new offshore fish identification cards for small-scale line fisheries · 2019. 4. 8. · auxis...
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Offshore fish identification cards
for small-scale line fisheries
These identification cards are produced by the Pacific Community (SPC) to help improve catch data and statistics from small-scale vessels that regularly target pelagic species. With a better understanding of small-scale vessel catches, regional fisheries managers can ensure that migratory stocks are better managed throughout the range of the stocks and that small-scale fishers get more recognition and support for their contribution to food security and employment at the local community level. The most likely users of these cards are small-scale fishers who actively target pelagic stocks, along with fishery officers who are tasked with monitoring these fisheries. Fisheries training institutions and fishing communities are other potential users.Project co-ordination was done by the Oceanic Fisheries Programme Fisheries Monitoring Section and the Fisheries Information Section, SPC. Most of the colour illustrations are by Les Hata. Others are by Hazel Adams (p. 8, 9, 12, 13, 32, 33, 45, 46, 47 and 48), Jipé Le-Bars (p. 4 and 5) and Rachel O’Shea (p. 27); black and white illustrations courtesy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This publication is based on the Marine species identification manual for horizontal longline fishermen by Chapman et al. (2006).
© Pacific Community, 2017Original text: English
Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data
Offshore fish identification cards for small-scale line fisheries / Pacific Community1. Marine fishes – Classification – Oceania.2. Fishery management – Oceania.3. Fishes – Identification – Oceania.
I. Title II. Pacific Community338.3720995 AACR2ISBN: 978-982-00-1082-6
Tunas1
Tunas and other scombrids
First dorsal fin Second dorsal fin
Finlets
Caudal keel
Caudal fin
Anal fin
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fin
Base of second dorsal fin
Base ofanal fin
Tunas and other scombrids2
Second dorsal and anal fins very long
and yellowYFT
Yellowfin tuna
Thunnus albacares
Adults(>70 cm)
Finlets yellowwith no black edge
Notch in caudal
fin
Narrow body, especially
near caudal fin
Tunas and other scombrids3
Finlets bright yellowwith black edge
BET
Bigeye tuna
Thunnus obesus
Adults(>70 cm)
No notch in caudal
fin
Stout body
Tunas and other scombrids4
Pectoral fin reaches base of
second dorsal fin
Pectoral fin tip rounded
Narrow body, especially
near caudal fin
Lines slightly curved, evenly spaced,
separated by lines of spots over most of bodyYFT
Yellowfin tuna
Thunnus albacares
Juveniles(40–70 cm)
Small notch in
caudal fin
Pectoral fins blade-like
Bige
yeYello
w�n
< 120 cm
Tunas and other scombrids5
Pectoral fin tip pointed
Juveniles(40–70 cm)
Nonotch in
caudal fin
Stout body
Pectoral fin often extends beyond base of second dorsal fin
Lines almost straight, unevenly spaced with
a few erratic spots mostly over lower bodyBET
Bigeye tuna
Thunnus obesus Pectoral fins curved
< 120 cm
Bige
yeYello
w�n
Tunas and other scombrids6
Pectoral fin reaches way past base of second dorsal and anal fins
Back edge of caudal fin white or colourless
ALB
Albacore tuna
Thunnus alalunga
Tunas and other scombrids7
Pectoral fin rarely reaches space between dorsal finsLOT
Longtail tuna
Thunnus tonggol
Body slender, especially towards caudal fin
Second dorsal fin taller than
first dorsal fin
Faint rows of colourless spots along belly
Tunas and other scombrids8
Pectoral fin tip does not reach front edge of patterned area
BLT
Bullet tuna
Auxis rochei rochei
Wide space between first and second dorsal fins
Tunas and other scombrids9
Pectoral fin tip reaches beyond front edge of patterned area
FRI
Frigate tuna
Auxis thazard thazardWide space between
first and second dorsal fins
Tunas and other scombrids10
SKJ
Skipjack tuna
Katsuwonus pelamis
Three to five stripes along belly
Tunas and other scombrids11
Black spots, sometimes faded
KAW
Kawakawa
Euthynnus affinis
Narrow space between first and second dorsal fins
Tunas and other scombrids12
BIP
Striped bonito
Sarda orientalis
Numerous stripes, black on upper side, fading on lower side
Tunas and other scombrids13
DBM
Double-lined mackerel
Grammatorcynus bilineatus
Two lateral lines (one on upper side and
one on lower side)
A similar and less common species, Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (not shown), has small black spots along the belly.
Tunas and other scombrids14
WAH
Wahoo
Acanthocybium solandri
Snout as long as rest of head
Snout Rest of head
Lateral line dips under first dorsal fin
Tunas and other scombrids15
COM
Spanish mackerel
Scomberomorus commerson
Snout shorter than rest of head
Snout Rest of head
Lateral line dips after first dorsal fin
Tunas and other scombrids16
DOT
Dogtooth tuna
Gymnosarda unicolor
Obvious wavy lateral line
Cone-shaped (dog-like) teeth in a large mouth
Billfish17
Billfish
First dorsal fin Second dorsal fin
Caudal keels
Caudal fin
First anal fin
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fin
Upper jaw prolonged (bill)
Second anal fin
Billfish18
BUM
Blue marlin
Makaira nigricans
Pectoral fin not rigid – can flatten against body
Dorsal fin height (a) half to three-quarters of greatest body depth (b)(a)
(b)
Billfish19
MLS
Striped marlin
Tetrapturus audax
Pectoral fin not rigid – can flatten against body
Dorsal fin height (a) higher than or sometimes equal to
greatest body depth (b)(a)
(b)
Billfish20
BLM
Black marlin
Istiompax indica
Dorsal fin height (a) about half of
greatest body depth (b)(a)
(b)
Pectoral fin rigid – cannot flatten against body on fish over 40 kg
Billfish21
SWO
Swordfish
Xiphias gladius
Only one caudal keel
Sword-like bill with smooth surface
First and second dorsal fins widely separated
(except if <100 cm)
No pelvic fins
Billfish22
SSP
Shortbill spearfish
Tetrapturus angustirostris
Dorsal fin about same height as body depth
Bill length (a) very short, equal to or shorter than head length (b)
(a)
(b)
Billfish23
SFA
Sailfish
Istiophorus platypterus
Dorsal fin very tall (more than two times body depth)
Jacks24
Jacks
Operculum
Scutes
Pelvic fin
Pectoral finAnal fin
Caudal fin
Second dorsal finFirst dorsal fin
Lateral line
Jacks25
CSX
Bigeye trevally
Caranx sexfasciatus
Small black spot at upper edge of gill cover
White tip on second dorsal and anal fin
Jacks26
RRU
Rainbow runner
Elagatis bipinnulata
Two-rayed finlet behind second dorsal and anal fins
Caudal fin dark in colour and deeply forked
Blue and yellow stripes on side
Jacks27
YTC
Yellowtail amberjack; Kingfish
Seriola lalandi
Single yellow stripe on side
No finlet
Second dorsal, anal and caudal fins yellow
Pectoral fin shorter than pelvic fin
Jacks28
YTL
Longfin yellowtail
Seriola rivoliana
Second dorsal fin four times the height of dorsal fin
Leading edge of pelvic fin and margin of anal fin white
Jacks29
AMB
Greater amberjack
Seriola dumeriliSecond dorsal fin twice the height
of dorsal fin
Extreme tip of lower caudal fin lobe pale or white
Tip of pelvic and anal fin lobes white
Jacks30
BIS
Bigeye scad
Selar crumenophthalmus
Very large eye
Black spot on operculum
Dorsal fins close together
Maximum length: 50 cm
Jacks31
MSD
Mackerel scad
Decapterus macarellus
Black blotch on operculum
Dorsal fins widely separated
Maximum length: 40 cm
Jacks32
GLT
Golden trevally
Gnathanodon speciosus
Juveniles bright yellow with 7–11 black bars.Adults silver with golden belly.
Dark tips on tail
Jacks33
Cottonmouth jack
Uraspis secunda
USE
Adults dark to bluish black. Juveniles with 6-7 dark bands with
pale interspacesInside of mouth and tongue appears bleached-white
Jacks34
TRE
Jacks (other)
Carangidae (other)
Carangoides spp.
Uraspis spp.
Scomberoides spp. Seriola spp.
Decapterus spp.Selar spp. Trachinotus spp.
Caranx spp.
Note: The Carangidae family (jacks) includes 32 genera and about 140 species of highly varied shapes. Jacks are open-water carnivorous fish, usually silvery in colour.
Other important species35
Other important species
First dorsal fin Second dorsal finFinlets
Caudal fin
Caudal keel
Anal finLateral line
Pelvic finPectoral fin
Operculum (gill cover)
Head
Snout
Other important species36
DOL
Common dolphinfish; Mahi mahi
Coryphaena hippurus
Male head shape
Female head shape
Common length: 100 cmMaximum length: 210 cm
Body depth less than 1/4 of standard length
Roundish-shaped tooth patch on tongue
Body
dep
th
Anal fin concave
Other important species37
CFW
Pompano dolphinfish
Coryphaena equiselis
Common length: 50 cmMaximum length: 75 cm
Body depth more than 1/4 of standard length
Body
dep
th
Standard length
Squarish-shaped tooth patch on tongue
Anal fin straight
Other important species38
GBA
Great barracuda
Sphyraena barracuda
Distinctive shaped caudal finBlack spots (normally)
Second dorsal, anal and caudal fins dark with white tips
Other important species39
BAC
Pickhandle barracuda
Sphyraena jello
Second dorsal and caudal fins yellowish
Bars are faint, unevenly spaced and go to just below lateral line
Other important species40
BAB
Blackfin barracuda
Sphyraena qenie
Dark caudal fin with black margin
Two small knobs at centre of caudal finAlmost straight bars
Common length: 80 cmMaximum length: 170 cm
Other important species41
BAN
Sawtooth barracuda
Sphyraena putnamae
Dark caudal fin
Chevron-shaped barsextending well below lateral line
Common length: 60 cmMaximum length: 90 cm
Other important species42
TST
Sickle pomfret
Taractichthys steindachneri
Obviously long first dorsal and anal fins
White margin on caudal fin
Large scales
Other important species43
EBS
Brilliant pomfret
Eumegistus illustris
Distinct shape of caudal fin
Large scales
Juvenile(less than 30 cm)
Other important species44
Pteraclis spp.Pterycombus spp.
Species in this family have:
• Angle of jaw very slanted• Single dorsal fin• Caudal fin of adults
strongly forked
Taractes spp. Brama spp.
Pomfrets (other)
Bramidae (other)
BRZ
Other important species45
Triple tail
Lobotes surinamensis
LOB
Large, rounded posterior lobes of dorsal and anal fins that are equal
to caudal fin in size.
Other important species46
CNT
Rough triggerfish
Canthidermis maculatus
Dark body and fins covered with numerous
whitish blotches
Other important species47
Unicorn leatherjacket filefish
Aluterus monoceros
ALM
Body grey with faint spotting
Slender dorsal spine above eye
Other important species48
Batfish
Platax teira
BAO
Second bar from front of dorsal fin to ventral fin
Large dark blotch above rear edge of ventral fin
Dark to faint bar through eye
Other important species49
RZV
Slender sunfish
Ranzania laevis
Slender body shape
Distinct markings
No protruding “tail”
Maximum length: 80 cm
Other important species50
GEP
Gemfish & snake mackerels
Gempylidae
Species in this family have:
• Large mouth with strong teeth
• Two dorsal fins, second shorter than first
• Pelvic fin very small, often just a single spine with a few or no soft rays
Rexichthys spp.
Rexea spp.
Index
Acanthocybium solandri ..................................................14Albacore tuna ............................................................................6Aluterus monoceros ............................................................47Auxis rochei rochei ..................................................................8Auxis thazard thazard...........................................................9Batfish ..........................................................................................48Bigeye scad ..............................................................................30Bigeye trevally ........................................................................25Bigeye tuna .......................................................................3 & 5Billfish ...........................................................................................17Black marlin ..............................................................................20Blackfin barracuda...................................................................4Blue marlin ................................................................................18Bramidae (other) ...................................................................44Brilliant pomfret .....................................................................43Bullet tuna ....................................................................................8Canthidermis maculatus ..................................................46Caranx sexfasciatus ............................................................25Common dolphinfish ........................................................36Coryphaena equiselis .........................................................37Coryphaena hippurus ........................................................36Cottonmouth jack ................................................................33Decapterus macarellus ......................................................31
Dogtooth tuna .......................................................................16Double-lined mackerel .....................................................13Elagatis bipinnulata ...........................................................26Eumegistus illustris ..............................................................43Euthynnus affinis ..................................................................11Frigate tuna .................................................................................9Gemfish & snake mackerels ...........................................50Gempylidae ..............................................................................50Gnathanodon speciosus ...................................................32Golden trevally .......................................................................32Grammatorcynus bilineatus ...........................................13Great barracuda .....................................................................38Greater amberjack................................................................29Gymnosarda unicolor ........................................................16Istiompax indica ...................................................................20Istiophorus platypterus ......................................................23Jacks ..............................................................................................24Katsuwonus pelamis ..........................................................10Kawakawa .................................................................................11Kingfish .......................................................................................27Lobotes surinamensis .........................................................45Longfin yellowtail .................................................................28Longtail tuna ..............................................................................7
Mackerel scad .........................................................................31Mahi mahi .................................................................................36Makaira nigricans ................................................................18Pickhandle barracuda ........................................................39Platax teira ..............................................................................48Pomfrets (other) ....................................................................44Pompano dolphinfish ........................................................37Rainbow runner .....................................................................26Ranzania laevis .....................................................................49Rough triggerfish .................................................................46Sailfish ..........................................................................................23Sarda orientalis .....................................................................12Sawtooth barracuda ...........................................................41Scomberomorus commerson .........................................15Selar crumenophthalmus ................................................30Seriola dumerili .....................................................................29Seriola lalandi ........................................................................27Seriola rivoliana ....................................................................28Shortbill spearfish ................................................................22Sickle pomfret.........................................................................42Skipjack tuna ...........................................................................10Slender sunfish .......................................................................49Spanish mackerel .................................................................15
Sphyraena barracuda ........................................................38Sphyraena jello ......................................................................39Sphyraena putnamae ........................................................41Sphyraena qenie ...................................................................40Striped bonito ........................................................................12Striped marlin .........................................................................19Swordfish ...................................................................................21Taractichthys steindachneri ............................................42Tetrapturus angustirostris ................................................22Tetrapturus audax ...............................................................19Thunnus alalunga ..................................................................6Thunnus albacares ........................................................ 2 & 4Thunnus obesus .............................................................. 3 & 5Thunnus tonggol ....................................................................7Triple tail .....................................................................................45Tuna and other scombrids ................................................1Unicorn leatherjacket filefish ........................................47Uraspis secunda....................................................................33Wahoo .........................................................................................14Xiphias gladius ......................................................................21Yellowfin tuna ...................................................................2 & 4Yellowtail amberjack ...........................................................27
PACIFIC COMMUNITYBP D5 • 98848 NOUMEA CEDEX • NEW CALEDONIA
Telephone: +687 26 20 00Facsimile: +687 26 38 18Email: [email protected] – Web: http://www.spc.int
Prepared for publication at: Pacific Community headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia
Printed by Stredder Print Ltd., New Zealand, 2017
Production of these cards was made possible through financial assistance provided by the Australian Government,
and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), via the project: Implementation of Global and Regional Oceanic
Fisheries Conventions and Related Instruments in the Pacific Small Island Developing States (PIOFMP-II).