new markets, new opportunities? by nancy birdsall and carol graham (eds). (washington, the brookings...

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p. 142), nor of quantitative techniques in general. It should be mentioned that this is a book about project aid; there is almost no discussion of the wider or macroeconomic effects of aid excepting a few pages on structural adjustment). All in all, a good read for practitioners of aid project evaluation, especially those who have learned techniques but lack experience. Neubert provides what is effectively a `practitioners handbook', and a very good one at that, for social impact assessment. Armed with this small book, even I as an economist would feel con®dent of being able to incorporate the social dimensions of poverty competently in project evaluation. It is clearly written and illustrated with boxes, pentagons and matrices) with a succinct coverage of issues and alternative approaches. The focus, however, is on showing how to apply a new `method of impact assessment of poverty alleviation projects' MAPP) rooted in the multidimensional, especially social, conception of poverty and in participatory rural appraisal PRA). `MAPP is based on the application of PRA enquiry techniques modi®ed to enable them to be used for impact evaluations and combined to form a logically structured and result-oriented system' p. vi). The method is not intrinsically new, but builds on the experiences of a range of agencies in attempting to evaluate `the social impact of poverty-oriented development programmes and projects' p. 81). Following a helpful 12 page summary and two introductory chapters, there are three substantive chapters. Chapter 3 reviews the practice and experience of accounting for the social dimension in evaluation by German agenciesÐthe four government bodies, church organizations and political foundations. This is quite informative in its own right, my minor quibble being that I would have liked an explanation perhaps a ¯ow chart) of the responsibilities and relationships of the of®cial agencies BMZ, KfW, GTZ and DED). Chapter 4 manages in some 30 pages to be succinct and informative about the concepts and methods of evaluation. The MAPP is explained in Chapter 5, with an application to a rural resource management project in Mali, ®nanced by the World Bank but supported by GTZ. This book would be £17 well spent for anybody evaluating the social impact of aid projects. OLIVER MORRISSEY CREDIT, School of Economics University of Nottingham, UK DOI: 10.1002/jid.849 New Markets, New Opportunities? by NANCY BIRDSALL and CAROL GRAHAM eds). Washington, The Brookings Institution, 2000, pp. 331). This is a great book. It examines the links between inequality, opportunity and political behaviour and provides researchers and policy-makers with expert analyses on social mobility and opportunity, all related to the debate on income inequality. The volume includes a variety of applied and theoretical papers that represent the latest research on inequality and mobility issues in developing countries as well as in the United States). It constitutes a convenient entry point to the recent literature and the contributions are of a very high quality. Furthermore, the contributions are generally non-technical and accessible to a large audience of economists, social scientists and policy-makers. The book is also interesting for researchers more technically oriented. The ®rst two sections of the book examine conceptual issues underlying the study of inequality, mobility and opportunities. The third section is devoted to empirical investigations of mobility patterns and their causes in Latin America and Eastern Europe. The fourth section is devoted to the questions related to public perceptions and politics. The general question of the impact of inequality on growth forms a background to the book. Inequality may be good for growth because it raises saving rates and parents invest more in children's education if there exist good employment perspectives. It may be bad for growth if the poor support higher taxation and investors fear political instability. The volume contributes to a balanced review of the evidence. An exploration of the relationship between inequality and mobility occupies a central part in the book. The roles of social networks and trade liberalization in explaining inequality are discussed. Trade liberalization often augments wage inequality but this effect may be offset by changes in the price structure. Social ties can discourage effort and perpetuate inequality. For example, differences in children's future opportunities in the US are increasingly a function of access to college education. It is also shown that the type of inequality or mobility concept matters for analysing policies. Book Reviews 1201 Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Int. Dev. 13, 1189±1202 2001)

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Page 1: New markets, new opportunities? by NANCY BIRDSALL and CAROL GRAHAM (eds). (Washington, The Brookings Institution, 2000, pp. 331)

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Page 2: New markets, new opportunities? by NANCY BIRDSALL and CAROL GRAHAM (eds). (Washington, The Brookings Institution, 2000, pp. 331)

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