition to these sentences.

This is the person for whom I've been waiting.

h is the man whom I bought my old car.

Hl is a student whom I communicate on the Internet.

Ibat's the name of the person whom you sent that fax?

l'UzJrc is the girl whom we gave our old desktop computer.

whom do I have the pleasure of speaking?

each of the sentences above tsingwho + preposition, as in the example.

She's the person (who) l've beenwaiting for.

ffiffi UNIT 5

4 Put either who, whom, where or which into the space in each of these sentences'

Example: James is a man who likes his food'

L Tanamara is a book I've never read'

2 Frances is the name of the girl

-

I've never met'

f York is a Place I've never visited'

4 Sally is the type of person we ought to employ'

5 Dr. Smith is someone you can always rely on'

6 This is the place the accident happened'

7 The company is rhe only one

--

sells this type of product'

8 This is the onlv place

-

you can send a fax cheaply'

9 Our problem is finding someone is willing to do this sort of work.

lO Are they made by the company

-makes

the video components?

GRAMMAR: Conditional sentences

Remember: There are four main types of conditional sentence:

'zero' I/ + present simple + present simple

If I wake up early, I go for a walk before breakfast' = usuallY

lst f + present simple + will + infinitive without ro

If I wake up early tom,rr|w, I witt go for a walk before breakfast' = I really will, if I have time

If I had time, I would go for a walk tomorrow before,b-reakfast': b"t i:'-:^1ttJ^t^1"""^',::lect

to have time

i1 t *rrc yornger, I wouid go for a walk before breakfast. = but I'm not younger. so I won't

2nd

3rd f + past perfect + would + have + past participle

If I had woken up earlier, I would have gone for a walk before breakfasl. = but I didn't wake up early, so I didn't

For questions l-9, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence' using the

word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wc

given.

I If you'd planned your journey in advance, this problem wouldn't have arisen'

avoided

I/ + subjunctive (past simple) + would + infinitive without /o

everyone agrees, next week's meeting will be cancelled.

next week.

more driving practice you get, the more likely you are to pass the test.

lmg , you're quite likely to pass the test.

re know if vou are ever in need of assistance.

assistance, let me know.

will be served at 8 pm, irrespective of the children's state of readiness.

dinner will be served at 8 pm.

prices rise dramatically, we'll be able to afford a new car next year.

, we'll be able to afford a new car next year.

or not there's a strong wind, we'll go sailing tomorrow.

we'll go sailing tomorrow.

Gapped sentencesl-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1ur can't remember a wotd, it up in your dictionary.

aroidunexpectedbottlenecksinyourwork,youneedto-aheadandseewhat,scoming.fedupyoumaybefeeling,it,simportantto-onthebrightsideandadoptapositive

language of text messaging seems to

-

a need for brevity and universal comprehensibility.

this report I have prepared will

-

with your approval.

grrrethisisaproblemwe,ll-againinthecourseofourresearch.

week's colour supplement includes a long on the Internet jargon.

musualandcompIicated-ofthislanguageliesinitsverbSystem.ape's bulbous nose is his most prominent facial

for remembering aII his friends' and colleagues' telephone numbers is phenomenal.

f,nk my freezer is filled to - I just can't fit any more stuff in it.

ir speaking to the club members tonight in his as President of the bank.

hadn,tunderstoodtheaimoftheexperimentandhadno-ideaoftheprocedure.qder to avoid misunderstandings, I always make it when I'm joking and when I'm not.

UNIT6 N

ptfer to study early in the morning when my mind is

51 r

A Matter of Taste

GRAMMAR: Gerund and infinitivePut the correct form of the verb in brackets, either the gerund or infinitive, in each of the spaces in these sente

I2

3

4

)6

7

8

9

l0

Icouldn,tresist-(go)toseethatnewexhibitionattheNationalGallery.Pleaseforgivemy-(mention)it,butIthinkyou,Iesittingonmyhat.I refuse (accept) the idea of selling that painting - it's been in my family for generations.

I've heard that Tom intends (invest) in 1980s furniture, which is becoming very collect

I was completely taken aback (learn) that my old vase was quite valuable.

Do you think it's worth (travel) all the way to Paris to see the Cezanne exhibition?

What the designer omitted (mention) was the price she wants for the commission.

I have arranged for you (borrow) that art book rather than have the expense of buVinS it. l

Would you mind (tidy) up your room a bit before you go out, please? l

I can't face

-

(listen) to another hour of this concert, I'm going home!

HELP WITH SPELLING 5: Words ending in cede/ceed/sede. There are rhree ways of spelling word,s ending with this sound, but most of them are spelled crde:

precede concede etc.

o There are foui exceptions to this rule which it is worth learning:supersede = the onty word where s is used instead of c

exceed,proceed and succeed = the only words which endin ceed

Look at these sentences. Each one contains a spelling mistake. The mistake may or may not involve a word endi

in -cede/-ceed or -sede. Underline the misspelled word in each sentence and write a correction in the space on theright.

I It was a very sucessful concert and all the proceeds went to charity.

2 Terry's new novel is not as exciting as the preceeding ones.

3 The rock star is now over 50 and his hair is beginning to receed.

4 That modell of word-processor has now been superseded.

5 John conceded that he had made an error of judgment.

6 The police officer fined him for exceeding the spede limit.

7 Tamsin has succeeded in overcoming many personnal difficulties.

8 The lawyer told Ted that legal procedings had been started against him.

w62

UNITT W

pnnn ,,Ltr**' l.-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Blue jeans' : :robably in the l6th-century, someone invented a tough cotton fabric in the Italian city of Genoa.

'.:rcre we get the word 'jeans' from, or so (l) has it. But the name could have been created'

=: -ir the French city of Nimes, where it was called 'serge de Nimes', or denim (2)

-.: --r. coolest fashion statement there is - (3)

-

you iron in a crease or sport an elasticated- - '.', hich is when they instantly become the opposite. (4) _ amongst cheap, everyday

-ans are the only ones that look better the older they get and actually accrue in value with the

1o ll

sllL]i]] t' . ;

ll'li,,iir": r i

wrllli ll r

l]ll]l]Liifl]]". - -

lLll/ll.lLl

: \'ears.

: : ::iitude, they say something about you, broadcasting loud and (6) _ that the owner is proud

with iconic wearers, such as James Dean, Bruce Springstein, etc.

,: -:rillions of pairs are bought all over the world, many of them the classic 501 jean - a style which.'::oduced in 1890. In the world of fashion where things go out of date faster than you can blink, it's

:nthinkable for a company to be selling an item designed more than 100 years ago.

lll" lL "" :

,,1,"tiifl j -

rlil$i,

'{qiilr {m{

lfri {[

l$|i 4,

-:, ::ated----l-,i, -t1\

C report

C at last

C providing

C Individual

C course

C true

C appreciated

C slightly

D whisper

D for short

D unless

D Solitary

D passage

D pure

D related

D hardly

B rumour

B by sight

B albeit

B Unaccompanied

B progress

B clear

B recognized

B virtually

; EiliGLISH: Summary'',,:rg texts about denim jeans. For questions l-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not

.L * : - npiete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according to the instructions given.

- :::ined as utilitarian work clothes for America's:. -: seekers, denim jeans and jackets have sparked:- . gold rush of their own as collectors dig

i *rd for rare examples. And there are some fair-.::;ient examples to be found. For old denims

-,:','-: seem to fade away completely, do they?. i -:e often than not, they are just consigned to;.::ening or DIY duties, destined to see out their:.-.'. cor,ered in mud or being splashed with oil or::rjrt. Some, however, make their way onto,;:-nd-hand market stalls and rails in charity: j- rS_. to be picked up by those searching for that'-,':.i-in' look. Or by denim collectors. These

-.::::r' individuals trawl vintage denim hotspots in

search of their quarry - and they know exactlywhat to look for: the cut, the label, even fhe stitch-ing, which can reveal the date and value of an item,from just a few pounds to tens of thousands.There are some wealthy individuals with verylarge, and surprisingly valuable, private collec-tions. Denim is such a hard-working material thatit doesn't require special storage, although fussiercollectors insist on an air-conditioned room forfear that damp might affect the colour. Most,though, just keep thefu treasures neatly folded,rather than on a hanger which might lead to dis-coloration along the crease.

15

25

UNIT 7

Which two words later in the text reinforce the idea that collectors have to 'dis around' (lines 3-4)

find rare examples of denim jeans?

2 In your own words, explain what the writer means by the term 'denim hotspots'. (line 141

3 In your own words, explain what is 'ironic' in the situation described at the beginning of the text.

4 Which phrase from the text suggests that very valuable jeans may be found by chance?

5 In a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible,

reasons given in the texts why various people buy old denim jeans.

In a world that puts a premium on hand-crafted

couture, it's ironic that vintage samples of what

was once a mass-produced workaday garment are

now in such demand. '\fhen you wear vintage

denim, you wear an iconic piece of American

history,' says Lynne Downey, archivist for Levi

Strauss and herself a collector for ten years.

'Denim has a sense of continuity.' Indeed, what

other l9th-century garment has survived intact to

the present time?

Unlike other collectables, though, denim has few

dedicated dealers. The market is determined

largely by the forces of supply and demand, and is

driven by the fascination with Americana incountries such as Japan and Korea. Many people

buy purely for resale, and there are some real

nuggets to be found. In 1995, one collector

stumbled across what are believed to be the oldest

never-worn-or-washed pair of Levi jeans, which

date from 1927.He paid $2,500 in the US, selling

on to aJapanese client for $30,000, who was quick

to resell them for a belt-tightening $41,000.

Jeans manufacturers haven't been slow to cash in

on the trend for the old look, either. \fith originals

in ever shorter supply, Levis and Lee have each

launched limited edition reproduction ranges:

which may well confuse collectors of the future.

Some, with a post-modern touch, have even been

aged with the odd patch or fray.

ffi64

An articlebeen asked to write a short article of between 300 and 350 words on the subject of blue jeans for anFaking magazine read by young people in your country. Look at this brief you have received from

use your own words, write in an appropriate style, and include:ion from the box below

the passagb aboveabout the popularity of jeans in your country

erticle.

! Prefixes with uplEntence with a word from the box and the prefix up. One has been done for you as an example.

upbringing was very artistic; both her parents were painters.Hvery when she heard that her car had been stolen.hautiful old house, but I'm afraid its costs a fortune.

&e money to put on such a large exhibition was quite an _ struggle.htly painting, but I'm afraid it seems to be hanging down.

the tickets have been on sale for a month, there's been very little so far.

lEts very if people keep him waiting.hrobeenan-inthefortunesoffemaledesignersinrecentyeaIS.rffl visit us tomoffow to give us an on latest developments in software design.

ir frat box lying on its side? I thought it was meant to be kept

uNlTT m

arlicle should include hislorical in{ornation aboul denin nalerial, the design o{ ieansLeui Slrauss hinse(. You should also include an appraisal of the place o{ jeans in

in gour counltg. I'n enclosing sotne biodata oh Leli Slrauss {ot gou lo use.

S:IRAUSS

Born in Bavaria, Germany (son of a haberdasher)Emigrated to New York (where brother had haberdashery business)Became a US citizenMoved to San Francisco (time of gold rush)Went into business with Jacob Davis (Davis had designed the firstjeans, but lacked the money to develop the idea)Died - left fortune of $6 millionf7 billion worth of jeans sold per year world wide

hill trght keep shot right turn take set side dare

of the long discussion about packaging was the decision to employ a new graphic

65n

UNIT 7

GRAMMAR: Wishes and regretso rhere are three main uses of the verb /o wish tnthe present tense. compare:

A I wish you a happy birthday. = the verb followed by an objectB',Y:,f#:,;':J:;,nT,':I',if

"0",,,l

::.,.,, ffi ffi::c',x';f':;,Y;!/l,ll!,',?f,i!i)1i," *'

'1.".,::,::::;:^T,':::,",;;;i,;;:;pas"ensecompare:

B n''#:#;^,: ::: l;x1i#r,::: ;:,, 1r,::,y,:"' "

c',Y#';!;:r ry",i'!; ii:,irr' : h',f;,r:r'l"o,l, o o u,

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using thrword given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the n'4

given.

I Terry was disappointed that he couldn't go to the football match.

wishesTerry

2 Sally

to the football match.

regrets not sending a birthday card to her boyfriend.wishes

Sally bovfriend a birthdav card.

Felix phoned Ramona and said, 'Good luck inwishFelix phoned

Ronnie would very much like Samantha to

wishes

Ronnie

your exam tomorrow'

Graham disliked the fact that he had to visit his grandmorher.

wishedGraham

Pamela

wishesPamela

the following day.

his grandmother a visit.

would like to stay out later on Saturday nights, but she can't.

later on Saturday nights.

help him with his homework.

I(elly would be pleased if it stopped raining.

wishesI(elly stop.

8 Benny would very much like to be able to speak Welsh.

wishes

with his homework.

ffi66

Benny to speak Welsh.

}|ultiple choice*.is review of a new series of art books. A number of structure words have been removed. For questions&oose the most appropriate word or phrase from the alternatives in italics.

History of Artllr,rpjor new series aims to present major chunks of world art history in a way that is popular and enticing

wwir.'ur/avoidingbeingbland, unquestioning and patronizing to (2) ones/thosewho can already tell Manet$tanet.

ffim* five ritles are coming out as a group. (3) Each/All are flawlessly designed and sensitively organized,reader-friendly notes, glossary and index. (41 This/Such realistic approach extends to the price - at f,8.99

'rfru can afford, or (5) while/at leastbe tempted, to buy in bulk - (6) especially/simply when you comparerith similar art history books, costing far more.

ArL-ugh/However attractive its packaging, a series like this risks being over-ambitious; it can't simplyGEiEr rhe whole history of art in one fell swoop, as one over-excited critic, quoted on each jacket, has

There is (S) only/hardly so much you can say in 200 pages when there are almost as many imagesfr must be interpreted and contextualized to give a bigger picture, especially (91 when/whether dealing'ffi a subject, for example, as vast as 'Art in China'.

't:*lrhilst|ne authors, invariably experts in their fields, manage to juggle their own and other people'smru:ns rvith enviable wit, and without losing less-informed readers. (ll\ However/Despite the rigid format,

are books with personality as well as looks - there is simply no other art history series as wide-ranging,d-researched and up-to-date. (t^2l But/And it is fair to say that the publishers can hardly be accused ofqurmag corners; there are another 55 volumes to come.

frr 5s1d rhe text again. For questions l-4, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits bestmmr$ing to the text.

I h rtre first two paragraphs, the reviewer suggests that the books in the new series are

A suitable only for people ignorant of art.i of little use as individual volumes.C relatively good value for money.D aimed at too broad a target audience.

I htat aspect of the books is the reviewer less than convinced by?

A the elaborate packaging

I the accuracy of the informationC the historical background providedD the quoted critical reaction

I lthat does the reviewer say about the series' authors?A He admires their sense of humour.I He accepts the limitations of their knowledge.

C He regrets that they're constrained by the format.D He questions the relevance of their opinions.

| lrhich phrase from the text is used to suggest that the series may be attempting to achieve too much?A major chunks (line I )

t to buy in bulk (line 6)

C one fell swoop (line 9)

D cutting corners (line f 7)

W UNITT

3 Look at these two phrases from the review:

AU are flawlessly designed and sensitively organized, with reader-friendly notes.. .

However attractive its packaging, a series like this risks being over-ambitious . . .

I How many pieces of information or opinion does each include?

2 How are the pieces of information linked together?

3 Where do you expect to find this style of writing?

4 Why is it so effective?

5 Find some more examples of noun phrases in the review.

GRAMMAR: InversionsRewrite each of these sentences so that it has a similar meaning, but begins with the word given.

I The car may have been cheap, but it wasn't good value.

Cheap

That hotel is elegant, but it lacks the atmosphere of its neighbour.

Elegant

Although the painting is pretty, it doesn't compare with the great masters.

Pretty

So

4 William didn't realize he had so much stuff until he had to move house.

Not until

s.Poo

a 6w68

Gapped textRead this newspaper article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphsA-G on page 70 the one which fits each gap (f-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need touse.

Shaggy Dog Story

Summer is a sleepy time for the publishing world, butone book, only recently released, has already goneinto a second impression. In fact, Knitting with Dog

Hairhas become a surprise cult hit. From the title, itsounds like another work of gritty Glasgow realismfrom the school of Irvine Walsh - until one sees thecover, which features a dachshund wearing a knittedhat. Then the appalling truth dawns. This book isserious.

1

Then at the back of the book, there are patterns forscarves, mittens and jumpers, with the finishedresults proudly modelled by the dog owners. There'seven an exhaustive guide to which dogs provide thebest yarn. Readers learn that the Rottweiler, 'calmand intelligent by nature, has a very short, fineundercoat that can be spun when mixed with longerfibres - but do make sure you have his fullco-operation before you pick up the brush.'

The whole 'dog-hair thing' as Kendall calls it, beganl5 years ago, when she learned how to spin. But whyspinning, when one can buy wool from a shop? 'Oh,it's not that I thought I'd need to make my familyclothes, it's just that it's so fundamental. You can't go

through a day without dealing with fibres. And it'svery therapeutic. It forces you to wind down, and thegreat thing about spinning is you can take it out ontothe porch and the kids will come out and we'll tellstories'. A craft for our times? 'Exactlv.'

'I smile every time I wear it. There are people whostuff their dogs - I don't think I could do that -but thisis like carrying a lock of hair. It's a lot of hair, sure, butit is that little touchstone that makes you feelconnected and it looks quite beautiful when wornwith my camel-hair coat. It's been quite aconversation piece.'

In the publicity pictures, Kendall Crolius andco-author, Anne Montgomery, give every impressionof being apple-pie normal, rather than dog-crazedrustics, but I still wasn't expecting the perfectlymanicured vision of corporate America that greetedme at the front door. Kendall was dressed in an elegantceam suit - exactly the sort of attire one could notwear anywhere near a dog. Perhaps the whole projectwas merely a warped marketing ploy to sell moreknitting needles.

The book, which was 'written on a laptop on businesstrips back and forth to Michigan' has been animmediate success in the States, after being turneddown by countless publishers. One has to face facts.There must be many people out there knitting uptheir dogs, or at least planning to.

Kendall was unrelenting. 'We did want this to be afun read. But we're not kidding. Look upon it as

recycling. This is just a how-to manual.'

4

52

6

3

'Ine harr, by the way, is gathered after it has beenshed, or as a result of grooming with a brush. UntilKendall explained this, I'd been under the falseand truly horrible misapprehension that theysheared the dogs like sheep. It was at this pointthat I suddenly found the surreal quality of thisconversation overwhelming. Surely it was all ajoke?

I(endall says this in an off-hand way, but the onlyexcuse for an advertising executive to resort tospinning is watching Sleeping Beauty too manytimes. 'Spinning was becoming increasinglypopular,' I(endall explained,'and I do like to masternew skills.'

Indeed, as one of the writers of this small, butinformation-packed volume is I(endall Crolius, asenior vice-president of a major Americanadvertising company, it must be. Inside is acomplete guide to each stage in creating clothing,from 'a dog you know and love, rather than asheep you'll never meet,' as the book puts it - fromgathedng up the hair itself, to spinning the yarn.

This whole notion, however, was instantlyknocked on the head. I(endall was only too happyto tell me the benefits of knitting with dog hair.This isn't just knitting. It's a cause.

I(endall now has a chocolate-brown dog of thesame breed. Although she stresses that she reallvdidn't want a dog 'just to make sweaters', she duaccept that it was fortunate when this latestlabrador turned out to have long hair of the sortthat covered upholstery in a fine layer.

It was on a spinning course, in Brooklyn, thatI(endall first heard about the amazing properties r

dog fur. 'Our teacher happened to mention thatone could spin dog hair. Everyone went "hah,hah", but I thought "hmmmm". We already hadlgolden labrador retriever... in fact, this is goldenretriever,' said I(endall, brandishing acoppery-brown scarf. Although the dog departedlife some years ago, she lingers on in I(endall'swardrobe.

I felt I already knew I(endall, and indeed herwhole family, from the smudgy black-and-whitephotographs which are littered throughout thebook, as they pose in the various items of clothinlshe has created. But when I read that I(endall wain London, on a high-powered mission for hercompany, I couldn't pass up the opportunity ofmeeting her'

Extracts tiom an articre by Lucinda Brerfirst published in The Independent 24 August I r

From the paragraph options A-G

7 Paragraph A' truly horrible misapprehension'

8 Paragraph A'the surreal quality'

9 Paragraph G'littered throughout the book'

l0 Paragraph G'on a high-poweredmission'

In your own words, explain what the writer means by each of these expressions as used in the article.

From the main part of the text on page 69

I First paragraph 'the appalling truth dawns'

2 Third paragraph 'apple-pie normal'

3 Third paragraph 'dog-crazed rustics'

4 Third paragraph 'vision of corporate America'

5 Third paragraph 'a warped marketing ploy'

6 Fifth paragraph 'that little touchstond

How would you feel about wearing a pullover made from dog's hair? What do you feel about this book? Is itin good taste? Which of the following phrases would you use to describe the tone of the ailicle?A slightly indignantB completely neutralC generally admiringD mildly mocking

Go your own Way

artwork brands

mailing media

samples space

campaigns catalogue circulationmedium p+a€e production rates

traders up-market

consumers leaflets

research revolution

SOCABULARY Advertisingfrr:d this text about advertising. FilI each of the numbered gaps with one suitable word from the box. The first one:,;,, been done for you as an example.

Advertising

The modern market (O) place contains a bewildering choice of goods, all competing for our attention.

Manufacturers are advertising to inform us about their products and persuade us to buy them. Throughout

history, each new development in communications has led to a new type of advertising. Street (l)have always had special cries to alert people to their presence, and the development of printing made

newspaper advertisements possible. The industrial (2) of the lgrn century led to mass

(3) _ of goods, and the 20th century provided radio and television to sell them.

Now that multinational companies do business across the globe, their products are referred to as world(4) _ . Advertising them is a costly affair and has effects on the lives of people in many countries.

Each different means of advertising is called a (5) _ - away of getting information across. By

choosing the right ones, a business can reach the (6) most likely to want or be able to afford its

product. Market (7)

-companies

help a business to decide if these people read a publication or watch

a television programme which might carry its advertisements.

A small business might wish to send (8) to people in their homes, letting locals know where to findit. Those dealing with expensive, (9) items can buy a (f 0) hst of prosperous homes from

a list broker and post direct mail material to particular addresses. Some companies advertise their goods in a

mail order (f f )

-,

a booklet showing products available by post. Advertising (r2)

-

can be

bought in local newspapers and radio channels.

Larger organizations opt for national or international advertising. National newspapers have a very wide( f 3)

-

and charge high (f ) for advertising. Glossy magazines print elegant colour

r 15) _ to show off goods and sometimes give away small packets of products as (f 6)

The most widely recognized advertisements appear on television. They reach a large audience in a very

receptive situation. Big manufacturers use various (17)

-

in an organized series of advertisements

called (f 8)

-

which are worked out by advertising agencies.

71Wffi

' rlp.e, l."il! l,l{'ilirrt'il,liiil*l+illi,,::,1;r,,,,t=-itl;=;1;1!:-iiFi*i+++:ii;{+t;#f'*:$1;ggr**

N B. Reporting verbs can often Ue toltowiJ Uv i itu"ri ".t; liit, n"i ttrii isgCni*tiv"r-tri***'""i.rs ""u

Ai t[.N s,lRenorfns vgr-bs -can

otte.t.u. f'ili;-; tt ; d;r; *rtn ,iir, n,ri ttrit ir g.ne*irv'*;t6.a"'unlest r". dl uh.

Gloria agreedTanyiz apologized for the faa ihwt she hn"d missed tlry ntq.TryqqpotogrzeaJorrneJacrma{snsnuam$:eavrymee.mng.'"'." . "

.

For questions l-10, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, usthe word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, includthe word given. Be careful to use the shortest correct form after the reporting verb.

I 'I wish I hadn't eaten so much cake,' said Ricky.

regrettedRicky cake.

2 'I'll send you a postcard as soon as I arrive, Mum,' said Dean.

promisedDean

3 'You're not to go out on your own after dark, I(ylie,' said her mother.

forbadeI(ylie's mother alone after dark.

4 'I think you should try a larger size, Madam,' said the shop assistant to the lady.

advisedThe shop assistant

5 'Why don't we go home and have a cup of coffee?' suggested Delia.

wentDelia suggested a cup of coffee.

6 'Don't forget to take your handkerchief, Mary,' said her grandmother.

reminded

minute he arrived.

larger size.

w72Mary's grandmother handkerchief.

'I'm afraid I've been lying to you,

admittedPauline,' said John.

John Pauline.

8 'Hello Tim,' said Lesley, 'I just phoned to say well done for passing your exam.'

congratulateLesley phoned exam.

9 'Would you like me to give you a lift, Linda?' asked Peter.

offeredPeter lift.

l0 'I'm afraid the failure of the company was completely my own fault,' said the owner.

blamedThe owner oI the company.

OF ENGLISH: Cloze passagethe text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an

e at the beginning (0).

Birds of a feather

There is something awe-inspiring (0) about large groups of animals - especially when they all move

together at the same time. We wonder (l) this unity of purpose comes from, and (2)

it is that the individuals know what the group is supposed to do, and the part they must play in it.

Once, while I was visiting friends in Monte Carlo, I witnessed one of the most extraordinary sights I have ever

seen. (3) high up in their tower block apartment, I was looking down into the harbour. It wasjam-packed(4)-expensiveyachts,glowinginthelightoftheSettingsun.Waydownbelowme,inamongst the buildings, was a huge tree - a tree laden (5) with fruit, but with birds. Lirerallythousands of birds were spiralling in to settle down for the night. They looked like starlings, although Icouldn't say (6) _ sure.

The sheer concentration of birds was amazing enough, but (7) was more. As the birds dipped and

wheeled in the air, the entire flock began to acquire some kind of collective order. At first, it seemed little|8)-thanarandomSwarmofindependentbirds,aScatteringofblackdots.Butasthesundippedlower,theentireflockbegantoactaS(9)-,likesomegiganticsingleflyingorganism.Thebirdsspiralled (rO)

-

the air, swerving and turning with astonishing speed and an impressive unity as

I r r )

-

each bird knew exactly ( 12 ) to do. Occasionally a large group would break

tf3)

-,

whirling and swirling in its own independent dance - only to quickly rejoin the main group, as

if drawn (14) an invisible magnet.

UNITS M

Then magically, as suddenly as it (15) begun, the flock dispersed. The dance was over.

73m

wffi uNtTS

VocabularyI Look back at the text and find:

A the adjectives that tell us about how the writer feltB the words and phrases that tell us about the number and density of thinesC the nouns and verbs that tell us how things moved

2 Why has the writer chosen to use these words?

Why has he used so many different words?

Writing: a descriptionA general interest rnagazine has invited readers to submit articles with the title 'something that really made animpression on me.'The best article will be published in the magazine.

Write your article. (300-350 words)

- think about the event and exactly what happened, where you were, who you were with, etc.- look back at the cloze passage to see how the writer organized his piece of writing.- write a list of the words and phrases you could use to describe what you saw.- think of as many synonyms for the words as you can.

PROVERBS

1 Match the beginning of the common English proverb on the left with the phrase on the right which comit. One has been done for you as an example.

I Birds of a feather

2 Absence makes

3 Familiarity breeds

4 Neverjudge

5 Don't put all your eggs

6 A bird in the hand

7 While the cat's away

8 You can lead a horse to water,

9 Finders keepers,

l0 He who laughs last

ll Don't count your chickens

A in one basket.

B laughs longest.

C a book by its cover.

D the heart grow fonder.

E flock together.

F but you can't make it drink.

G is worth two in the bush.

H before they are hatched.

I the mice willplay.J contempt.

K losers weepers.

2 For each of the proverbs above, write a sentence summarizing the idea that it is explaining.

w74

PELLING

:'rose the correct spelling of each word (A, B, C, or D) to complete each of the sentences l-lo.

I Harry in taking a photograph of the wonderful birds.

A succeeded B suceeded C succeded D sucseeded

2 This drawer is a mess, I really need to it out.

A sought B saught C sorte D sort

3 Although I spend a lot of time alone, I rarely suffer from

A lonliness B lonelyness C loneliness D lonlieness

4 Tony greatly from the work experience scheme he took part in.

A benefitted B benafitted C bennefited D benefited

5 After the long race, Trixie was _ tired.

A noticably B noticeabally C noticeably D noticabley

The general feeling was that further investment in the project was

A unecessary B unneccessary C unnecessary D unneccesary

, they arrived too late to see the beginning of the play.

A Unfortunately B Unfortuneately C Unfortunateley D UnfortunatleyThe animal sanctuary is a place of great

A tranqility B tranqillitty C tranqiulity D tranquillityThe apostrophe is often used to indicate

Apossesion Bpossecion Cpossession Dposession

After the formal dinner, the headmaster _ to make a long boring speech.

Apreceeded Bproceded Cpreseded Dproceeded

lo

EADING: Multiple choiceYou are going to read an extract from a famous detective novel by Dorothy L. Sayers. In the extract, detectivePeter Wimsey is having dinner with a group of female academics in an Oxford college in the 1930s. Forquestions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Gaudy nighthe book,' said the Dean, 'is about a young man who starts out to be a scientist and gets on very welluntil, just as he 's going to be appointed to an important executive post, he finds he 's made a carelesserror in a scientific papet. He didn't check his assistant's re sults or something. Somebody finds out,

and he doesn't get the job. So he decides he doesn't really care about science after all.''Obviously not,' said Miss Edwards. 'He only cared about the post,''But,' said Miss Chilperic, 'If it was only a mistake. . . '

'The point about it,' said Peter, 'is what an eldedy scientist says to him. He tells him: "the only ethicalprinciple which has made science possible is that the truth shall be told all the time. If we do not penalizefalse statements made in error, we open up the way for false statements by intention. And a false statementof fact, made deliberately, is the most serious crime a scientist can commit." Words to that effect. I may notbe quoting quite correctly.

'Well, that's true , of course. Nothing could possibly excuse falsification.'

'There's no sense in deliberate falsification, anyhow,' said the Bursar. 'What could anybody gain by it?''It has been done,' said Miss Hillyard, 'frequently. To get the better of an argument. Or out of ambition.'

1 s 'Ambition to be what?' cried Miss Lydgate. 'What satisfaction could one possibly get out of a reputationone knew one didn't deserve? It would be horible.'

Her innocent indignation upset everyone's grayity.'How about the Forged Decretals... Chatterton... Ossian... Henry Ireland... those nineteenth-century

pamphlets the other day...'20 'I know,' said Miss Lydgate, perplexed. 'I know people do it. But why? They must be mad.'

'In the same novel,' said the Dean, 'somebody deliberatelyfalsifies a result - later on, I mean - in orderto get a job. And the young scientist who made the original mistake finds it out. But he says nothing,because the other man is very badly off and has a wife and family to keep.'

'Those wives and families!' said Peter.zs 'Does the author approve?' inquired the Warden.

'I$flell,' said the Dean, 'the book ends there, so I suppose he does.''But does anybody approve? A false statement is published and the man who could correct it lets it go,

out of charitable consideration. Would anybody here do that? There's your test case, Miss Barton, with nopersonalities attached:

30 'Of course one couldn't do that,' said Miss Barton. 'Not for ten wives and fifty childrenl'It sounds aflyway,like a manufactured case,' said Miss Allison briskly. 'It could seldom happen and if

it did...''Oh it happens,' said Miss de Vine. 'It has happened. It happened to me. I don't mind telling you -

without names, of course. I{rhen I was at Flamborough College , there was a professor who sent in a very3s interesting thesis on a historical subject. It was a most persuasive piece of argument; only I happened to

know that the whole contention was quite untrue, because a letter that absolutely contradicted it wasactually in existence in a certain very obscure library in a foreign town. I'd come across it when I wasreading up something else . That wouldn't have mattered, of course . But the internal evidence showed thatthe man must have had access to that library. So I had to make an enquiry and I found that he really had

40 been there and must have seen the letter and deliberately suppressed it.''But how could you be so sure he had seen the letter?' asked Miss Lydgate anxiously. 'He might

carelessly have ovedooked it. That would be a very different matter.''He had not only seen it,' replied Miss de Vine; 'He stole it. We made him admit as much. He had come

upon that letter when his thesis was neady complete , and he had no time to rewrite it. And it was a great+s blow to him apart from that, because he had grown very enamoured of his own theory and couldn't bear to

give it up.''That's a mark of an unsound scholar, I'maftaidl said Miss Lydgate in a mournful tone.'But there is one curious thing; went on Miss de Vine. 'He was unscrupulous enough to let the false

contention stand; but he was too good a historian to destroy the letter. He kept itJso 'You'd think,' said Miss Pyke, 'it would be as painful as biting on a sore tooth.'

'Perhaps he had some idea of rediscovering it some day,' said Miss de Vine, 'and setting himself rightwith his conscience. I don't know, and I don't think he knewverywell himselfl

'What happened to him?' asked Harriet.''Well, that was the end of him, of course. He lost the professorship, naturally, and they took away his

ss MA degree as well. A pify, because he was brilliant in his own way - and very good looking, if that hasanlthing to do with it.'

'Poor man!' said Miss Lydgate. 'He must have needed the post very badly.'It meant a good deal to him financially. He was married and not well off. I don't know what became of

him. That was about six years ago. He dropped out completely. One was sorry about it, but there it was.'60 'You couldn't possibly have done anyttring else ,' said Miss Edwards.

'Of course not. A man as undependable as that is not only usele ss, but dangerous. He might doanlthing.'

'You'd think it would be a lesson to him,' said Miss Hillyard. 'It didn't pay, did it? Say he sacrificed hisprofessional honour for the women and children that we hear so much about - but in the end it left him

es worse off.''But that; said Peter, 'was only because he committed the extra sin of being found out.'

UNITS T

In the book, the young scientist failed to get the job because of his lack ofA honesty.B thoroughness.C interest.D commitment.

In the book, the elderly scientist felt that the young scientistA had been treated unlairly.B was unlucky to have been detected.C deserved to lose the job.

D had intended to deceive people.

The Dean suggests that the young scientist's actions at the end of the book show him to beA totally unreliable.B bitter and disillusioned.C completely innocent.D very compassionate.

What did Miss de Vine's enquiry to the library show?A The letter had been stolen.B The professor had seen the letter.C The professor had visited the library.D The letter had been damaged.

What interpretation does Miss de Vine put upon the professor's actions regarding the letter?A He hadn't understood its significance.B He knew it would be discovered eventually.C He was inadequate as a historian.D He wanted the truth to be preserved.,

What does Peter suggest about academic life in his final comment?A Falsification is always wrong.B Falsification may be quite common.C The professor was used as a scapegoat.D The professor was hypocritical.

Now read the extract againand answer the following questions.

I In your own words, explain why the elderly scientist felt that all errors had to be penalized.

2 What does Peter mean by the phrase 'words to that effect'? (line l0)

3 What are the 'forged decretals' (tine 18) an example of?

4 br your olvn words, explain what the phrase 'let it go' (line 27) means.

5 What condusions does the Dean draw from the way in which the book ends?

77J

W UNIT8

6 What does the phrase 'no personalities attached'mean? (lines 28-29)

7 Which phrasal verb tells us about the circumstances under which Miss de Vine originally found theletter?

8 Compare the meaning of the word 'happened, in lines 33 and 35.

9 Which word in lines 43-46 tells us about the professor's attitude to his theory?

l0 In your own words, explain how and why the professor might have'rediscovered'the letter. (line 5l)

ll what do you understand by the phrase 'he dropped out completely'? (line 59)

12 What does Miss Hillyard mean by the phrase ,it didn,t pay,? (line 63)

Word stressUnderline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text.

I executive 6 persuasive ll indignation 16 correctly2 falsification 7 ethical 12 contradicte d. 17 personalities

3 manufactured 8 reputation 13 deliberately lg unscrupulous

4 obviously 9 contention L4 considerations 19 charitable

5 satisfaction l0 penalize 15 enamoured 20 professorship

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentencesFor questions l-6, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

I At this

-

they'll be lucky to get the results our by next week.I'd like to get some Euros, but i don't know what the of exchange is.

We should have foreseen the catastrophe, or at any

-

suspected that something was about tohappen.

2 If you get all the material ready, I'll

-

in for it on my way to the lab.After Rachel failed to get any support from her colleagues, she threatened to _ a press

conference to expose her superiors' misconduct.

They're going on a Mediterranean cruise, and the ship is going to in at all the main ports.

3GladysSetupanelaborateandexpensiveexperimentjustto-herpoint.I'm sure the apparatus will to be most efficient, and well worth the money.I'm very eager to take on this job, as I really want to myself as a serious researcher.

w7a

UNITS W

I wasn't expecting the TV company to accept my script, so it didn't as any surprise when Igot the rejection letter.

4 The head technician's conviction for fraud didn't well on the company as a whole.

AftersuchtraumaticeVentS,weallneedtimeto-anddecidewhatwereallywanttodonext.TheseoutburstsofTom,sdon,t-whathereallyfeels,they,rejusthiswayoflettingoffsteam.

5 They made a detailed plan of campaign for the picnic, but unfortunately it didn't off because

of the torrential rain.

The case didn't before the Court for two years, by which time the defendant had left the

country.

6 As she was unwell, Carole out on all the fun during the party season.

Thisreportwasbadlywritten,andIthinkthosewhoreaditmaywellhave-thepoint.By {ailing to win the contract, the company has an opportunity.

USE OF ENGLISH: TransformationsFor questions l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using thervord given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wordgiven.

I The professor wants to

lostThe professor wants to

show that he is still in touch with his colleagues.

with his colleagues.

2 Maurice was comoletelv unaware that his data was unreliable.

ideaMaurice unreliability of his data.

3 After discovering the theft, the only option open to us was calling the police.

butWe after our discovery of the theft.

4 The curren

resultedSloppiness

t problem has been caused by sloppiness in research procedures.

the current problem.

5 How likely is anyone to find out what we have done?

chances

What we have done?

6 The dentist said Sandra needed to have two fillings.

necessary

The dentist said it two fillings.

7 Tim can't go to the shopping centre without meeting old friends from school.

bumpsWhenever Tim old friends from school.

79 we

Nose to the GrindstoneREADING: Multiple choice1 You are going to read an article about somebody who has a very specialized job. Look at the first paragraph oI

the article and find the person's:- job rirle- special area of interest

2 Read the whole article quickly and decide which heading from the box below best summarizes the topic ofeach paragraph.

types of headache symptoms of headaches recent research into headaches causes of headachescure for headaches headache sufferers remedies for headaches theories about headachesMarcia Wilkinson's background prospects for the future

3 Now read the article again more carefully. For questions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which youthink fits best according to the text.

10

15

]'|OTHER OF HEADACHESThe British neurologist, Marcia Wilkinson, known tocolleagues as Mother Migraine, has been studyingheadaches since | 953. She recognizes | 49 causes ofheadaches and probably knows more about the sub-ject than anyone else in the galaxy. Recently Dr:Wilkinson was the star at the European HeadacheFederation where she wowed the 783 delegates withher lecture on 'Great Names in Headache History' -the great names being people who had investigatedheadaches rather than sufferers.

One in ten people in Britain sufferfrom migraine, 30%get headaches and98% of everyone in the world getsa headache on occasion. The occasion, says Dr:Wilkinson, may be when you are hit on the head witha hammen As children, boys are more likely to suffenAfter thc nncot nf n' 'ho-, ,---rty women sufferthree timesas often as men. When it comes to migraine, mostsufferers are struck by the time they are 20 years oldand it is rare to get it for the first time after the age offifty As pharmaceutical companres nevertire oftellingus, 50 million work days a year are lost in headaches,at some cost to business. This figure was somewhatinflated by Alan Frost, a computer enginee6 who was

dismissed in 1993 after taking off 175 days in twoyears with a cold and headache.

There are different kinds of headache - the everydaytension headache, the more selective migraine and,mother of all headaches, the cluster headache. Aheadache, says Dr: Wilkinson, is really just a pain rn theface; it may occur I 5-20 times a month. Migraine is anepisodic headache which lasts from fourto 72hours,comes up to four times a month, is associated withvomiting and nausea and is sometimes preceded byflashing lights. The cluster headache comes in boutslasting 4-5 weeks, with up to 20 attacks per dar.

The geography of the headache is important to thediagnosis - whether it is in the front of the head, ven-tures further afreld to the top ofthe head or takes atrip to the back of the head. Patients variouslydescribe symptoms as being like an iron in the temple,a hot poker behind the eyes, a hammer in the skull ora tight band around the head. Sufferers descnoeeverything from blind spots, zigzag lines and flashinglights to Catherine wheels in front of their eyes

40

w80

There are, says Dr: Wilkinson, almost as many triggersto headaches as there are people having them. Thereis the 'salami' headache, triggered by nitrates in meat.The 'cappuccino' headache, courtesy of caffeine. The'per-fume' headache, sparked offby strong smells. Plus

those brought on by coughing, laughing, flashing lights,

too many painkillers, loud noise, lack of food, takingholidays, not taking holidays, too much exertion, toomuch sleep, onions, ice-cream, citrus fruits, chocolateand Chinese takeaways,

There are no end of different theories aboutheadaches, The Ancient Egyptians apparently blamedthe ache on evil spirits and went in for a bit of trepan-ning- drilling a hole in the head to letthe spirits out,'Did that work?' I asked doubtfully. 'l think, if thepatient survived, it probably did. You know thegreater pain removing the lesser,' replied Dr:

Wilkinson with a smile. In the I lth century doclorsstitched a clove of garlic into the temple, in an attemptto relieve headache pain (my question answered as

above), By the lTth century, the Swiss were shavingheads and covering them with poisonous flies whosebites were suooosed to alleviate headache. 'Counterirritation,' explains Dn Wilkinson. Until late Victoriantimes, Europeans pulled out teeth to make headachesdisappear (answer as above). Less extneme suffererswould follow peculiar diets, like not eating anythingexcept stewed lamb and pears. Did that work? 'lf youbelieve in things,' says Dr: Wilkinson, 'they work.'

Scientists become like headless chickens when itcomes to headaches. Like the common cold, thrs rs a

little-understood area. You can read the works ofWolfl the seminal headache author; dip into theheadache classifications of Dr: Arnold Friedman; inves-

tigate the 5-0HT theory of chemical disturbance; orsubscribe to the German neurologist Hartwig Heyck'sanalysis. Unlike me, Dn Wilkinson understands these.

But nothing is proven. 'NobodyJ she says, 'adually

knows why a headache comes on'.

Worse still, says Dr: Wilkinson, there's no cure. Yes,

you can take the new wonder drug Sumatripan, orpick some feverfew the herb that is traditionallythought good for headaches, ortake aspirin. Buttheseonly alleviate the symptoms. Dn Wilkinson breakinto rhyme; 'They murmured as they took their fees;

there is no cure forthis disease'. She says, 'That shouldbe stuck up in every physician's consulting room.'

Whatever the cause, the headache has been bewil-dering scientists for ages. This is because headachesunlike, say blood pressure, are hard to measure.Patients can come up with horrid descr iptions oftheiraches, but relatively little money and time have beendedicated to research as it is notoriously difficultto doresearch on sufferers. lf someone tells you he alwaysgets headaches on Tuesdays, it is absolutely certainthat once you've got him into hospital on a Tuesday,

he won't have a headache. Virtuallv nobodv has a

headache in hospital. 'Most of the research,' adds Dr:Wilkinson gloomily, 'has been done on chronic med-ical misuse (caused by too many drugs) and tensionheadaches'.

The question exercising scientists today is whetheranimals get headaches. There seems not much pointin trying headache medicines on them if they don'thave headaches in the first place. One dodor tookphotographs of monkeys in Australia which looked,with their furrowed brows and forehead-rubbingpaws, as though they were suffering from a headache.But, of course, there's no saying whetherthey do haveheadaches or not. The last word goes to Dr:Wilkinson, She's been suffering from headach esforT2years and if she can't get rid ofthem, probably nobodyLdt t.

100

105

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Statistics show that your chances of becoming a migraine suffererA increase as you get older.B are greater when you are young.C increase once you have begun work.D are higher if you live in Britain.

According to the article, the most severe form of headache occursA quite regularly each month.B in combination with other symptoms.C as a result of tension in the face.

D over fairly lengthy periods of time.

UNIT9 W

a1w

W UNITg

3 The word 'triggers' is used to refer toA symptoms of headachesB treatments for headachesC causes of headachesD results of headaches

4 How does Dr. Wilkinson regard ancient remedies for headaches?A with indifferenceB with scepticismC with disbeliefD with respect

5 What does Dr. Wilkinson see as the main problem in studying headaches?A There is insufficient scientific data.B Scientific theories have been disproved.C Traditional remedies seem to be best.D Doctors do not take the problem seriously.

6 Why may new headache cures not prove particularly effective?A Animals respond badly to them.B They seem actually to cause headaches.C There is no good way to trial them.D Dr. Wilkinson has tried them without success.

4 Now read the article again and answer the following questions.

I In your own words, explain who the 'Great Names in Headache History' (line 8) were.

2 In your own words, explain what is meant by the phrase 'this figure was somewhat inflated'. (lines 22-2)t

I Which two expressions are used to describe movement in paragraph 4?

4 Which words in paragraph 5 echo the verb 'to trigger', as used inline 47?

5 Which phrase in paragraph 6 is used to mean 'without number,?

6 Explain in your own words why the writer describes the scientists as 'headless chickens'. (line 74)

7 Which word, used in paragraph 9, sums up the state of scientific research into headaches?

8 Which phrase in the last paragraph is used to describe a situation where there is inconclusive evidence ofsomething?

9 What idea of the character of Dr. Wilkinson do we get from the article? Underline some words andphrases that give us this idea.

l0 What do you think of the style in which the article is written? Find some examples of words and phrases

thar illusrrate this.

wWa2

UNIT9 W

ll To what extent do you think the article is:

educational? scientific? entertaining? objective? informative?

12 What type of reader do you think the article was intended for?

Writing: an article-Marcia Wilkinson is coming to give a talk entitled'The History of Headaches' at a college in your town. You havebeen asked to wdte an informal article for a local English-language magazine which is read by students. The aim ofthe article is to encourage people to come and hear Dr. Wilkinson's talk by:

- giving them an idea of the sort of person she is

- explaining what she will be talking about

\Vrite your article in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.

USE OF ENGLISH: Word-building cloze1 for questions l-l0, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to

form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Man of Many Parts

Christopher Wren (1632-1723) is (0) rightl:t famous as the architect RIGHT

of one of London's finest buildings, St Paul's Cathedral. Yet he

came to architecture and town planning almost by chance, in his

30s, from a successful career in astronomy. As a boy, Wren

invented unusual sundials and dabbled in (f )

-.

Admitted ENGINEER

to university at the age of 17 , he found plenty of (2 ) _ for his LET

restless imagination. Amongst other things, he worked on a history

of the seasons, an (3) of the rings of Saturn, maps of the EXPLAINmoon, magnetism, anatomy and the intravenous (4)

-.

INJECT

Curiously, Wren appears to have been little interested in seeing

hisscientificprojectsto(5)-.Thoughhelongedforsuccess,coMPLETEand worked hard to achieve it, he appears to have enjoyed setting

himself problems and solving them, leaving the developments

and (6) to others. REFINE

Wren's first architectural commission - a new chapel for Pembroke

College, Cambridge - came in 1663. Though conservative and (7) NECESSARY

small-scale, this elegant, thoroughly classical building is a fine

preCurSoIofhis1ater,grander(8)-.London,sgIeatfirein|666AcHIEVEwas the making of Wren's architectural career. In 1669 he was appointed

to the post of surveyor general, with (9) for replanning the RESPONSIBLE

devastated city and supervising the (fO) work. BUILD

2 Which verb is used in the text to indicate a passing interest in a subject?

3 Which word in the text is used to mean 'a sign of things to come'?

8.3W

ww uNtTg

"rT#y::;,f onversational devices using auxiliary verbs

These words are used with auxiliary verbs as a quick way of expressing agreement.o Use sb to agree with a poiitive statement:

'I'm really tired.' 'So am L

'Peter likes football.' ' Helen.''My sister will be disappointed.,, my brother.'I'd rather play tennis than badminton.,'We are not keen on horror films.,'My country is warmer than Antarctica.,'I've never seen so many wasps as today.,

'My car doesn't have a sun roof.,my brother.'

my father's.''My French is not very good., your English.''I used to play the guitar at school.,'We'd better be going now.,

Molly.'

",f;:3;:,Torf,;:'u" ""bo;: *' statement' do is used:

. Yr" neither or nlr to agree with a negative statement:'I ian't see that street on the map., 'Nolcan 1., or ,Neither

can 1.,

complete the gaps in these responses to statements to produce agreement using so/nor/neither.

L

2

'4)6

7

8

9

t0llL2

t3L4

l5l6t7l8I920

'I usually have dinner late at night.,

L'

'Tim's never been to Las Vegas.,,

L'

we.'

L'

mine.'

L'

L'

'Rita might be late this evening.,'I can't believe it's time to go already.,'I mustn't forget to go to the bank.,'Sally oughtn'r to walk home alone., ,

'My car's not cleaned very often.,'Julie may not be ready on time.,'Saturday's not a good day to go fishing.,'I'd had to leave my car at home that day.,,

Pete.'

L'Liz.'

mine.'

Gracie.'

Sunday.'

L'

2a

Predicative so/not

Look at these examp'Do you think it's goir;Tt roinz,

'I don',tthiik sa.''I thinknot.'

How many of the words and phrases in the box can be used instead of thinkin each of the example replies above?

believe wonder likedecide trust doubr

understand appreciatereckon presume report

I'm afraid hope realize suppose guessI'm surprised wish rather remember

r84

uNlT9 xffi

READING: Lexical clozeFor questions l-12, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Monopoly

First invented in the USA in the mid- 1930s, the property-based board game Monopoly still sells around300,000 (f )

-

each year. The aim of the game is to acquire land, build properties on it, and then toextract rent from other players until they all (2)

-bankrupt.

So (3) monopolists try to buythe relatively'cheap' sites, which generate lots of income because opponents frequently land on them. Butthey may not be (4)

-the

best strategy, according to a recent study.

Where the players end up on the board is decided by the throw of two dice. On the face of it, this seems

(5)

-

random, but it actually ensures that they typically move seven squares on each throw. This is

because there are more ways of (6)

-

with seven than any other number with two dice. And it is thisfactor which has allowed mathematicians to spot the best sites for buying property.

I Apacks B sets

2 Aface B get

3 Abudding Bsprouting4 Aenlisting Benrolling5 Aeventually Butterly6 A putting down B playing out

C lots D kits

C fall D go

C shooting D blooming

C adopting D ascribing

C uniquely D fortunately

C coming up D counting in

Job Advertisement

Stand around and drink tea all day? And get paid for it? Sounds like most people's dream role. (7) _ us

in this fascinating position and initially that's exactly what you'll do. During your first two years with us,

you'll taste up to I,000 types of tea each day, spending some f 0 hours a week on your feet. You'll become averitable (8)

-

of knowledge on the world's favourite leafy brew.

Before the whole nation applies, let's make something absolutely (9) _ : it won't be easy. As well as

honing your tastebuds, you'll examine our international tea-buying function and learn how to monitormarket information, check samples and maintain stock. (10)

-

we'll invest heavily in your training,we'll look for a lot in (lf ) . You mustbe a graduate with a good degree, fluent in a second language,

numerate, PC-literate and (f 2) enough to analyse statistics and understand the numerousinfluences on our global business. To register for an application pack, e-mail your contact details to us.

7 ABngage

8 A sink

9 A sure

l0 A Since

ll A reply

12 A agile

B Share

B font

B clear

B Whereas

B result

B witty

C Apply

C spring

C true

C Providing

C return

C crafty

D Join

D pond

D straight

D AlbeitD respect

D astute

85re

W UNIT9

SPELLING: Common errors1 Each of the following words has a letter missing. Mark the word like the example to show where the extra

letter should go, and write the letter in the space provided.Example: alcidentally c

I accomodation _ 6 disapearance ll nowledge2 exagerate 7 goverment 12 necesity

3 litrature 8 disapointed 13 oportunity4 businesman 9 imediately L4 recomend5 facinate l0 embarrased 15 transfered

2 Each of the following words has an extra letter which is not needed. Cross out the extra letter in each one.Example : dis/appointed

I arguement 7 neccessary t3 pronounciation2 auxilliary 8 occassionally 14 responsiability3 begginning 9 ommitted 15 strenghth4 develope tO parallell L6 successfull

5 equippment ll personnell 17 marketting6 labouratory 12 preceede 18 grammattical

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passageFor questions l-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use onlv one word ineach space. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Desktop publishingWith just a computer, appropriate software and a printer, anyone can (O) become a home-based publisher.

All you need, (l) from the equipment, is a good idea.

Take the example of Janice West, a former teacher from Newcastle, who saw a gap

(2)

-the

market for a free newsletter for local parents telling them about children's events in thearea. As a mother at home with young children, Janice realized that it wasn't easy getting out (3)

about with them and that (4)

-

was a need for a guide to local child-friendly evenrs.

(5)

-

started was fairly straightforward for Janice. She had an Acorn computer, a simplepublishing software package and made a deal (6)

-

a local printer who agreed to run(7)-5,000copiesofhernewpublication,whichsheca]ledI{idsDirect'

Janice distributed the free magazine through nurseries, libraries, schools and playgroups. She also got intouchwithprivateschoolsandlocalcompaniestoSee(s)-theywantedtoadvertise.Itwastheincome from this advertising that paid for the production of the magazine and (9) Janice with asource of income.

The magazine now (f0)

-

out once a school term and each issue (f l)

-

Janice about60 hours to produce. Although demand for the magazine was high from (12) outset, Janice had

toworkhardtobuild(l3)heradvertisingrevenue.Nowthemagazine(ra)-herinaroundfl0,000ayearnetprofit,andshehasrecently(r5)-onadeputy'

w86

UNIT9 W

USE OF ENGLISH: SummaryR.ead the folrowing texts about working hours. For questions r-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not

reed to write complete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according to the instructions given'

r why has the writer put the word'advances' (line I5) in inverted commas?

2 Lnyour own words, explain what the writer means by describing jobs as 'all-consuming'' (line I3)

Back in 1980, my first job on leaving universiry

was as an economist at a London merchant bank'

As part of my induction, I had to visit stockbro-

kers to find out 'how the city worked'' The

answer, I can now see, was 'not too frequently''By 5.30 many offices were deserted' Everyone

from the senior executive down had caught the

train home to some leafy suburb, and wasn't

expected back until 9 the following morning'

Although these people thought they worked hard,

they actually enioyed what now seems an enviable

balance between work and family life' Jobs were

important, but not all-consuming' There were no

-oUit" phones, laptops or e-mails, and without

such technological 'advances', most people could

safelv leave the job behind them once they

stepped out of the office. In short, the nation had

y"f to .rr..nmb to what has become known as 'a

iong-hours culttlre', a phenomena which now

,.", orr. in seven people working more than 60

hours per week, and one in eight working at

weekends as well. T]he buzz word over the last

few years has been'downsizing', which generally

involves firms utilizing less staff - and anyone

who wants to keep their job ends up having to

take on more responsibilities' Employers are giv-

ing staff ever-increasing workloads and, conse-

quently, there is considerable pressure to work

longer hours. Inevitably, such a culture results instress, fatigue and falling standards of work, butthis doesn't seem to prevent the trend continuing'

SThen Robin Marchant, an IT programmer,

realized that he was going to have to work the

Bank Holiday weekend, it was the last straw' 'I've

had enough,' he admits, and he has decided to

look for " tt.* iob. ' There's a real culture ofworking weekends in my office - if you don't put

in extra hours, you're seen as not pulling your

weight. There's a certain amount of group pres-

sure involved, but really it all comes down to my

boss. He's unmarried and lives for the job - he's

in every weekend and expects the same of his

staff.'

Marchant's experience may seem a little extreme)

but the fact is that working weekends is becoming

increasingly common. Of course, there is always

the option of simply refusing to do it, but it can be

hard if you're the only one willing to stick your

neck out. But this long-hours culture is some-

thing which eventually hurts everyone' People

who find themselves shackled to computer

screens from dawn till dusk are prone to all man-

ner of stress-related illnesses. $7hat's worse)

unable to leave their offices, they fritter away pre-

cious hours they should be spending with theirfamilies, only realizing too late that such hours

can never be recovered. And ironically, as

Marchant points out: 'The stupid thing is that

very little work actually gets done at the weekend'

S7ithout a break, your concentration and motiva-

tion really begin to flag. In my office, at least' the

main thing seems to be just being seen to be

there.'

3 In your own words, explain what the writer means by the expression 'stick your neck out'' (Iines I7-18)

a7W

www uNtT 9

4 Which phrase, used earlier in the text, introduces the idea that 'very little work' (line 27) may actually get

done when people work additional hours?

5 Now choose one of the following summary tasks based on the text.

a In a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, thereasons given in the texts to explain the rise of 'long-hours culture'.

b In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, theconsequences of the rise of 'long-hours culture' as described in the texts.

Writing: a formal letterYou are interested in setting up a magazine in your home area and decide to write to Janice West to ask for her advice.In your letter, introduce yourself, describe your home area, describe your idea, and ask Janice some questions.

Now write your letter (300-3 50 words).

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentencesFor questions l-3, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

lTobehonest,HaileyviewedtheprospectofaneveningwithMalcolmasrather-.ItwaSn,tsomuchapainthatRayfeltinhisleg,morea-aChe.ItwasupliftingtoSeesunshineaftersuchalongperiodof-weather.

2 In my job as personnel manager, good communication skills, rather than technical knowledge,for a lot.

IthinkIcan-myse1fluckynottohavebeenmaderedundantalongwithmanyofmycolleagues.

Your age may, unfortunately, against you because I think the company's looking for a

younger person.

3PettythievinginourofficewasgettingworSe,butwewereunableto-theblameonanyonein particular.

SmallorganizationSaIehavingto-officestaffoffascomputerizationreducestheneedforclerks.

TheGasCompanyisgoingto-awholeseriesofnewpipelinesinthisaIeasothateveryonewill have access to natural gas.

w@88

The Road AheadREADING: Lexical clozelor questions l-12, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Passion for Peaks

As a teenager, Chris Bonnington bought his first pair of walking boots, thumbed a lift to the Welsh mountains

with a classmate, and began to climb. He rapidly established a reputation for himself as a climber, and within a

few years he was one of the (f ) lights in the British mountaineering fraternity. This was a bunch of

lively, eccentric personalities, a (21 cry from the narrowly-focused conformists of today's sportingworld. Their spirit was typified by Bonington's friend Hamish Mclnnes, who once (l) _ to scale a

mountain equipped only with a Scout tent and plumber's gloves. Yet, despite this blatant (4) _ forsafety, characters like Bonnington and Maclnnes went on to achieve Herculean feats. Early successes on theBritish crags led rapidly to Alpine conquests, such as the north face of the Eiger, and then on to the Himalayas.

Bonnington was always frank about the desire for adventure that (5)

-

him on, towards ever greater

heights, regardless of the emotional (6) _ that this took on his family.

I Awinning Bleading2 Along Bdeep

J A made out B set off4 Ainattention Bneglect5 Adrove Bguided6 Ademand Bcharge

C governing

C far

C kept on

C disregard

C motivated

C toll

D rulingD wide

D bore up

D indifference

D herded

D cost

Caravan holidays

Caravanning must be one of the great inscrutable mysteries of modern British life. There are around 600,000

caravans of various shapes and sizes in the UI( and in the (7) _of 60 million holiday nights each ycar

are spent in one. But what is it that (8)

-

people want to set up a bonsai version of their home,(9)

-

with all the trappings of modern life, and trundle it around on wheels? Psychologist OliverJames points to the proverb 'an Englishman's home is his castle' to (10) for the phenomenon oIcaravanning. The castle, he says, is the perfect metaphor for the Bdtish personality, a fortress within whichpeople's innermost thoughts and feelings remain concealed from others. The British do, (lf ) ,sharethe basic human instinct to mingle in public places and to socialize. That's why, according to James, byallowing people to take their castle with them when they (12) out into the wider world, the caravanrepresents the perfect compromise.

89w

UNIT 1O

7

8

9

tottL2

A zone

A leads

A complete

A justify

A irrespective

A embark

B area

B makes

B intact

B respond

B nonetheless

B hazard

C region

C lets

C entire

C explain

C therefore

C venture

D province

D calls

D combined

D account

D wherever

D advance

READING: Gapped textYou are going to read an article about holidays in Ireland. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article.Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (r-6). There is one extra paragraph which you donot need to use.

On four legs you can take forever

There is no doubt about it, there can be few bettercountries to explore by road than Ireland. Many of theroads are wide, the traffic light, and governed for themost part by a courtesy long forgotten throughout therest of Europe. But the slower you go, the more you canenjoy Ireland, so the obvious choice is to swap fourwheels for four legs. I decided to hire a horse caravan totake me from site to site and the gaily-painted red andyellow vehicle became my home for a week; transportand company provided by a grey called Born.

1

Several inquisitive drivers also asked to look inside.What they saw may have put them off. These wagonsare a long way from the comforts of the moderncaravan. They are cosy for one, but can supposedly beoccupied by up to five. Bedding, pots and pans, knivesand forks, and a bottle-gas cooker are the onlyconcessions to modernity.

Horses, for example, will always try to take the shortestarc round a corner, something a wheeled vehicle willnot do. They then sell you some insurance in case youleave half the caravan behind in your hurry to get out ofthe campsite. And so to the road.

After feeding and brushing the horse, you put on itsbridle and all the other strange bits of kit, and set off,

usually stopping the caravan half a mile down the roadto run back and collect all the stuff that's fallen out of thecupboard which you forgot to close. you then traveleight to ten miles with horse and caravan, finallyarriving at a campsite, where you feed, water and brushthe horse again before putting it in a field until tomorrow.

t4lNice as that might be, it's actually all you can do to geithese horses walking away from the campsite. To theknown equestrian gaits of walk, trot, canter and gallop,these animals have added the trudge. But that's probablybecause they are perfectly happy jusr to amble along witha caravan behind them. Well, most of them are.

rtstIf your horse accepts the fiction that you are in charge,however, you are soon lulled into the delights oftravelling at horse pace. Sitting on the caravan in thesun, with the rumble of the wheels beneath and thelullaby of the horses hooves on tarmac, it's all too easy tolet the eyelids droop.

relOn the final leg, I took a wrong turning and we foundourselves slipping and sliding down a I in 8. I had noalternative but to find a turning place and then put m-vown back into helping the horse back up the hill again.But that, as they say, is all part of the fun.

2

3

rc90

DA When you begin one of these trips, you spendthe first night in the stable yard getting used tothe caravan. School starts at 9.30 in the morning.The mysteries of bridles, bits, collars and otherparaphernalia are explained to the uninitiatedand a few basic rules are outlined.

One family seemed to have the Irish cousin of aDerby winner pulling them along. I would startout on the road ahead of them each day, only tohear them coming up behind a couple of hourslater. I would swerve to the side of the road as

they swept past, three faces in a rictus of terror,hands clinging on to the reins in a vain bid toslow down.

It was a strange sensation to be a holidaymakerand yet become part of the tourist landscape,with cameras pointed at me at all times of theday. Coaches full of flashing lenses passed slowly,occasionally frightening the horse to a standstill.

UNITlO N

You do not really need any equestrianexperience; the horses are, for the most part,quiet and compliant animals, and you soon getinto a routine: get up, go to field, run round fieldhopefully waving a carrot, and then watch whilesome know-it-all collects your horse with a fewquiet words.

We progressed in neat formation, a merry chargealong the path with no one left behind orsuffering with their horses. It was the sort ofriding about which any enthusiast dreams, but sorarely finds.

If you asked the campsite staff really nicely,they'd no doubt lend you a saddle so you couldtake your horse for a gallop along the beach.Imagine it. The sea breeze ruffling your hair, thehooves kicking up wet sand and surf.

The answer to this, of course, is to walk. And thatis really the only way to get the most out of it.Probably the most important lesson is to keep tothe route you are given. Take it from me, horsecaravans and hills do not a good mix make.

BE

c

G

Vocabulary: dealing with topic-specific lexis

Look back at the passage. In paragraph D the writer tells us that 'you do not really need any equestrianexperience'. What does he mean by this?

2 Look at the main text and paragraph options A-G again. Underline the words and phrases which seem tobe specific to the topic of horses and riding. Divide the words you have found into the following categories.Some words may appear in both columns.

Nouns Verbs

Is it necessary to understand the exact meaning of these words in order to:- complete the gapped-text task?

- understand the passage?

Why does the writer use these words in the passage? Who is the intended audience for this passage?

3

4

91 ru

w uNtT 10

Vocabulary: group nouns1 In the second paragraph of the main text, the writer uses the group noun 'bedding'. Look at the words in the

box. How many of the words can we put in the group of things known as 'bedding'?

blanket bedside cabinet curtain cushion dressing gown duvet headboard pillowmattress pyjamas quilt reading lamp sleeping bag valance pillowcase bedsocks

2 Think of some items that belong in the following groups:

crockery

cutlery

toiletries

stationery

soft furnishings

3 Can some objects belong to more than one group? Find some examples of such words in the box above.

4 Look back at the main text and paragraphs A-G. The writer uses two other group nouns. Can you find them?

5 Match the group noun on the right with its partner on the left. One has been done for you as an example.

I a cast A of trees

B ofbananas

C of characters

D of furniture

E of whales

F of sheep

G ofhensH of surgeons

I of mountains

J of companies

K of knives

2 arange

3 a suite

4 aset

5 abunch6 ateam

7 a group

8 a school

9 a clutch

l0 a stand

I t a flock

USE OF ENGLISH: TransformationsFor questions l-12, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the wordgiven. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

I The organizers were disappointed by the small number of people attending the conference.

onlyMuch to the of people attended the conference.

2 I wouldn't be at all surprised if that company went bankrupt.

AS

It would

@,92

comparly went bankrupt.

3 Reports say that the invading army left the city early this morning.

haveearly this morning.

him.

UNITlO I

The invading army

4 'Don't disobey me, or I'Il stop your pocket money,' said Jane's father.

ifJane's father threatened

5 How often do your indoor plants need watering?

necessary

How often is

8 The car was parked

distanceThe car was parked

400 metres away from the hotel.

9 I inherited this old table from my grandmother.

handedThis

indoor plants?

6 The boy went down with chicken pox almost as soon as he'd recovered from measles.

hadNo sooner went dorirm with chicken pox.

7 Provided you remain quiet, you can watch the procession from here.

longYou can watch remarn quret.

400 metres from the hotel.

by my grandmother.

l0 In conclusion, I'd like to make three points.

sufnTo

ll Unless you have a licence, you can't drive a car.

possession

I'd like to make.

drive a car.Only those

L2 That old market town is worthy of a visit, if you have time.

worthIt',s allows.

93:

rre uNtT 10

PUNCTUATION

Look at this extract from an informal letter written by a woman to amagazine in response to an afticle aboutcounselling courses. Most of the punctuation has been taken out of the letter.

I Decide where the sentences start and finish by marking full stops and capital letters on the text.2 Decide if there are any places where you must put a comma and mark these on the text.3 Decide if there are any places where you need other marks of punctuation (speech marks, apostrophes, etc.)

and mark these on the text.4 The article was originally divided into three paragraphs. Where do you think these came? Why?

len ot eleuen Aears 6g0 a {riend o{ nine drd a counselltng course and she used lo cone round and lellme aboul lhe lhings lheg did each week iwas {arrlg uninleresled and used to thihk what on earthwould ah7one wanl lo do a course like that {ot howeuer when ng daughter was in her {inal gear o{school and lhe plessule Nas oh because il was conrng up lo exam line and she was hautng difficultiesilhoughl well nagbe we need sone help here so i tahg up the r,4)onah who ran the counsellihg courseand ng daughlet wenl lo see het what she did in a uerA shorl tine was lo conplelelg turn thingsatound ng daughler wenl {ton berng sotneone who wanted to dtop oul and giue up lo soneone whowas able lo {ace up lo lhrn7s and take responsibrlitg {or her own li{e and ithoughl lhats atnazing iwanl lo know whal lhat wonan did so i srgned up {or the counsellih7 coulse ngsel{

WritingNow write an introduction and conclusion to the letter. Think about:

- whether the woman is in favour of counselling or not- what kind of article she might be writing in response to- what point she is really wanting to make.

SPELIING: Checking your workRead this text from a toudst brochure. There is a spelling mistake in each line. Underline the word which has beenspelled wrongly and write a correction in the space at the end of the line. One has been done for you as anexample.

City canals have a particular kind of beauty that makes them magicall. (0)

Many writers and poets have been enspired by them with their vague (l)shapes and muted sounds which give them a mysteriuos quality. (2)

The building of this canal at the beginning of the ninereenth century, (3)

created a seenic enclave much loved by poets and artists. The canal (4)

district has, more recently, become one of the cities most sought-after (5)

residentail areas. And we owe a debt of thanks to the local residents. (6)

Thoughout the years, these people have fought against planners and (7)

developers to keep the atmosfere of the place intact. In the 1950s, (8)

there were tremendous wrows about the replacement of the old gas street (9)

lamps by ugly concreet one s, and also about the cutting down of trees. (f 0)

In the 1960s, residents fought hard to stop a marina being builded on the (f f )

canal, complete with car park and restaraunt in classic 1960s bunker (12\arcitecture. Looking at the plans now, we can see it as one of the (f 3)

greatest comunity victories ever won in the city. (f 4)

magical

w94

uNfT 10 w

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentencesFor questions l-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences,

When I ask them about the history of their town, they just blank.

Touristsstayinginluxuryhotelsoften-downonthosewhocanonlyaffordacheapguesthouse.If you don't dress soberly when you go to a smart hotel, the receptionist will you up and

down and say there aren't any rooms.

Ifyou,regoingonholidayjusttoargue,youmightaS-Stayathome.The Roman remains in Bath are _ worth a visit.

The map didn't show the path they were on and it seemed they were and truly lost.

When you receive the cheque, take it to your bank, and they will it to your account.

His boss doesn't him with any initiative, and he has never been promoted.

ThenewsofJim,saIreStforfraudwashardforusto-,aswe,dknownhimforyearS.

It's not a good idea to share a holiday villa with close friends, as such proximity can cause you toout.

This year, the May Day holiday will _ on a Tiresday.

When the holiday money runs out, we shall have to back on our savings.

5Ithinkyoushouldgiveswimminga-untilyourshoulder,sbetter.Takingoutholidayinsuranceoftenputspeople,smindsat-,allowingthemtoenjoytheirholiday.IthinkweshouldtIytogetSome-beforethelongflight,aSwemaynotbeabIetosleeponthe nlane.

READING: Multiple choiceYou are going to read two extracts which are all concerned in some way with products. For questions l-4, choosethe answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

DaTK STARSAs recently as five years ago, black diamondswere looked upon as the dregs of the industry, anuisance found wherever a rich vein of white dia-monds occurred. ln 1999, though, jewellerFawaz Gruosi began working with the jet-blackstones) creating rings, necklaces, bracelets andsome rather startlingly extravagant watches.Since then, other jewellers have seen the attrac-tion of black diamonds and the little gems' pricehas rocketed - from just $50 a carat tvvo yearsago, to almost $31000 a carat now.

Black diamonds are extraordinarily difficult tocut, as the interior condition can't be viewed with

a microscope, meaning 60 per cent are wasted. Ifthey are contaminated with a single spot of white,Gruosi deems them unfit to adorn his creations.Various celebrities are said to be among thefamous fans of Gruosi's de Grisogono brand,happy to pay for a black-diamond-coated mobilephone, or a watch combining black diamonds,gold and rubies at... $40,000 to you.

The clever part, though, is that Gruosi put hismoney where his mouth was five years ago andbought himself a truckload of the things beforethe price went up. Now, of course, he's sitting ona diamond mine.

95ffi'

w uNtT 10

Which phrase from the text does the writer use to describe the former status of black diamonds?A dregs of the industry (Iine 2)B a rich vein (line 3)

C startlingly extravagant (line 7)D unfit to adorn his creations (line 16)

From the tone of the piece, we get the impression that that the writer isA cynical about the jewellery business.B admiring of Gruosi's business acumen.C sceptical about this new fashion.D amused by this new development.

3 What is 'this modern phenomenon' (line 7)?A a new style of cartoonB a new way of speakingC a new range of productsD a new form of marketing

4 What is the writer's view of the artist Heath Robinson?A He is underestimated as an inventor.B He is not taken seriously enough as an artist.C His work has stood the test of time well.D His cartoons reflected his practical abilities.

c'ibget KingThe word 'gadget' is one of those oddities of the Born in 7872 into a family of commercial artists,English language. No one knows exactly where it Robinson's unique breakthrough came when hecame from, but it arrived around 1900 with a hit upon his comic formula: the description of zo

new century of domestic inventions designed to complex devices through an eloquently simples appeal to a consumer market. It may be no acci- use of fine-lined drawing and flat wash. His

dent that it also coincided with the arrival of a cartoon style still looks modern, and in manybrilliant chronicler of this modern phenomenon ways he was ahead of his time. He pioneered- Britain's comic answer to Leonardo da Vinci - installation art with a model of his ideal house in zs

Heath Robinson: the artist formerly known as lg34,andsomeof hisdrawingswereprophetic;to The Gadget King. Manchester City Art Gallery he foresaw the Channel Tunnel, for example.

is commemorating his genius with an exhibition Few of them would have worked off the page,of his works, which focuses on the inventions that however. His son Oliver said: 'Despite all thatmade him famous - so famous that Art Revieq domestic gadgetry, my father was not a handy- 30

announcing the show, described him as 'also an man about the house.'ts illustrator'- but includes examples of his

illustrations in classics such as Hans ChristianAndersen's Fairy Tales, and Shakespeare.

ffi'96

Answer KeyUNIT 1Sign of the Times

VOCABULARY Wordsearch

IHorizontal words from the top:

takeaway, cow, omnipresent,hamburger, cup, frozen, straw icon,ground, age, McDonalds, beef,

seasoning, fries, chain, coke, bland

Vertical words from left:Hard Rock Cafe, fast food, grill, bun,relish, globaiize, Hamburg, meat.sesame

2INGREDIENTS: seasoning, meat, beef,

cowACCESSORIES: sesame, bun, coke, relish,straw, cupOPINIONS/IDEAS: omnipresent, icon,globaiize, fast foodPLACES/COMPANIES: Hard Rock CaIe,

Hamburg, McDonaldsMETHODS/PROCESSES: takeaway, grill,frozen, ground, chain

READING: Comprehension

IStudents' own answers.

2

Students' own answers.

tI the increasing sales of pasta

2 its simplicity3 staples4 it can easily be combined with other

things5 it would be difficult to lind

4I ubiquitous2 less formal eating habits3 modern working hours/women

working4 it was cheap and inlormai5 they thought it was a heavy dish/hard

to digest6 the most important

reason/explanation

Qrrmmerrr

The summary should include these ideas:

Pasta is:. easy to cook and prepare. can be combined with other flavours. is cheap, filling and nutritious. everyone seems to like it. eating habits/customs have changed. people are concerned about having a

healthy diet

Reference skills

I pasta

2 flavours3 Italy4 factors5 mealtimes/symbolic importance of the

dinner table6 this new ease of eating7 quick fixes8 the fact that pasta has made great

strides

Dependent prepositions

I from2of3 with4 with5 from6to7 into8to

GRAMMAR: Causatives

I can have (your) trousers shortened2 should get your central heating boiler

serviced3 get my passport photo(graph) taken

by4 be having the food lor the party

prepared5 to have the fault repaired by an

engineer6 are having a new pair of curtains

made7 have had the outside of the house

painted

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 1 :

Full stops and capital letters

Suggested answer

As any Italian housewife will tell you, home-

made pasta is not difficult to make.It does,

however, require patience and time, which is

why I tend to make it on Sunday mornings.

People who have a gift for making pastry or

bread will have very little problem in making

pasta, as many of the skills applied to all three

are the same. The most important thing to

remember is that you need plenty ofuncluttered work surface. Avery large

chopping board or marble slab is ideal, but

modern laminate worktops are quite adequate.

An extra large rolling pin will make the rolling

ofthe pasta dough much easier. Ifyou plan to

go into pasta making in a big way, then itmaybe worth your while to buy a pasta machine.

At the turn of a handle, this will give you

many dffirent shapes and thicknesses of pasta.

These machines, manufactured in northern

Italy, are now widely available in specialist

kitchenware shops all over the world.

97w

NANSWER KEY

PHRASAL VERBS: With outI come2 bringing3 draw4 fallen5 got6 hold7 sold8 watch9 called

l0 pulling/coming

READING: LexicalclozeIB2Btc4A5D6D7B8C9A

tocllct2D

HELPWITH SPELLING 1:The silent eI immediately2 smiling

' 3 amazement4 changeable5 seeing6 shining7 barely8 agreement9 management/manager/manageress

l0 lovelyll definitely

GRAMMAR: Review of pasttenses

I was2 hadbeen3 had always had4 hadnever5 had been getting6 decided7 was8 turnedt had

l0 waslI has suffered12 has neverhad13 signed

n98

14 had startedf5 (had) realized16 needed17 had/is having18 was/is (being) given19 has been20 have begun/am beginning

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

I way2to3is4 out5 \^rith6in7 who8up9 what

lO duringll take12 been13 against14 came15 which

Vocabulary

I unfounded2 outraged3 shattered4 shards5 sabotage6 grudge

SummaryThe summary should include thesereasons:. things can get into food after it leaves

the factory. broken machinery can cause objects to

fall into products. factory workers have been known to

sabotage food, if they have a grudgeagainst the management

UNIT 2Call of the Wild

VOCABULARY AnimalsII puppy ll tortoise2 yak 12 elephant3 kingfisher l3 toad4 rat 14 dodo5 tarantula 15 ostrich6 alligator 16 hippopotomas7 rhinoceros l7 seagull8 sheep l8 lamb9 pig 19 badgerlO goat 2O rabbit

2as blind as a batas busy as a beeas free as a birdas sick as a parrotas proud as a peacockas quiet as a mouseas sly as a foxas strong as an oxas stubborn as a muleas wise as an owl

tI dogged2 badgered3 foxed4 fishing5 worm

READING: Comprehension

IBrad Carter - husband, father and ownerof the snakeMary-Ann Carter - wife, mother andowner of the snakeJoshua - the Carters' small sonAshley - the Carters' small daughterSelena - the Carters'pet snakeRon Hawkins - a paramedic and Selena'skillerAnn Webb - honorary secretary of theTarantula Society

2Paras l--4 the story of the Carters andtheir pythonParas 5-7 a more general discussion onthe trade in exotic pets in Britain

tlNo2 Yes

3 Yes

4No5 Yes

6 Yes

7No8 Yes

4I it's an impersonal form2 Mary-Ann3 made an assessment of4 that Ron had a new knife5 the reader6 the animals iisted in the paragraph

above7 because of the coincidence of a

spider's web and the name Webb

)He uses different forms to add variety tohis style, and create a slightly ironic note.

SummaryIIt is written in a colloquial style, as thoughthe author were speaking rather thanwriting to his readers. He uses the firstperson, 'I', and addresses the readerdirectly as'you'.He is addressing a British audience,playing on the common idea that strange

and eccentric things happen in the USAmore than in the UK.

There is an ironical tone to the piecethroughout. The writer wants to make hisreaders laugh and find the story ratherridiculous, but at the same time to thinkseriously about the issues raised.

2

lines 24-25' frozen with horror' and'screaming hysterically': this is a directquote from Mary-AnnIines 28-29 'my wife is being eaten by a

snake': here the writer is imagining thewords that Brad might have usedIine 36 'street trader': this is an indirectquote from Brad; the writer wants toshow that Brad gave this information, andit may not be reliablelines 37-18 'like a slippery puppy dog': a

direct quote from Bradiine 50'harmless', 'friendly': words usedironically

iines 51-52 'Tarantulas are notparticularly aggressive': a direct quotefrom Ann Webbline 60 'Tarantuia Starter Kit': the name ofa productIine 62'tunnelling material': the wordsused by the manufacturer/supplier

N.B. Throughout the piece, the use oIinverted commas increases the ironic toneby drawing our attention to the languageused by the people and organizationsinvolved. This sometimes makes themseem ridiculous.

tThe summary should include these mainpoints:. exotic pets are dangerous. the trade in exotic pets needs to be

more responsible, and possibly morestrictly controlled

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

II Ron Hawkins used the penknife

which/that had been bought lor hisbirthday.

2 Ann Webb was talking abouttarantulas, which she says are notparticularly aggressive.

3 Selena is the snake which/that/whobit Mary Ann.

4 Joshua is the toddler whose fatherowned the snake.

5 Pet City is a shop which/that sells

tarantula starter kits.6 Selena was a snake who/which/that

was used to eating guinea pigs.

7 The story takes place in a hotelwhich/that is in San Diego, California.

8 A new pet shop has just opened whereyou can buy snakes.

9 I met a woman whose child had beenbitten by a tarantula.

lO Britain is a place where there aremany exotic pet fans.

2I where/inwhich2 who/that/which3 who/that4 whose5 which/that6 which/that7 whose8 who/that

ANSWER KEYW

HELP WITH SPELLING 2:

Double consonants

I2

t4)67

89

IO

tl

marketingknitredspinningdevelopingbeginningcommitteddroppedoccurredfiansferringpermittedconference

PHRASAL VERBS: With up anddownI backed2 feel3 catch4 bring)oo6 drawn7 held8 made9 ran

lO set

WORD FAMILIES AND WORDSTRESS

II2

3

4,

depress deplcssion deprcssingglobalize elobe gisbaiinvade invasion invading/invasiveprevent prevcntion preventativeinvading describes an action; invasive

describes a oualitv.6 surprised describes a person's reaction

to something; surprising describes a

quality of something

I ecology ecological2 catastrophe catastrophic3 eqntinent continental4pha.tograph photographic5 biology biological

I homogenize homogenization2 Bepulate popul4tionf devastate devastation4 isolate isolation5 uaturalize naturalization6 infiltrate infiltration7 punqluate punctuation8 pronounce pronunciation

99-

reANSWER KEY

GRAMMAR: Cause and resultI or injury often lead to whale2 introduction of African grasses

which/thar resulted in3 isolation leads to new species being4 be to blame for5 of humans cannot always be blamed6 fashion for exotic pets is the result of7 is thought to have beenbrought about

GRAMMAR: Uses of the arti€lela2a3 the4 althe5-6a7 The8 the9 the

l0-ll -t2-13 the14 the

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 2:Commas

Suggested answer

27, Acacia AvenueHarmborough

SurreyThe ManagerPet CityManchester

Dear Sir,

Recently, I read an article which said thatPet City was the best place to buytarantulas. As I would like to buy one as apet, I am writing to ask if you have any instock at the moment.

Unfortunately, I have never had a petspider before, so I was wondering if youcould send me some information aboutthe best way to look after them. Forexample, are your tarantulas sold withcages and bedding, or do I have to pay forthese separately? I already have a pet dogand a small python, but no other spiders.Do you think my tarantula will be lonely?

rc 100

Should I buy two, or will that lead toother problems?I would be grateful to receive the answerto these questions, together with yourpricelist, a brochure, any otherinformation you may have abouttarantulas, and details of how to get toyour shop {rom the city centre.

Yours faithfully,

A. Strangelove

FORMALAND INFORMALLANGUAGE

I writing2 further3 organize4 noticed5 advertisement6 surprised7 the wide range8 on offer9 feel sure

l0 be exactly what I am looking forlf grateful12 to receivel3 latest14 together with15 hearing from you16 Yours faithfully

UNIT 3A Word in your Ear

READING: Lexicalcloze

IB2A3D4C)L

6A

7D8B9A

loBlrDt2c

r3B14A15D16Dl7Br8cVocabulary

I penchant2 scour3 tucked-away4 browse

5 whiskered6 fidgety7 generation8 literate

9 ubiquitouslO supersededll obsolete12 versatile13 immune14 fiddly

GRAMMAR: The passive

I is said to be friendly2 is generally thought to have3 is widely considered to be the4 President is alleged to be on/is

allegedly on5 ought to have been informed about

the6 students were distracted by a large

wasp7 wrong man is widely believed to have8 date of the meeting had not been

publicized

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 3:

Genitives and apostrophes

I Please don't waste everybody else's

time as well as ours.2 I haven't bought anything for the

twins'birthday yet.3 It isn't the sort of thing that suits Bill

and Fiona's taste.

4 The city's full of shops sellingtomorrow's fashions today.

5 Some children's clothes are soldupstairs, others are to be lound inteenage fashions.

6 Linda's appointment is at lour o'clockand Robert's follows hers, but you'renot on today's list, I'm afraid.

7 We'il have to make sure that Mr.Peters'watch says the same time as

ours.8 It's high time the sports club did

something about its members'changing facilities.

9 Tom's mother's house isn't as old as itsappearance suggests; her neighbours'houses are older.

lO Theirs is the village's most beautifulgarden, and there's no doubt it's largerthan anybody else's, too.

HELP WITH SPELLING 3: Wordsending in yII reliance/reliability2 denial3 application/appliance4 nastiness

5 impiication6 laziness7 defiance8 bullying9 dryness

lO loveliness

2I toys2 trolleys3 quarries4 puppies5 highways6 holidays7 pennies8 displays9 spies

lO fairies

VOCABULARY Similes

I pretty2 fresh3 stubborn4 right5 light6 bright7 quick8 fit9 peas

lO black

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

I about2 who3 should4 into5 way6do7 Indeed8 not9 between

l0 as

ll since12 were13 one14 in15 likely

ComprehensionI Yes

2 Yes

lNo4 Yes

5No6No7 Yes

8 Yes

9No

GRAM MAR: Comparison andcontrastSuggested answersI Unlike some other European

languages, English makes great use ofthe passive.

2 Although computers save a lot of time,learning to use one can be very time-^^--,,-i-^LUUsUruUrS.

3 Whilst the demand for cookery booksis rising, that for quiz books remainsstable.

4 In comparison with other areas, ourlocal bus service is very regular.

5 Despite raining heavily/the fact that it

ANSWER KEYffi

rained heavily for a short time, thegarden party was a grear success.

6 Far from being expensive, the price ofeating out in Glasgow is actually quitereasonable.

7 In spite of having/the fact that he hada slight head cold, James sang

beautiiully at Jessica's wedding.8 Whereas the coach takes five hours to

get to London, the train does it in twoand a half hours.

9 However much you may dislike folkmusic, I'm sure you'll like thisparticular band.

lO Although hill walking is tiring. itdoesn't require as much concentrationas mountain climbing.

READING: Multiple choice

IB2C

3A4D)t3

101 r

ffiANSWER KEY

UNIT 4A Fine Romance

READING: Multiple choiceIC2C3B4A)t)

Vocabulary

I dispensing2 to offer3 foolhardy4 strife5 makes no bones6 outspoken7 dished out8 dogma9 irrepressible

lO strike a chordI I relishes12 viIal, essential

SummaryThe summary should include these ideas:. Irma has no particular philosophy or

set of beliefshave the conlidence to solve your ownproblems GRAMMAR: Uses of getdon't always expect others to help you Suggested answersdon't assume that your experience is I got married on a Fridayunique 2 who got the blame/who got blamed

HELP WITH SPELLING 4: Commonerrors

I principles2 breakI advice4 dessert5 lose, loose6 practice7 stationary8 whether9 quite

l0 passed

ll lormerly12 beside

USE OF ENGLISH: Word-buildingcloze

I inanimate2 frustration(s)f outlet4 extent5 upbringing6 conversely7 uncontrollable/uncontrolled8 productive9 worthwhile

l0 relationship

for the mistake was Janef take much to get Rosy4 got a serious telling off5 began to get Ied up6 gets on my nerves when Liz7 of marital disharmony gets me8 catch that bus we'll have to get a move9 to get to know

lO getlhave that broken tooth seen

READING: Gapped textIIC2G3E4H5F6D7A

B not used

2IB2C3A4C5A6C7B8C9C

HELP WITH PUNCTUAf,ION 4:Inverted commas

Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover.

'What am I going to tell auntie7, he said.

'Tell her you lost it,' I suggested.'She'll knityou another,'Robert didn't look convinced and was trying to

take off the remains of his pullover.

'Hang on a moment,' I said'I'll help you.'I hadn't heard footsteps or the gate opening,

but suddenly I heard Miss Lockds voice

enquiring icily,'What on earth is going onhere?'

USE OF ENGLISH: Gappedsentences

1 loss2 split3 give4 hit5up

. don't assume others have had thesame experiences as you

. don't forget to look after the thingsthat are most important to you

NARRATIVE DEVICES: Inversion

I does one get the chance to2 anybody keeps (a) count o{3 had we taken our coats off than4 rarely do you (ever) see owls5 (in my whole life) have I had6 does an opportunity like that come7 no circumstances should this envelooe

be8 when I caught sight of her lace did

re 102

UNIT 5All Right on the Night

GRAMMAR: Clauses withwhatever, howeven etc.

I much it may cost2 unpopular it (may) make(s) him, John

always sticks3 tlpe of {ilm Gloria appears in4 road you take will lead5 you go in the city, there are

6 see Sally in that dress, it reminds me7 should be set by whoever leaves the8 will be conducted by whichever

composer writes

SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION

II thorough2 thoughtI through4 tough5 troughs6 Throughout7 distraught8 though

2port crafttaught draughtsought cougheddistraught laughednoughtfraughtcaughtought

JI sort2 court3 course4 foul) lool6 peace

7 source8 bridal9 aisle

lO bear

stuffenoughtroughroughtough

READING: Lexicalcloze

I'name after' is used lour times. It meansto give something or someone a namewhich is known to be already associatedwith somethins or someone else.

2

I the2 tljLe

1a4 althe5 the6a7 the8a9a

l0 anl1 the12 thel3 an14 the15a16 the

tt7A18B19A20c2LA22D23824D25D

Reference skills

I the Latinization of names

2 the Latinization oI names3 by having a plant named after them4 a popular celebrity5 Barry Dare6 naming it after yoursell7 commercial companies roses

8 your own name

Vocabulary

I acclaim2 latterly3 on occasion4 in years gone by5 chic6 fitting7 feted8 hard and fast9 come up with the cash

SummaryThe summary should include these ideas:. named after a lamous person to

honour them. named after a famous person to get

publicity for the plant. named after a relative of the plant

breeder

ANSWER KEYNffi

. named after a product as a form oIadvertising

o |ou can buy a variety and name itafter yourself

GRAMMAR: Reported speech

I asked Liz whether she knew2 father asked her to pass him3 thought it was going to be a4 he would have to ring Tom back5 asked me if I would mind6 Terry if he would be able to

READING: Lexicalcloze

ID2A3A4B5B6D

7B8B9C

l0BllDt2B

Comprehension

IIT2T3F4F)I

6F

2Suggested answersI probably 8-102 probably 243 probably 4*64 probably 6-85 probably 2-4

tI introduction/this restaurant placed in

its context2 the d6cor3 a special feature4 the meal5 the conclusion

4Suggesred answersI mostly opinion (B)

1O3 lffi

ffi4115YYER KEY

2 mostiy descriprion (A)3 about 50/504 about 50/505 mostly opinion (B)

)newspaper/magazine

6

would-be diners

7

fairly informal, e.g. 'the trouble ... is, it'snot bad!', slightly ironic in tone, e.g. 'Theonly taste ... was a bitter one'

READING: Multiple choice

IB2B

3A4C

)U6B

UNIT 5Tip of my Tongue

READING: Multiple choice

IA2B3A4C5B6D7C

Vocabulary

I conjure up2 trajectory3 amnesia4 advocates5 prodigious6 hindrance7 chimera8 humiliations9 trivia

lO envisagell tally12 embedded

Reference skills

I our capacity for memory2 the deadJ advocates o[ cryonics4 our memories5 memories6 photograph7 past experiences8 forgetting is functionai9 nerve cells

1O in the human brainll cells12 persist

Word stress

I characteristic2 ilfuminated3 unknowable4 accompanied5 humiliation6 appqinlLment7 conncction8 embcrlded9 recognizably

1O consEluentll subtleties12 compqnents

Prefixes and suffixesI enlcodeld emlbedlded

2 to construct the passive: '. . . our ownhuman memories ... are encoded inthe brain human memoriesare nol embedded in a compuler...'

3 before certain consonants, e.g. p/b.More examples include: improve,imbalance, embody, embark.

GRAMMAR: Gerund and infinitiveII to memorize2 going3 to remember4 totry5 making6 Memorizing7 using8 to learn9 to call

lO to hearingll to find12 to ask

2

A (+ infinitive)planofferintendwantdecideexpectrefusehopelearnregret

B (+ gerund)avoidresistfacemissregret{inishriskmentionforgivepostponeconsideradmit

USE OF ENGLISH:

Word-building cloze

I unable2 disuse3 ultimately4 opposition5 retrieval/retrieving6 storage/storing7 memorize8 facilitate9 strengthened

lO misiaid

m104

PUNCTUATION:Commas and clauses

I Belore beginning work lor the daY

(clause), Tor;r (subiect) turned on his

computer.2 First ofall \clause),I'd (subject)llkelo

talk about my own experience.

3 Surprising as it may seem (clause),

memories (subject\ are our most

enduring characteristics.4 Apart from Dr. Brown (clause) , nobody

(subject) knew how to programme thecomputer.

5 You (subjecf) can borrow mY BMW as

long as you drive carelully (clause).

6 Far from being cold in the room(clause\, it (subject) turned out to be

rather warm.7 Had it not been for Barbara's help

lclause), the project (subject) wouldnever have been completed.

8 The party (subject) will be held in theopen air, providing that it doesn't rain

\clause).9 Unless yott (subject) have anY

objections (clause) , the meeting willtake place on March 4th.

l0 Despite the limited time available forrehearsals (clause), the band (subject)

seemed very well prepared.

READING: Comprehension

IA one action followed by anotherB defining relative clause identifies the

subjectC change of subject means victim and

attacker change roles

2

The third sentence is probably the most

difficult to understand, because of thegrammar.

tIt is about the power of the human brain.

4

5

Did the reporter attack the senator?to see if they had understood thegrammar/how long they took to work outfhe me:nino

6I They are types of puzzies designed to

test your powers of reasoning. People

are motivated to solve the problems,

but are often frustrated by their levelof difficulty.

2 quickly starts to work3 something anyone can understand

readily4 understanding of complex things5 that the brain works harder to solve

difficult problems6 which part of the brain deals with

such problems7 because this involves a wide variety of

knowledge8 getting more complex as you go down

the list9 It took longer to read, caused their

pupils to dilate more and was morelikely to be misunderstood.

lO The lett side. There are two areas here

which may be responsibie forprocessing meaning and associated

sounds.

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

IThe third sentence would have been

easier to understand had the wordwhombeen used instead of. who.It is possible to:use whom when it refers to the object ofthe sentence.

2

IA2C3C4B5A6B7B8C9A

r0c

tfromwithtotoTo

Tom is the man (who) I bought mY oldcar from.

7 Polly is a student (who) Icommunicate with on the Internet.

ANSWER KEYW

8 What's the name of the person (who)you sent that lax to?

9 Lizzie is the girl (who) we gave our olddesktop compuler to.

1O Who do I have the pleasure ofspeaking to?

4I which2 whom/who3 which4 who/whom5 whom/who6 where7 which8 where9 who

lO which

GRAMMAR: Conditionalsentences

I yourjourney in advance, youcould/would have avoided

2 say anything unless somebody asks to

see

3 it should rain, the party will not4 anyoneisomeone disagrees, no

meeting will be held/the meeting willnot be held

5 as you get plenty of driving practice

6 you ever be in need of7 or not the children are ready8 there is no dramatic rise in prices

9 of the strength of the wind

USE OF ENGLISH: Gappedsentences

I look2 meet3 feature4 capacity5 clear

I2

t4)6

105 W

ffiIANSWER KEY

UNIT 7A Matter of Taste

GRAMMAR: Gerund and infinitiveI going2 mentioning3 to accept4 to invest5 to learn6 travelling7 to mention8 to borrow9 tidying

l0 listening

HELP WITH SPELLING 5:Words ending in cede/ceed/sede

I successful2 preceding3 recede4 model5 judgement6 speed7 personal8 proceedings

READING: Lexicalcloze

IB2D]D4A,L)6B7A8B

USE OF ENGLISH: Summary

I trawl/quarry2 a place where you're likely to find lots

o{ jeans

3 it's ironic that clothes that were onceeveryday items are now highly valued.

4 stumbled across

5 Summaries should include thefollowing points:

. old clothes can be Iashionable

. some people collect them

. they have historical/culturalassociations

. they can be sold on at a profit

VOCABULARY Prefixes with upI upset2 upkeep3 uphill4 upside5 uptake6 uptight7 upturn8 update9 upright

IO upshot

GRAMMAR: Wishes and regrets

I wishes he could have gone2 wishes she had sent her3 to wish Ramona good luck in her

exam/Ramona to wish her luck in herexam

4 wished he didn't have to pay5 wishes she could stay out6 wishes Samantha would help him7 wishes the rain would8 wishes (that) he was able

READING: Multiple choice

II without2 those3AI4 This5 at least6 especially7 However8 only9 when

lO Yetll Despite12 And

2

IC2D]A4C

t| 3,22 and, with; however clause3 The style is found in more

f ormal/j ournalistic writing.4 It is economical through its use of

noun phrases, e.g.'reader-{riendlynotes', which express complex ideas ina simple way. It gives variety of styleand structure.

5 'less-informed readers', 'the rigid

format', 'no other art history series as

wide-ranging','invariably experts intheir field'.

GRAMMAR: Inversions

Suggested answersI as this car may have been to buy, it

wasn't good value.2 though/as this hotel is, it lacks the

atmosphere of its neighbour.3 though/as the painting is, it doesn't

compare with the great masters.4 he had to move house did William

realize how much stu{{ he had/that hehad so much stuff.

READING: Gapped textIIC2G3D4F5E6A

2

I I begin to understand the truth of thematter

2 as ordinary or commonplace as thetypical sweet dish in the USA

3 country people who value their dogsgreatly

4 a tlpical image of the high-poweredbusiness person

5 a clever scheme to help sell something6 used to establish a standard or

criterion {or being emotionally intouch

7 a misunderstanding which really gave

the wrong idea8 a disconnected feeling; losing grip on

reality9 scattered at irregular intervals

l0 a special task of importance to thecompany

tD

re 106

UNIT 8Go your own WaY

VOCABULARY Advertising

I traders2 revolution3 production4 brands5 medium6 consumers7 research8 leaflets9 uP-market

IO mailingll catalogue12 space

l3 circulation14 rates

15 artwork16 samPles

17 media18 camPaigns

GRAMMAR: RePorting verbs

I regretted having eaten/eating so much

Z pr"omised to send his Mum a postcard

the3 {orbade her to go out

4 advised the ladY to trY a

5 (that) we went home and had

6 reminded her to take her

7 admitted (that) he had been lying to

8 Tim to congratulate him on passing his

9 ofiered (to give) Linda a

10 blamed himself for the failure

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze Passage

I where2 how3 From4 with5 not6 for7 there8 more9 one

I0 through/intoll il/though12 what13 off/awaY14 bY

15 had

VocabularY

IAawe-insPiringextraordinaryamazingastonishingimpressrvemagicallY

Blarge grouPjam-packed withladen withliterally thousands of

sheer concentrationentire flockrandom swarma scatteringa gigantic single flYing organism

the flock disPersed

cspirallingdippedwheeledswervingturningbreak off/awaYwhirlingswirlingdrawndisperseddance

2 He is painting a picture oI the scene

with words, trying to give us a feeling

both oI what he saw and how he lelt

about it.

f To make it more interesting' to add

emphasis to what he is saying' Using

lots of different words can sometimes

be more effective than repeating the

same words with modifiers' e'g'

gigantic can be more effective than

very,very big.

PROVERBS

IIE2D

'J4C)A6GNI

ANSWER KEYI

8F9K

10BllH

2L Birds of a feather flocktogether'

= People with similar ideas and values

tend to mix together sociallY'

2 Absence makes the heart grow fonder'

= We tend to feei a stronger emotional

attachment to PeoPle when we are

separated from them'

3 FamiliaritY breeds contemPt'

= The more lamiliar we are with

things or PeoPle' the less we maY

appreciate them.4 Never judge abookbY its coYer'

= Things may not be what theY seem

at first/first imPressions can be

misleading'5 Don't put allyour eggs in one basket

= It is risky to depend totally on one

thing'6 A bird in the hand is worth two in tle

bush'

= What You have is more valuabie

than what You maY get in the future'

7 While the cat's rway the mice will plal '

= In the absence of supervision' people

maY misbehave'8 You can lead a horse to water' but you cart :

make it drink.

= You can give advice to PeoPle' but

you can't make them do what the-v

don't want to do'

9 Finders keePers, losers weePers'

= We are justified in keeping things \re

Iind bY chance.

lO He who laughs last laughs longest'

= If You try to get the better of

someone. theY maY end uP getdng the

better of You.ll Don't countyour cLrickens before tha' are

hatched

= The future is unpredictable' so it's

dangerous to rely too much on things

You think will haPPen'

SPELLING

IA2D3C4D)L

6C7A

1U

gffiANSWER KEY

8D9C

l0D

READING: Multiple choice

IIB2C3D4C)l)

6B2

I If you let people get away withmistakes, then you encourage thosewho may be dishonest to try and getaway wirh it.

2 He is paraphrasing what was said,rather than using the exact words.

3 academicfalsilication4 sayldo nothing about it5 He thinks that the writer must

approve of the young scientists'sactions.

6 Not naming the people who are beingreferred to.

7 come across

8 line 3l - an eventIine 35 - I knew by chance

9 enamouredlO He might have pretended to find it at a

later date, and behave as if he wasfindins ir for the first time.

ll He was not heard of again.12 It wasn't worth ir.

Word stress

I executive2 falsifig4tion3 manufactured4 obviouslv5 satisfaction6 persuasive7 ethical8 reputation9 conlention

lO pgnalizell indignation12 contradicted13 deliberatelv14 considel4tions15 enamoured16 correctlvl7 personalities18 unscrupulous19 charitable2O professorship

ffii108

USE OF ENGLISH: Gappedsentences

I rate2 call3 prove4 reflect5 come6 missed

USE OF ENGLISH: TransformationsI show that he has not lost touch2 had no idea about/as to/of the3 had no option but to call the police4 in research procedures has resulted in5 are the chances of anyone finding out

what6 was necessary for Sandra to have/that

Sandra had7 goes to the shopping centre, he bumps

into

UNIT 9Nose to theGrindstone

READING: Multiple choiceIneurologistheadaches

2Para I Marcia Wilkinson's backgroundPata2 headachesufferersPara 3 types of headachePara 4 symptoms of headachesPara 5 causes of headachesPara 6 remedies {or headachesParaT theories about headachesPara 8 cure for headachesPara 9 recent research into headachesPara l0 prospects for the {uture

3

IB2D]C4D5A6C

4I They are people who have studied

headaches.2 Alan Frost took so many days off that

he makes the total look larger.3 'ventures', 'takes a trip'4 'courtesy of', 'sparked off', 'brought

on'5 'no end of'6 Scientists don't know what to do next.7 'bewildering'8 'there's no saying'9 Dr. Wilkinson is quite an entertaining

person, not too serious in her manner,e.g. 'when you are hit on the headwith a hammer', 'the greater painremoving the lesser', 'she breaks intorhyme'. 'that should be stuck up inevery physician's consulting room'.

lO It gives a light-hearted presentation ofserious subject matter, e.g. Dr.Wilkinson is described as 'the star' atthe European Headache Federation,where she 'wowed'the delegates;there is also the Alan Frost anecdote,and phrases such as 'mother of allheadaches','ventures further afield',

'headless chickens when it comes to

headaches', 'there's no saying whether

ll The article is entertaining and, to

some extent, informative. Its main

purpose is to entertain rather than

educate, however.

12 The target reader is probably a casual

reader of a fairly serious newspaper,

e.g. a Sunday supplement, or a similar

leisure Publication.

USE OF ENGLISH:

Word-building cloze

II engineering2 outlet(s)3 explanation4 injection5 completion6 refinement(s)7 necessarilY

8 achievements9 responsibilitY

IO rebuilding

2'dabbled in'

''precursor'

GRAM MAR: Conversationaldevices using auxiliary verbs

II So does

2 So will3 So would4 Nor/Neither are

5 Sois6 Nor/Neither have

7 So does

8 Nor/Neither does

9 Nor/Neither is

lO So didll So had12 Nor/Neither has

13 So might14 Nor/Neither can

15 Nor/Neither mustl6 Nor/Neither ought/shouldl7 Nor/Neither is

18 Nor/Neither may19 Nor/Neither is

2O So had

2

Nine: believe, understand, I'm afraid,

hope, suPPose, guess, trust, reckon,

presume.Examples:I (don't) believe so, I (don't)

suppose so, I (don't) reckon so, I'm a{raid

so, I presume so, I hoPe so.

I believe not, I hope not, I'm afraid not, Ipresume not, I suppose not, I guess not, Itrust not, I reckon not.

READING: Lexicalcloze

IB2D3A4Q

'B6C

IU

8B9B

IOArlc12D

SPELLING: Common errors

II accomlodation m2 exaglerate C

3 litlrature e

4 busineslman s

5 falcinate s

6 disalpearance P

7 goverlment n8 disaplointed P

9 imlediatelY mI0 embarralsed s

Il lnowledge k12 neceslitY s

11 olportunitY P

14 recomlend m15 transferled r

2

I arguement2 auxilliarY3 begginning4 develoPe5 equippment6 labouratorY7 neccessarY8 occassionallY9 ommitted

I0 parallelll1 personnell

ANSWER KEYffi

12 preceede13 pronounciation14 responsiabilitY15 strenghth16 successfull17 marketting18 grammattical

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze Passage

I apart2in3 and4 there5 Getting6 with7 off8 if/whether9 provided

IO comes

ll takes

12 rhe13 up/on14 brings15 taken

USE OF ENGLISH: SummarY

I To show that he doesn't reailY Ieel

they were advances.

2 It means that theY take uP all Yourtime/all Your life.

3 put yoursell at risk/ask for trouble

4 'fritter awaY'

5a The paragraph should include the

following reasons:. technological change. downsizing/fear of redundancY. increased workloads/ pressure lrom

employers/bosses. peer pressure/doing what others do

5b The ParagraPh should include:. loss of time with familY. stress and reiated illnesses. loss of concentration and motivation. falling qualitY oI work

USE OF ENGLISH: GaPPed

Sentences

I dull2 count3 lay

109 I

@4N5UltER KEy

UNIT 10The Road Ahead

READING: LexicalclozeIB2C3B4C5A6C

7C8B9A

loDllBt2c

READING: Gapped textIC2A]D4F5B6G

E not used

Vocabulary: dealing with topic-specificlexisI The writer means that you needn't

have experience of keeping and ridinghorses.

2 Nouns: bridles, bits, collars, reins,hoovesVerbs: saddle, gallop, trot, canter

3nono

. These words give the passage colour,make it more interesting and involveus in the world of horses. Theintended audience is people whohaven't had this experience.

Vocabulary: group nouns

Iblanket, duvet, pillow, mattress, quilt,sleeping bag, valance, pillowcase

2

BEDROOM FURNITURE: bedside cabinet,headboard, reading lampSOFT FURNISHINGS: curtain, cushionMGHTWEAR: dressing gown, pyjamas,bedsocks

ffi 110

CROCKERY cups, saucers, plates, jugs,bowls, etc.CUTLERY: knives, forks, spoons, etc.TOILETRIES: soap, toothpaste,toothbrush, shampoo, etc.STATIONERY: pens, paper, envelopes,paper clips, etc.SOFT FURNISHINGS: sofa, carpet,curtains, cushions, etc.

3

Yes. For example, reading lamp fits intobedroom furniture, lighting, fixtures and

fittings.Sleeping bagbelongs with both bedding andcamping equipment.

4vehicle, kit

5

IC2I3D4K5B6Hn1

8E9G

l0AllF

USE OF ENGLISH: TransformationsI disappointment of the organizers/

organizers' disappointment, only a

small number2 come as no surprise to me if that3 is reported to have left the city4 to stop her pocket money if she

disobeyed5 it necessary to water your6 had the boy recovered from measles

than he7 the procession from here as long as

you8 at a distance of9 old table was handed down to me

lO sum up, there are three pointsI I in possession of a licence can/mayf2 (well) worth visiting that old market

town if time

PUNCTUATION

Suggested answersTen or eleven years ago, a friend of mine did a

counselling course, and she used to come roundand tell me about the things they did each

week. I was fairly uninterested and used to

think, 'What on earth would anyone want todo a course like that for?'

However, when my daughter was in her finalyear of school, and the pressure was on because

itwas coming up to exam time and she was

having dfficulties, I thought, 'Well, maybe we

need some help here.' So I rang up the woman

who ran the counselling course and my

daughter went to see her.

What she did, in a very short time, was to

completely turn things around. My daughter

went from being someone who wanted to drop

out and give up, to someone who was able to

face up to things and take responsibility for her

own life, and I thought,'That's amazing! Iwant to know what that woman did.' So Isigned up for the counselling course myself.

SPELLING: Checking your work

I enspired + ttttp'..d2 mysteriuos

-* mysterious

3 ninteenth * n'neteenth

4 seenic * scenic

5 cities * c'ty's

6 residentail --> res'dent'al

7 thoughout + ,n.orrtnorr,8 atmosfere --* ur-otpna."9 wrows * fows

l0 concreet + concrete

ll builded + built12 restaraunt * restaurant

l3 arcitecture * architecture

14 comunity + commun'ty

USE OF ENGLISH: GaPPed

sentences

I look2 well3 credit4 lall5 rest

READING: MultiPle choice

IA2B

3C4B

ANSWER KEYffi

111W