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NEW HYPOTHESIS, MODELS AND EXPLANATIONS OF PHYSICS WHICH MAY UNIFY

EVERYTHING FROM ATOM TO UNIVERSE (AMENDED-22)

1. Abstract. Like me, you may have the questions in your mind that which force

actually tends to fly the earth round the sun? Which force tends to fly some satellites and

comets in opposite direction of sun‟s rotation? How the gravitational force acts? Why the

orbit of a comet is highly eccentric than a planet? How the solar system actually formed?

How the universe continues? What is the actual model of an atom? Is there any theory

which can unify and explain everything from atom to universe? After getting some solutions

of above questions, I have written a book in Bengali language which is published in May

2012 by Spike Publishers from Bangladesh named “Poromanu Hote Mohabishwa O

Oikkoboddho Tattwa”(From Atom to Universe and the Theory of Unification) . To get some

idea about the book, you may visit website www.atomtouniverse.com which is designed in

Bengali language. The chapters of the book are astronomy & my eagerness, light,

electricity and magnetism, some required definitions and short notes, some theories of

science, data of planets, heavenly bodies, atomic world, relativity, gravitational force, solar

system, rotation of heavenly bodies, galaxy, universe, the theory of unification etc. I tried to

explain presently accepted theories, models and explanations of physics in the book as well

as I have included some new hypothesis, models and also explained some unexplained

problems of physics which may unify everything from atom to universe. On the basis of

explanations in the book I have also formulated the „Theory of everything‟. All these seem

to be logical to me and many others. Those are yet to be judged and proved by the

philosophers, scientists, researchers, physicists, religious leaders and by the people who

love science. Some important aspects of those have been discussed in short in this paper.

2. Galaxy model of atom. The basic particle (quark) of an atom is produced from energy

when it reaches at required temperature, density and velocity. It has North Pole and South

Pole. It rotates on its own axis with the influence of field where it lies. Due to rotation, the

polarity of the basic particle (quark) changes frequently like the sun. For this reason

electromagnetic waves are produced in the basic particle (quark). When the number of

electromagnetic waves exceed the limit, it is emitted as a bundle of waves and bundle of

loops. In atom these loops carry gluon particles. Each loop contains a number of

electromagnetic waves and each loop has two ends. If one end is positive, the other will be

negative.

Fig-1: Electromagnetic wave loop

These ends may also be combined together with opposite ends. With the interaction of

loops from basic particles (six types of quark) globule is formed at the centre of atom and

the basic particles (quarks) move in an elliptical path round the globule like a galaxy.

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Fig-2: New atomic model

Different sub atomic particles are formed from the quarks in different way when the

atoms are disintegrated. The electromagnetic wave loops emitted from atoms make

bond by mutual interaction. The electromagnetic wave loops which are emitted towards

the center of an object make bond among the atoms and which are emitted outwards

from an atom, carry gravitational force. The bonding strength created by these loops at

any point from the center may be inversely proportional to the square of the distance

multiplied by 𝜋 and the golden ratio i.e. F∝1/1.618πd^2. Where „F‟ is force, „d‟ is the

distance of any point from the center of an atom and 1.618 is the golden ratio.

Fig-3: Bonding among atoms of an object

3. New explanation for action of Gravitational Force. There are two types of forces

acting on a planet which moves round the sun. One is centripetal force and another is

centrifugal force. The centrifugal force is developed due to the rotation of the sun. The

centripetal force is the resultant of attraction or gravitational force and repulsion or anti

gravitational force. The gravitational force and anti gravitational force works by using

electromagnetic waves or light. The electromagnetic waves or light is emitted from an

object as a loop. Each loop contains number of electromagnetic waves. It is transverse

wave. The emissions of electromagnetic waves also depend on the rotation of the object.

Fig-4: Electromagnetic wave loop

Quark

Globule

Loop carrying

gluon particles

Rotation

of quarks

Atom

Bonding of

loops

Atom

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The attraction force occurs due to the interaction of electromagnetic wave loops emitted

from the sun and the planets, which take place between the sun and the planets.

Fig-5: Attraction between two loops

If the mass of the sun is m1 and the mass of a planet is m2 and the distance between the

center of the nearest part of the sun and the center of the nearest part of the planet is d

, then the gravitational force or attraction force = (m1x m2)/d2. The gravitational force or

attraction force acts between the center of the nearest part of the sun and the center of

the nearest part of the planet.

Fig-6: Attraction between two objects

On the other hand repulsion force develops due to the repulsion of electromagnetic

wave loops generated in the planet by the electromagnetic wave loops generated from

the sun, which takes place outside the planet.

Fig-7: Repulsion force upon another loop

If the mass of the sun is m΄1 and the mass of a planet is m΄2 and the distance between

the center of the nearest part of the sun and the center of the distant part of the planet is

d΄ then the anti gravitational force or repulsion force = (m΄1 x m΄2)/ d΄2. The anti

gravitational force or repulsion force acts between the center of the nearest part of the

sun and the center of the distant part of the planet.

Planet Sun

Sun Planet

Planet Sun

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Fig-8: Repulsion force on opposite side

As the distance for attraction force is less than the distance for repulsion force, the

value of attraction force is more than the repulsion force. So the resultant force here is

the gravitational force or attraction force. Then the resultant force that is centripetal force

on the planet by the sun = (m1 x m2) /d2 - (m΄1 x m΄2)/ d΄2. This formula is also applicable

to all the objects of nature.

Tide occurs at sub lunar point on earth due to attraction by moon‟s electromagnetic

wave loops. On the other hand tide occurs at antipode due to the repulsion by moon‟s

electromagnetic wave loops. The tail of a comet always remains away from the sun due

to the repulsion by sun‟s electromagnetic (EM) wave loops.

Fig-9: Gravitational field around an object

Due to interaction of electromagnetic wave loops, heat is produced at the center of

cyclone, black spot is seen on the water surface before forming a water spout and

sunspot is formed on the surface of the sun. If medium sized hair of a person is tied up

with a band, then the middle part of the hair expands with the repulsion of

electromagnetic wave loops and the ends of the hair remains together with the

interactions of electromagnetic wave loops which are emitted from the hair.

4. New explanation about 23.50 Inclination of Earth’s orbit. We know that, an

object which rotates on its own axis has a natural property called „rigidity in space‟. That

means; the rotational axis of a rotary body will remain pointing in a fixed direction in the

space. The earth moves round the sun as well as it rotates on its own axis. Due to rigidity in

space, the rotational axis of the earth should remain pointing in a fixed direction in the

space. But as the distance between the sun and the earth varies due to the variation of

centrifugal force and centripetal force, the axis of the earth cannot remain pointing in a fixed

direction. So, to compensate the property of „rigidity in space‟, the earth moves towards

north or south in relative to the sun. On 22 Dec the earth is at about closest point to the sun

and the sun is sighted towards maximum south (23.50 S) i.e, the position of earth is at

maximum northern limit of the elliptical path. From that day centrifugal force starts

Sun Planet

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overcoming the centripetal force. So the earth starts going away from the sun and at the

same time it starts moving towards south till about 21st June. During this time, if we put the

thumb finger, first finger and middle finger of left hand at right angles to each other and if

the thumb finger indicates the direction of rotation and the first finger indicates the direction

of centrifugal force; then the middle finger will indicate the movement of earth towards

south. On 21st June the earth is at about furthest point to the sun and the sun is sighted

towards maximum north (23.50 N) i.e. the position of earth is at maximum southern limit of

the elliptical path. From that day centripetal force starts overcoming centrifugal force and

the earth starts closing to the sun and at the same time the earth moves towards north till

22nd Dec. During this time, if we put the thumb finger, first finger and middle finger of right

hand at right angles to each other and if the thumb finger indicates the direction of rotation

and the first finger indicates the direction of centripetal force; then the middle finger will

indicate the movement of earth towards north. From 22nd Dec again centrifugal force starts

overcoming the centripetal force. In this way the orbit of the earth is 23.50 inclined to the

sun‟s equator although the earth‟s equatorial plane is only 70 inclined with the sun‟s

equatorial plane(NB: Elliptical path is not shown in the figure below, only the apparent

distance of earth from the sun is shown).

Fig-10: Position of earth around the sun

5. New laws and explanation for Comets go far away and comes closer to the Sun. If

we consider that the perpendicular line to the direction of centripetal force which joins the

center of centrifugal force (R2) and the opposite direction of centripetal force as Rotational

Lever (R'2 R2). If we again consider that the distance between the center of centrifugal force

and the center of centripetal force along the line of centripetal force as Eccentric

Distance(R'2 E2) as shown in figure below:

Fig - 11: Forces acting on a planet

Center of centrifugal force (R2)

Center of centripetal force (E2)

Direction of centrifugal force

Rotation of Sun

Rotation of planet

21 June

23rd

September

22 December

21st March

Sun

Earth

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In the above figure center of centrifugal force is shown outside the center of mass of the

planet in the direction of centrifugal force. If the mass of the planet is reduced, the

Rotational Lever (R'2 R2) will also reduce but less in relation to mass . So the ratio

between Rotational Lever and Mass is more in smaller objects i.e. at same distance and

same angle more centrifugal force is applied on each unit of mass In smaller objects

than larger objects. That is why the smaller objects rotate faster than larger objects. The

velocity of the object will depend on the acting resultant force i.e. the resultant of

centripetal and centrifugal force in relation to the mass. That means; at the same

distance, each unit of smaller objects will be driven by more resultant force and it will

move faster than larger one. From R'2 to E2 is Eccentric Distance. It‟s length depends on

the center of centripetal force and centrifugal force. The position of centripetal force and

centrifugal force depends on the initial velocity of the planet, strength of acting force,

distance from the sun and the mass of the planet. So the Eccentric Distance will indicate

that how far a planet will go from the sun and how much closer it will come towards the

sun.

Then from the above discussions, we may derive the following laws:

i. If the distance from the sun is same, then the planet whose ratio between the

mass and rotational lever is more, will rotate more rapidly on its own axis.

ii. If the distance from the sun is same, then the body whose ratio between the

mass and the acting resultant force is more, will move at higher speed in the

orbit.

iii. If the initial velocity and angle of capture is same, then the planet whose ratio

between the mass and eccentric distance is more, will go more away from the

sun and comes more closer to the sun.

As the size is very small, the value of above ratios is more in a comet than a planet. So

it rotates faster on its own axis, moves faster in the orbit and goes far away from the sun

and comes closer to the sun. These also depend on the time elapsed after the capture

by solar system and the direction from which the comet is captured. The eccentricity of

the comet is reduced slowly with the time.

6. New explanation about the forces tend to move the planet round the sun. The

centrifugal force from the sun acts in a curved path which is outward from the sun. This

force is generated due to the rotation of sun.

Fig - 12: Action of centrifugal force

Direction of centrifugal force SUN

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We know that the gravitational force acts through a center and anti gravitational force

also acts through a center. The resultant force that is centripetal force also acts through

the center of the nearest part of the planet towards the center of the nearest part of the

sun. All these are shown below:

Fig-13: Center of mass and different force

Due to the variation in value of both the forces, when the resultant force starts acting

outwards or when the centrifugal force overcomes the centripetal force and the planet

opens out at an angle, the velocity of the planet starts decreasing. At some distance

the centrifugal force starts decreasing and the centripetal force overcomes centrifugal

force. Then the resultant force or centripetal force starts acting inwards, the velocity of

the planet is increased gradually and the planet gets closer at an angle to the sun. At

some distance, the centrifugal force again overcomes centripetal force and again the

resultant force starts acting outwards. When the planet opens out from the sun,

centrifugal force decreases rapidly than the centripetal force and when the planet gets

closer to the sun, centrifugal force is increased rapidly than the centripetal force. As the

centrifugal force acts in a curved path, the resultant force of centrifugal force and

centripetal force acts in such a direction that the planet moves in an elliptical path round

the sun. The path of the earth round the sun is shown in figure below:

Fig-14: Elliptical path of Earth

Center of anti gravitational force

Center of mass

Center of gravitational force

Center of gravitational force

Center of mass

Center of anti gravitational force

Center of centripetal force

Center of centripetal force

21 June

23rd

September

22 December

21st March

Sun

Earth

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The center of centrifugal force remains outside the center of mass in the direction of

centrifugal force which is shown below:

Fig-15: Center of centrifugal force

The center of the centrifugal force and the center of the centripetal force remain away

from the center of mass in a planet when the planet is nearer to the sun like the figure

below and moving in an elliptical path. In this position, the length of Eccentric Distance

(E1 R‟1) and the length of Rotational Lever (R1 R‟1) are maximum. The motion of a planet

depends on the ratio of its mass and acting force including Eccentric Distance and

Rotational lever.

Fig-16: Forces acting when the planets are nearer to sun

The center of the centrifugal force and the center of the centripetal force remain closer

from the center of mass in a planet when the planet is away from the sun and moving in

an elliptical path. In this position, the length of Eccentric Distance (R‟2 E2) and the length

of Rotational Lever (R‟2 R2) is minimum. The motion of a planet depends on the ratio of

its mass and acting force including Eccentric Distance and Rotational lever.

SUN

Planet Direction of centrifugal force

Direction of centrifugal force

Center of centrifugal force

Center of mass

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Fig-17: Forces acting when the planets are away from sun

In both the cases, the center of centrifugal force and the center of the centripetal force

do not remain in a straight line which is passing through the center of mass. That is why

the planets are moving on their own axis because, both the center of forces tends to

come in a line which is passing through the center of mass. The length of Eccentric

Distance, the length of Rotational Lever and acting resultant force in a planet varies with

the size, distance from the sun and position in the orbit.

Fig-18: Elliptical path of planet round the sun

The center of resultant force in a moving object remains away from the center of mass

in the direction of resultant force and shifts position with the change in value and

direction of resultant force. The center of resultant force in a planet which is moving in

an elliptical path round the sun gradually shifts in a direction shown below. From above

figure, when the position of the planet is at A, B, C and D, the positions of the center of

resultant force is at a, b, c and d as shown in figure below.

Fig-19: Center of resultant force in a planet moving in elliptical path

b

d

c a

Direction of centrifugal force

SUN

Planet

Rotation of planet

Rotation of sun

Path of the center of resultant force

Center of mass

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7. New explanation for the movement of some comets in the opposite direction of

Sun’s rotation. Actually the comets do not move directly on the opposite direction of

sun‟s rotation. Due to the variation in centrifugal and centripetal force, the comets go away

from the sun and come closer to the sun at an angle and move on the opposite direction of

sun‟s rotation and apparently, it seemed to be moving in the opposite direction. These

comets get forward motion from the variation in value and the direction of resultant force of

centrifugal force and centripetal force. The mass, velocity and eccentricity of the comet

determines the wave length of this wave like path. Two runs of a comet moving in opposite

direction to the Sun‟s rotation are shown in the figure below:

Fig-20: Comets moving on the opposite direction

This type of comets was received by the solar system from the opposite direction of

sun‟s rotation and from rear side of the sun‟s motion.

Fig-21: Direction of capture and orbit of comets

8. Dead star hypothesis – The origin of solar system: Planet like objects can be

formed from the collection of remnants of dead stars which are floating in the space. The

remnants may be from the planetary nebula or from supernova explosion. A planet like

object also may form from the core of a star of up to 8 solar mass which are not converted

to white dwarf. It depends on the amount of matter ejected into the space. The life time of

these stars are from 10 million of years to billions of years. Initially the objects like a planet

were formed from the dead stars in this way. Like other stars, the objects like a planet were

also moving in the orbit around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. DIB‟s (Diffuse

Interstellar Bands) are the evidence of such objects in the space. Some planet like objects

may be captured while forming the sun and some may be captured after being formed and

started orbiting as planets and satellites in the following way:

Sun

Path of comet

Direction from which comet is

captured

Direction from which comet is

captured

Orbital direction with the sun’s

rotation

Orbital direction opposite to sun’s

rotation

Path of the sun

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(i) The dense molecular clouds along with planet like objects and other materials collapsed

at a point due to gravitational force and a rotation of these clouds started around that point.

Thus the sun was formed like other stars. The planet like objects near the central region of

the cloud became the part of the sun. On the other hand, due to the rotation of central

region, the centrifugal force started acting on the planet like objects coming towards the

center from outer region. Due to the variation of centrifugal and centripetal force, the planet

like objects started orbiting the sun and became the planets of the sun. In the same way

some objects became the satellites of the planets. And the clouds which were away from

the central region were attracted by the central region and became the part of the sun.

Inner planets and their satellites may be captured in this way.

(ii) Like other stars, after forming, the sun along with the initially captured planets and

satellites was also moving in the space. As the planets are small in size than the sun, the

value of the ratio of mass and acting resultant force is more in the planet like objects than

the sun. So, the velocities and eccentricity of planet like objects at nearest orbits in the

milkyway galaxy were more than the sun. As a result, the planet like objects came closer to

the sun from the back and attracted by the sun‟s gravitational force one by one. Just after

being captured, due to the variation in centrifugal and centripetal force, some planet like

objects started moving round the sun and became the planets and some objects started

moving round the planets and became the satellites. Outer planets and their satellites may

be captured in this way.

9. Jet hypothesis – The origin of universe: Energy, time and space are infinite in

the nature. Hydrogen atoms were created in the space from energy. Clouds were formed by

the accumulation of hydrogen atoms. Due to the gravitational force large amount of clouds

collapsed at a point and the stars were formed in different places at different times. Due to

the effect of centripetal force and lack of centrifugal force, these stars started falling at a

point and the rotation of stars started around that point like a cyclone, and the galaxies

were formed. A number of galaxies fell at a point to form the cluster of galaxies. In the same

way, due to the effect of centripetal force and lack of centrifugal force, all the clouds, stars,

galaxies and clusters of galaxies fell at a point.

Fig - 22: New model of the Universe

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While all these matters were falling at a point, a circular movement of these matters started

around that point like the center of a large active galaxy. We may consider the matters of

central region as dark matter as they are highly gravitationally compressed under highly

rotating motion. Matters are still falling into the accretion disk of the central region. Due to

the rotation or the frame dragging and interaction of electromagnetic wave loops at the

center, the accreted matters are converted into energy and sub atomic particles are

escaped through the two poles of rotational axis like the polar jets or relativistic jets of a

large active galaxy. The jets thus escaped are the black jets and contain higher frequency

electromagnetic waves and disintegrated sub atomic particles with high velocity at high

temperature and density. So, we may consider the jets as the source of dark energy. As the

energy is escaped from the center of a large object, the velocity and frequency of the

energy is more. The velocity of radiation of the energy may be faster than the velocity of

light. Our visible universe is a tiny part of a jet which is escaped from a pole of the universe.

Thus the shape of our part of the universe is a conical sphere which is continuously

expanding outwards like the shape of a big loud speaker.

The cosmic microwave background radiation is the radiation from a pole of the universe

which is located at the back. It radiates as a pulse. We receive the radiation from all the

direction because of the refraction and reflection of the energy and rotation of the solar

system, galaxies and cluster of galaxies. The central region rotates faster in larger objects

to conserve the angular momentum of a wider area as the objects are coming from far

away. So the interaction of electromagnetic wave loops are more in the center of larger

objects and thus the frequency of the energy which is radiated from the two poles of the

universe are more like a dynamo. As the size of the centers of all the objects are same and

larger objects produce more electromagnetic energy, the center of larger objects can hold

the charge for less time and that is why the duration of radiation pulse of electromagnetic

energy which is radiated from the poles of the universe is less. According to the 2nd law of

thermodynamics, this energy is radiated in the region of conical sphere in such a manner

that it tries to maintain equal temperature in all areas.

New atoms, clouds, stars and also galaxies are formed from the energy depending on the

temperature and density and thus the universe is homogeneous and isotropic in the visible

region. As the energy is radiated from the pole towards forward and sideways in the region

of conical sphere, there is a little variation in temperature between the pole and forward and

between the center of the conical sphere and the sides. Due to the temperature variation,

the energy is radiated outwards and the drag force acts in a slightly curved path. That is

why the objects are getting continuous force to rotate and move forward. Thus the universe

is accelerating and the orientation of our solar system and the galaxies and cluster of

galaxies are same in the visible universe.

Because of the action of drag force all the stars, galaxies and cluster of galaxies

continuously get rotary motion and forward motion in the Polar Regions. The disc region

does not require drag force. They are moving around the central region due to the variation

of centripetal and centrifugal force. As the position of our galaxy is in, one of the polar

region, so we are going away from the center of the universe.

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The objects which are moving outwards from the Polar region return to the central region

again through an elliptical or parabolic path and the system continues. There is a gap

between central region and the polar region. We may consider the central region as a black

hole. There may be infinite number of universes outside our universe.

All the questions related to universe may be answered from this model and all the

mathematical equations and observational evidences about the universe may fit to this new

model.

10. Theory of Everything. The electromagnetic wave loops or light is the basic of all forces.

The electromagnetic wave loops make bond among the quarks of an atom as strong force.

They make bond among the atoms of an object as weak force. They also make bond

among the objects of the universe as gravitational force. The electromagnetic energy is

transmitted through medium or empty space with the help of electromagnetic wave loops.

The bonding strength created by these loops at any point from the center may be inversely

proportional to the square of the distance multiplied by 𝜋 and the golden ratio i.e.

F∝1/1.618πd^2. Where „F‟ is force, „d‟ is the distance of any point from the center of an atom

and 1.618 is the golden ratio.

11. Conclusion. The above new ideas are the result of my 25 years research and

observations. I welcome you all to prove the new ideas. The main postulate in above ideas

is “Electromagnetic waves are emitted as loops‟‟ . I hope that some of the new ideas will be

proved in near future. If these new ideas are helpful in any way to the physics community

then I shall be able to forget all the sufferings which I had to face in doing this.

Reference:

1. Paromanu Hote Mohabishwa O Oikkoboddho Tattwa (From atom to universe and the

theory of unification) by Lt Cdr Md Abdul Alim,(N),BN.

Abdul Alim

E-mail: alim40406@yahoo.com