New Global Patterns

Chapter 13

Japan Modernizes

• Japan spent 1600s to 1800s in isolation– Controlled by shoguns, supreme military

dictators– Daimyo, landholding warrior lords, helped

shoguns keep power

• Japan was a feudal society, forbid foreigners and oversea travel– Dutch were allowed very limited trade

• Japanese commerce and agriculture grew– Daimyo and samurai suffered financially– Merchants prospered but had no political

power

• Shoguns lost much of their power

• U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of ships to Japan– Had a letter from Millard Fillmore asking

Japan to open up to the U.S.

• Treaty of Kanagawa opened two ports to the U.S.– U.S. gained trade rights, extraterritoriality, low

taxes on U.S. imports– Japanese were humiliated

• Emperor Meiji took power in 1867 and moved capital to Tokyo

• Started Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) to strengthen and modernize Japan– Studied western government, technology, and

customs– Created a Diet, legislature, to help govern– Zaibatsu, power industrial families, grew from

increased industrialization– Japan’s homogeneous-society, same

language and culture, helped country succeed

• Korea, known as the “Hermit Kingdom”, forced into opening trade with Japan

• Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War

• Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War– First Asian victory over European power

• Japan made Korea a protectorate and ruled harshly

• Vietnamese killed Christian converts and French priests in Vietnam

• France invaded part for revenge, part for more trading rights

• France controlled Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and called it French Indochina

• Siam was in between British Burma and French Indochina

• King Mongkut accepted western ways– Signed unfair treaties to remain free

• Mongkut and his son helped modernize Siam

• U.S. fought Spanish-American War to free Cuba from Spain

• The Philippines declared independence from Spain as well

• After the war the U.S. was granted control of the Philippines

• U.S. crushed efforts by the Philippines to gain freedom– U.S. helped modernize the Philippines

• Latin Americans faced problems from colonial rule

• Regionalism, loyalty to a local area, weakened new nations

• Local strongmen, caudillos formed armies to resist central government

• Americans in Texas revolted and Mexico was defeated by the U.S. losing half its territory

• Benito Juarez started La Reforma to reform Mexican ways– Died in office and never reached his main goals

• General Porfirio Diaz took control as a dictator– Made advancements at the expense of the poor– Peonage made poor stay on land until debts were

paid

• Latin American countries remained dependent on foreign countries

• Some industries prospered but only the elite benefited

• James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine stating the western hemisphere was off limits to European colonization– Had help from British navy to back up

declaration

• U.S. helped Cuba gain independence from Spain– Forced Platt Amendment granting U.S. navel

bases in Cuba

• Issued Roosevelt Collary stating the right to be a police power in the western hemisphere– Sent troops to Latin American countries,

resentment grew

• U.S. helped Panama gain independence from Columbia– Granted land for Panama Canal

• Connected Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

– Anti-Americanism grew in Latin America