~Heli Tem~MI LIBRO GRATIMATICA

TA

BL

E O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

1. Imperfect

2. Preterite

3. Por and Para

4. Possessive adjectives and pronouns

5. Affirmative

6. Present Subjunctive

7. Verbs of Will & Influence

8. Commands

9. Subjunctive

10. Subjunctive expressions

11. Verbs of Emotion

12. Command Verbs

13. Doubt & Disbelief

14. Subjunctive with Conjunctions

15. Adjective Clause

16. Tú Commands

17.Nosotros Commands

18. Past Participles as Adjectives

19. Present Perfect

20. Future Tense

21.Conditional

22.Past Subjunctive

Background events in a story

Repeated actions

An age

The time/date

An interrupted activity

Mental or emotional states

Physical characteristics

Has no definite beginning or end

An action in progress

IMPERFECT

Triggers:

-Todos las dias

-Mientra

-Muchas veces

-Da vez en caundo

-Rava vez

-Siempra/nunca

-Cada diaIRREGULAR VERBS:

Ir: Ser: Ver:

Iba ibas era eras veia veias

Iba ibamos era eramos veia veiamos

Iban eran veian

Has a definite beginning and end

Is a one time action

Includes narration

Is an Interrupting action

PRETERITE

Ir/ser:

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

Snakey/Ir:

Lei Leimos

Leiste Leisteis

Leyo Leyeron

Dar:

Di Dimos

Diste Disteis

Dio Dieron

Examples:

• Mi hermana lavaba la ropa

cuando llega papa.

• Fui la esuela, hice tarea, y

regrese a casa.

• Ellos llegaron a las ocho

• Empezó a nevar a las ocho

de la mañana.

When given an exact time, de

is used instead of por before

things l ike ( la mañana, la

tarde and la noche)

- General location

- Duration of an action

- Object of search

- Exchange or substitution

- Unit or measure

Destination

Dead l ine or specific time in

the future

Purpose or goal plus infinitive

Purpose plus noun or verb

The recipient of something

Comparisons or opinions

Employment

POR & PARA

Por aqui (around here)

Por ejemplo (that’s why, therefore)

Por eso (that’s why)

Por fin (finally)

Camine por el parque.

( I walked through the park)

Camine para el parque

(I walked towards the part

PO

SS

ES

SIV

E A

DJE

CT

IVE

S

AN

D P

RO

NO

UN

S

To form a possessive noun you

must use the long form of the

possessive adjective and then add:

el, la, los or las

Based on the gender and number

of the noun. Attach the pronoun to

a reflexive when using a reflexive

in the infinitive form

Mi(s) Nuestro(a/as/os)

Tus(s) Vuestro(a/as/os)

Su(s) Su(s)

Mio(a) Nuestro(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)

Mios(as) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

Short

Long

Plural

DOP+IOP+”Se”

Drop the “s” add Di haz venpon sal se ten ven

To put in yo form; change to opposite vowel and add “s”

Ud./Uds Same as before

Affermative ud/udaPut it in the yo form and change it to the

opposite vowel

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

Usually formed by following the

following three steps:

- Start with the yo form of the present

indicative

- Drop the –o endings

- Add….

- Ar verbs: -e, -es, -emos, -en

- Er/Ir: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an

Only

difference

from Ud. And

Uds.

Commands is

the Tu form!

Aconsejarto advise

Importar to be imortant

to matter

Insister(en)-to insist on

Mandarto order

Prohibirto

prohibit

Recommendar

Rogar to beg/plead

Sugerir to suggest

VERBS OF

WILL &

INFLUENCE

COMMANDS:

These are used to give

commands, advice or orders

How to form them:

1. Convert to “yo” form

2. Drop the –o

3. For the –ar ending verbs

add –e for (usted) or –en

for (ustedes)

4. For –er/ir ending verbs

add –a for (usted) or –an

for (ustedes)

IRREGULAR FORMAL

COMMANDSInfinitive :

Dar

Estar

Ir

Saber

Ser

Usted:

Dé

Esté

Vaya

Sepa

Sea

Ustedes:

Den

Estén

Vayan

Sepan

Sean

IRREGULAR AND STEM CHANGES

Verbs with irregular “yo” forms will stay

the same.

Ex: conducir - conduzco - conduzca

Stem changing verbs will keep their

stem changes in the “yo” form

Ex: dormir – duermo - duerma

Negative commands:

Simply place “no” before the

verb

In affirmative commands,

reflexive and object pronouns

are attached to the end. When a

verb that has TWO OR MORE

syllables, add an accent mark to

the third syllable from the end

Sentir --- Sintamos

Dormir --- Duramanos

Pedir --- Pidamos

SUBJUNCTIVE:

Expresses the speakers

attitude toward events

or actions. This view

point is uncertain

1. Will and influence

2. Emotion

3. Doubt disbelief and denial

4. indefiniteness

NOSOTROS CHANGES:

The unstressed “e” changes to “I”

The unstressed “o” changes to “u”

Subjunctive follows the same

rules for –ar/-er/-ir endings in

command form!

Main clause triggers the use of

the subjunctive in the

subordinate clause. “que”

connects the clauses.

Example:

Es importante que vayas a la escuela

Es triste que

Es buenoque

Es mejorque

Esimportante

que

Es urgenteque

Esnecessario

que

Es maloque

EXPRESIONES PARA EL

SUBJUNCTIVO

VERBS OF EMOTION

When the main clause verb shows a feeling such as hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the subjunctive is required in the subordinate clause

- Ex: Siento que tú puedes venir mañana.

If the verb is followed after the feeling of emotion or expression and there is no change in the subject, you use the INFINITIVE FORM

- Ex: Temo- llegar tarde. The infinitie is used because there’s no change in the subject.

If there is a change in subject the following verb is to be conjugated to the subjunctive form

- Ex: Temo que- Mis padre

Ojalá que- Is almost always followed by the subjunctive. Its optional to use “que”

Alegarse- to be happy

Sorprender-to surprise

Es extraño-its strange

Molestar- to bother

Tenermiedo- to be afraid

Ojalá- I hope/wish

COMMON VERBS & EXPRESSTION OF EMOTION

Esperar-to hope to wish

Temer-to be

worried

Esterrible-

its horrible

Es triste-its sad

Gustar-to be

pleasing

Sentir-to be sorry

DOUBT DISBELIEF AND UNCERTAINTY:

Subjunctive is used

in the subordinate

clause with there is a

change in the

subject/expression

When implying

negation or

uncertainty

The affirmative

sentences is

followed by an

indicative. In

negative sentence

the expression is

followed by the

subjunctive

The indicative is

used in the

subordinate

clause when there

is no doubt or

uncertainty in the

main clause

No dudar– not to

doubt

No negar- not to deny

Estar- seguro

Es cierto- its certian

Dudar- to doubt

Negar- to deny

Es impropable-

improbable

No es cierto- not

certain

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CONJUNCTIONS:

Conjunctions are words or

phrases that connect other

words or clauses in sentences.

They describe how, why, when

and where in action takes place

Prepositions that are followed

by verbs in the infinitive

Antes de- before

Para- so

Sin- without

A menos que-unless

Para que- so that

En caso de que-provided that

Antes de que-before

Con tal de que-in case

Certain conjunctions

can be followed by

the subjunctive or

the indicative

depending on what is

going on.

Use the

subjunctive if the

main clause

expresses a

future action.

Use indicative if

the main clause

expresses a past

or habitual action

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:

Adjective clauses are

subordinate clauses that

kindof modify a noun or

pronoun in the main

clause of a sentence. It is

called the antecedent.

Used in an adjective

clause that refers to an

antecedent (person place

thing or idea) that does

not exist or who’s

existane is uncertain or

indefinite.

When the adjective

clause refers to a noun,

the indicative should be

used at all times

Subjunctive Indicative

Questions with

adjective clauses

Respond to question

Find out information Knows information

Uncertain Certain

Verbs with Adjective Clauses:

Necesitar

Encontrar

Querer

Conocer

Buscar

Haber

TU COMMANDS

Used when you want to give advise or an order to someone

you would normally address.

IRREGULARS FOR AFFIRMATIVE

Decir --- di

Hacer --- haz

Ir --- ve

Poner --- pon

Salir --- sal

Ser --- se

Tener --- ten

Venir --- venNegative:

Put in “yo” form and change to opposite

vowel and add “s”

Affirmative:

Just drop the s!

T – TENER: tengamos

V – VENIR : vengamos

D – DAR : demos; decir: digamos

I – IR: vayamos

S – SER: seamos

H – HACER: hagamos

E – ESTAR: estemos

S – SABER: sepamos

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

Abrir-abierto

Decir-dicho

Escribir-esctrito

Poner-puesto

Morir-muesto

Romper-roto

Ir- ido

Used to talk about what someone has done

The present tense of haber+ past participle

-HE, -HAS, -HA, -HEMOS, -HAN

Past participle does not change in from when it is part of the

present perfect tense

PRESENT PERFECT

This is used to talk about what someone has done or what had

occurred before another past action, event or state.

Often used with the word “ya” (meaning already)

Can not be place between haber and the past participle

Imperfect Tense-

Habia - hecho

Habir - occurrido

PAST PERFECT

FU

TU

RE

TE

NS

EDecir Dir

Hacer Har

Salir Saldr

Poner Pondr

Tener Tendr

Venir Vendr

Poder Podr

Saber Sabr

Maybe, could

be, probably

Ar,Er,Ir

E

As

Emos

Eis

An

CONDITIONAL

INFINITIVE + ENDING

Remember that

all ending

are the same for er, ir and ar

Expresses would could and

should.

Form just like future tense

ia iamos

ias iais

ia an

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE:

Also called the “imperfect subjunctive”

Used mainly in multiple clauses sentence which express states

And conditions- will, influence, emotions, commands, indefinites, non existence

The nosotros/nosotras form part subjunctive always has a written accent

Drop the –ron

ending from third

person plural

preterite form of

verb

-ra

-ras

-ra

-ramos

-ran

* Ending are the

same for all verbs

IMPERFECT

SUBJUNCTIVE