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4.8.2 Design of a spiral road – inside the wall As has been discussed in section 4.3, the addition of a road to the pit involves moving the wall either into the pit and therefore losing some material (generall ore! or outward and thereb adding some material (generall waste!. "his design e#ample considers the $rst case (inside the original pit wall!. "he second case will be discussed in the following section. "his pit consists of the four benches whose crests are show in $gure 4.8%. both toes and crests are shown in $gure 4.%&. the crest'crest dimensions is & ft, the bench height is 3& ft and a road having a width of %& ft and a grade &f )&* is to be added tothe north wall. "he bench fac has an angle of + & . tep ). "he design of this tpe of road begins at the pit bottom. -or reasons to b discussed later, the point where the ramp meets the $rst crest line is selectedwith some care. n this case,the ramp will continue down to lower mining level along the north and east walls, thus point A in $gure 4.%) has been selected. -igure 4.%& four bench pit with toes added -igure 4.%) point of ramp initiation and crest intercepts. tep 2. "he locations where the ramp meets the succeeding crests are now determined since the bench height / is 3& ft and the road grade 0 is )& *, the hori1ontal distance travelled b a truc going up to the ne#t level is oint be on the crest of the ne#t bench is locaated bmeasuring the 3&& ft distance with ruler or b swinging the appropriate arc with compass. oint and D are located in similiar wa. tep 3. "he crest line segments indicating the road location will be added at righ angles to the line of the road. /ence the have a lenght (wa! which is longer than the true road width (wt!. As can be seen in $gure 4.%2, the angle that the road ma es with the crest lines is /ence the apparent road width wa ( that which is laid out!, is related to the true road width b -or most pratial purpose, little error results from using -igure 4.%2 addition of ramp width (step 3!. 5ines of length w drawn perpendicular to the crest lines from points A, 6, and D have been added to the $gure 4.%3a. in addition short lines running parallel to the crest starting at the ends of these lines have been added. 5ine a'a7 is one such line. tep 4. 5ine a'a7 is e#tended towards the west end of the pit. t $rst runs parall to the previous crest line but as the pit end approaches it is curved to ma e a

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4.8.2 Design of a spiral road inside the wallAs has been discussed in section 4.3, the addition of a road to the pit involves moving the wall either into the pit and therefore losing some material (generally ore) or outward and thereby adding some material (generally waste). This design example considers the first case (inside the original pit wall). The second case will be discussed in the following section. This pit consists of the four benches whose crests are show in figure 4.89. both toes and crests are shown in figure 4.90. the crest-crest dimensions is 60 ft, the bench height is 30 ft and a road having a width of 90 ft and a grade 0f 10% is to be added tothe north wall. The bench fac has an angle of 560. Step 1. The design of this type of road begins at the pit bottom. For reasons to be discussed later, the point where the ramp meets the first crest line is selectedwith some care. In this case,the ramp will continue down to lower mining level along the north and east walls, thus point A in figure 4.91 has been selected.Figure 4.90 four bench pit with toes addedFigure 4.91 point of ramp initiation and crest intercepts.Step 2. The locations where the ramp meets the succeeding crests are now determined since the bench height H is 30 ft and the road grade G is 10 %, the horizontal distance travelled by a truck going up to the next level isPoint be on the crest of the next bench is locaated bymeasuring the 300 ft distance with ruler or by swinging the appropriate arc with compass. Point C and D are located in similiar way.Step 3. The crest line segments indicating the road location will be added at right angles to the line of the road. Hence they have a lenght (wa) which is longer than the true road width (wt). As can be seen in figure 4.92, the angle that the road makes with the crest lines is

Hence the apparent road width wa ( that which is laid out), is related to the true road width byFor most pratial purpose, little error results from using Figure 4.92 addition of ramp width (step 3).Lines of length w drawn perpendicular to the crest lines from points A, B, C and D have been added to the figure 4.93a. in addition short lines running parallel to the crest starting at the ends of these lines have been added. Line a-a is one such line.Step 4. Line a-a is extended towards the west end of the pit. It first runs parallel to the previous crest line but as the pit end approaches it is curved to make a smooth transition with the original crest line.thisis shown in figure 4.93b. the designer has some flexibility in how this transition occurs. Once this decision is made then the remaining crest line are rawn parallel to this first one. The result are shown in figure 4.93c.Step 5. The extraneous lines remaining from the original design are now removed. The resulting crest line with the included ramp are shown in figure 4.94Step 6. The ramp is extended from the crest off the lowest bench to the point bottom. This is shown in figure 4.95. the toe lines have been addedto assist in this process. In figure 4.95, the slopes have been shaded to help in the visualization. The edge of road (EOR) lines shown are also crest lines. Figuree 4.93a. completing the new crest line (step 4)Figure 4.93b. completing the new crest line (step 4)4.93c. completing the new crest line (step 4)Figure 4.94. the pit i modified by the ramp (step 5)Figure 4.95 addition of entrance ramp and toe lines (step 6)Terjemahan4.8.2 Desain jalan spiral - di dalam dindingSeperti yang telah dibahas dalam bagian 4.3, penambahan jalan ke pit melibatkan bergerak dinding baik ke dalam lubang dan karena itu kehilangan beberapa materi (umumnya bijih) atau ke luar dan dengan demikian menambahkan beberapa materi (umumnya limbah). Contoh desain ini mempertimbangkan kasus pertama (di dalam dinding pit asli). Kasus kedua akan dibahas dalam bagian berikut. Pit ini terdiri dari empat bangku yang puncak adalah ditampilkan dalam gambar 4.89. baik jari kaki dan puncak-puncak yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.90. dimensi puncak-puncak adalah 60 kaki, tinggi bangku adalah 30 ft dan jalan yang memiliki lebar 90 ft dan kelas 0f 10% akan ditambahkan tothe dinding utara. Bangku fac memiliki sudut 560.Langkah 1. Desain dari jenis jalan dimulai di bagian bawah pit. Untuk alasan yang akan dibicarakan nanti, titik di mana jalan bertemu dengan garis puncak pertama adalah selectedwith beberapa perawatan. Dalam hal ini, jalan akan terus turun ke tingkat yang lebih rendah tambang sepanjang utara dan timur dinding, sehingga titik A pada gambar 4.91 telah dipilih.Gambar 4.90 empat bangku pit dengan jari-jari kaki ditambahkanGambar 4.91 titik inisiasi jalan dan penyadapan puncak.Langkah 2. lokasi di mana jalan memenuhi puncak berhasil sekarang ditentukan sejak ketinggian bangku H adalah 30 ft dan jalan kelas G adalah 10%, jarak horizontal dilalui oleh truk naik ke tingkat berikutnya adalahTitik berada di puncak bangku berikutnya locaated bymeasuring jarak 300 ft dengan penggaris atau dengan mengayunkan busur yang sesuai dengan kompas. Titik C dan D yang terletak di jalan serupa.Langkah 3. jambul segmen garis yang menunjukkan lokasi jalan akan ditambahkan pada sudut kanan garis jalan. Oleh karena itu mereka memiliki panjang (wa) yang lebih panjang dari lebar jalan yang benar (wt). Seperti dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.92, sudut jalan itu membuat dengan garis puncak adalah

Oleh karena itu jelas lebar jalan wa (yang telah diletakkan keluar), berkaitan dengan lebar jalan yang benar olehBagi kebanyakan tujuan pratial, hasil kesalahan sedikit dari menggunakanGambar 4.92 penambahan lebar jalan (langkah 3).Garis panjang w ditarik tegak lurus terhadap garis puncak dari titik A, B, C dan D telah ditambahkan ke angka 4.93a. selain garis pendek berjalan sejajar dengan puncak mulai di ujung garis-garis ini telah ditambahkan. Line-a 'adalah satu baris tersebut.Langkah 4. Garis a-a 'diperpanjang menuju ujung barat pit. Ini pertama berjalan sejajar dengan garis puncak sebelumnya tapi sebagai akhir pit pendekatan itu melengkung untuk membuat transisi yang mulus dengan line.thisis puncak asli ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.93b. desainer memiliki beberapa fleksibilitas dalam cara transisi ini terjadi. Setelah keputusan ini dibuat maka garis puncak tersisa sejajar Rawn untuk pertama ini. Hasilnya ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.93c.Langkah 5. asing baris yang tersisa dari desain asli sekarang dihapus. Garis puncak yang dihasilkan dengan jalan termasuk ditunjukkan pada gambar 4.94Langkah 6. jalan ini diperpanjang dari puncak dari bangku cadangan terendah ke titik bawah. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.95. garis kaki telah addedto membantu dalam proses ini. Pada Gambar 4.95, lereng telah berbayang untuk membantu dalam visualisasi. Tepi jalan (EOR) garis ditampilkan juga jalur puncak.4.93a Figuree. menyelesaikan garis puncak baru (langkah 4)Gambar 4.93b. menyelesaikan garis puncak baru (langkah 4)4.93c. menyelesaikan garis puncak baru (langkah 4)Gambar 4.94. pit i dimodifikasi oleh jalan (langkah 5)Gambar 4.95 penambahan pintu masuk jalan dan kaki baris (langkah 6)...