new generation toilet vs. water security and health risk...
TRANSCRIPT
New Generation Toilet vs.
Water Security and Health Risk in South-East Asia
Chongrak Polprasert Atitaya Panuvatvanich Nawatch Surinkul Hung Nguyen Viet Thammarat Koottatep
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• The eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium
Summit of the United Nations in 2000.
• It has been agreed to achieve these goals by the year
2015
2
http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/files/2013/03/mdg-badge.gif
Introduction
Increase in the economic growth rate
Increase in per Capita Gross
Domestic Product (GDP)
Three 3 main economic structures
• Agriculture based • Industrial based • Service based
Economic Structure of ASEAN
6/2/2013 4
More economic growth More pollutions
Deforestation http://www.gapyear.com/images/content/Images/11_09_29-mjs_ft_rainforest-conservation_14551432.jpg
Natural Resources and Biodiversity loss
http://biodiversity1.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/biodiversity01.jpg
Air Emissions http://whatifpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/smog.jpg
Water Pollution http://www.ecolatin.org/sites/default/files/Water-Pollution-in-China-polluted-chinese-pond.jpg
Ideal Sanitation System
5
http://sewertreatment.net/wp-content/uploads/septic-system-diagram.jpg
1. Onsite sanitation
http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/images/sewage/separate.jpg
2.Centralized sanitation system
Water Pollution
Indonesia: 54% of the 33 rivers monitored are
heavily polluted in 2008
Vietnam: BOD level in rivers exceed national
standards by 2-3.8 times
Philippines: 14-28% of rivers has exceeded the BOD discharge limit in
2008
Thailand: 32% of river with poor quality in 2012
as compared to 29% in 2005
(www.pcd.go.th)
• over 60,000 million Baht has been invested in building about 100 wastewater treatment plants and sewerage systems
• but less than 50% of them are in operation.
Bangkok City
• Wastewater production = 4.5 million m3/day
• Existing 7 wastewater treatment plants treating about 25% of wastewater flow
• Operation costs = 240 million Baht/year
Class 4 Surface water quality
Thailand’s Effort on WW Management
Chao Phraya River
8
Use excreta as fertilizer for growing rice in Vietnam
• Current practice: excreta storage vault in latrine during 3-6 months before using. • Some of the famers do not use protective measure: glove, boot, mask…
• 58% households have unhygienic latrine (most of them are single vault latrine) • No compost with most of excreta
Specificities of Sanitation Deficiencies
• Under-estimation of health and environmental costs
10
http://www.globalpressinstitute.org/sites/default/files/styles/520x265/public/GPINews_Cameroon_CM_defecation.jpg
Open defecation
Disposal of untreated faecal sludge
Unimproved sanitation
41%
37%
22%
Types of Toilet system
Pour Flush Pour Squat Flush Tank
Note: The data gain from the in-depth interview in 178 urban poor households
Toilet coverage, Types of Toilet & DEWAT systems in Thailand
Approximately 92% of DEWAT systems are unimproved sanitary
system. .
(Opened bottom Open infection)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1980 1990 2000 2010
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f to
ilet
cove
rage
in T
hai
lan
d
Year
•Toilet coverage in Thailand > 99%
One Cesspool
Two Cesspool
Commercial Package
Three Cesspool
Pour Flush Toilet
Pour Squat Toilet
Flush Tank Toilet
No More Squat Toilet within 2016 in Thailand
• The Department of Health plans to encourage 50% of households to switch to sitting toilets by the
end of this year.
• It wants this figure to rise to 75% by next year and 100% by
2016
• to mitigate the number of people suffering from
• squat-related arthritis.
13
Is that a right
solution?
Change the toilet..
DEWAT system ???
14
• Latrine-based unsewered • In more than 90% of the cities in developing countries
• Have a very heterogeneous urban infrastructure
• Often lack financial and human resources for sanitation development and upgrading
• Cities are partially sewered • Existing business centres exhibit a high water consumption.
• Wastewater treatment plants are inefficient .
• Wastewater discharged (untreated) into natural water bodies and open canals.
• Open nutrient loop!
Open Bottom Open Infection The relevant infections: General disease
classification
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• Diarrheal infections and dysenteries: - Rotaviruses - Cholera - Giardia - Amoebic dysentery - Shigellosis • Typhus, paratyphus • Hepatitis A • Polio • Scabies • Conjunctivitis, trachoma • Flue • Measles • Aids • …….
Excreted infections
• Roundworm (Ascaris) • Whipworm (Trichuris) • Hookworm (Anquilostoma)
• Bilharzia • Pork and beef
tapeworm (Taenia)
• ……. • Guinea worm • Malaria • Filariasis • Yellow fever • …….
• Appendicitis • Heart diseases • Diabetes • Arthritis • …….
Infectious Diseases Non-Infectious
Diseases
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Global Scenario of Diseases Related to poor quality of water and unhygienic sanitation, 1998
Diseases Morbidity
(episodes/year) Mortality
(deaths/year)
Diarrhoeal Diseases 1 billion 3.3 million
Infection with Intestinal Helminthes
1.5 billion 0.1 million
Schistosomiasis 200 billion 0.2 million
Poliomyelitis 0.1 billion
17 Source: http://www.who.int
http://www.pbase.com/image/57336298
http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/sth_burden.html
http://www.thiswormyworld.org/sites/www.thiswormyworld.org/files/images/pages/sick_child2.page.png
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Impact on public health Main Death Reasons in
http://blog.ace4it.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/disease.png http://www.topnews.in/health/diseases/water-disease
http://media.monstersandcritics.com/galleries/2487156_25701/0231769855085.jpg
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_50730.html
ERI transmission
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Hygiene Habits Sanitation pattern Exposure Dietary Habits
No transmission
Transmission and symptomless
infection
Transmission and infection with
manifest sickness Ho
st s
usc
ep
tib
ility
an
d r
esp
on
se
Hands
Insects
Water
Crops
Soil
Hands
Food
Cattle/Poultry
ERI transmission Survival (die-off) of excreted pathogens
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Average Survival Time in Wet Faecal Sludge at
Ambient Temperature 1
Organismin temperate climate (10-15 °C)
[days]in tropical climate (20-30 °C)
[days]
• Viruses < 100 < 20
• Bacteria:
- Salmonellae
- Vibrio cholerae
- Faecal
coliforms2
< 100
< 30
< 150
< 30
< 5
< 50
• Protozoa:
- Amoebic
cysts< 30 < 15
• Helminths:
- Ascaris eggs
- Tapeworm
eggs
2-3 years
12 months10-12 months
6 months
1 When exposed to the drying sun, the survival periods are much shorter
2 Faecal coliforms are commensal bacteria of the human intestines and used as indicator organisms for excreted pathogens
ERI transmission Environmental characteristics of ERI
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OrganismCommon
representativeLatency
(1)Infectious
doseNo. of organismsper g of faeces ofinfected person
Survival periodin faecal sludge
at 20-30 °C
• VirusesRotaviruses
Hepatitis A virus 0 < 102 106 - 107 < 20 days
• BacteriaSalmonella typhi
Vibrio cholerae0 > 106
> 106108
107
< 30 days
< 5 days
• ProtozoaEntamoebahistolytica
0 < 102 105 < 15 days
• Helmintheggs
Ascarislumbricoides
(roundworm)
weeks < 102 104 10-12 months
1 Latency = The duration from the infectious agent being shed in the excreta to attaining the potential to infect a newhost
HACCP Approach in Fecal Sludge management “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points” in FSM
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2. Pit emptying
• Various strategic and technical measures to replace manaual by mechanical emptying + to render mech. emptying affordable
• Good personal and domestic hygiene of emptiers
4 Soil conditioning / fertilization
• Crop restriction
• Good personal and domestic hygiene of farmer
1. Prevent indiscriminate dumping !
• Provide FS treatment, appropriate FS management planning and cost recovery procedure (= a strategic planning task !).
3. Treatment
• Proper design, operation + maintenance
• Good personal and domestic hygiene of FSTP operators
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WHAT SHOULD BE A SOLUTION??
Three goals of
Re-inventing Toilets
→ Pathogen and Odor free
→ Solid reduction
→ Ready to reuse products
02/06/56 24
Prevent indiscriminate dumping !
• Provide FS treatment, appropriate FS management planning and cost recovery procedure with some novel technologies
2 June 2013
Liquid treatment
unit
Microwave Chamber (Handling
solid feces)
Solid liquid separation Top view
Side view
Front view
Microwave toilet
Bio-char
MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (MFC)
26
Figure 1 principle of Microbial fuel cell
MFC technology utilizes available
microorganisms present in
wastewater to oxidize organic
contents through biochemical
processes which generate electricity.
ANODE: C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e-
CATHODE: 24H+ + 24e- + 6O2 12H2O
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Reactor configurations
ē ē
Single Chamber
MFC Toilet
ē ē
Double Chamber
FS
FS
H+
H+
Anode Anode
Cathode
Cathode
Overall Market Size
Country
Factors
Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Total
Market size :
(number of
household)
18.23 2.41 9.5 30.14
Market size x
DEWAT price = Market volume
18.23 million
x USD250
=USD4,558
2.41 million x
USD250
= USD602.5
9.5 million x
USD250
=USD2,375 USD7,535.5
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(Unit : Million)
Table 3 Overall market size of Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam
Biogas for electricity
Generation
Recovery and Reuse of Fecal Sludge
31
Biogas production
Soil conditioning / fertilization
Thongtawil Service Company, Rayong., THAILAND
Ready to sell to the gardeners, Nonthaburi City Municipality
Send to temple branch for their plantation, Suan Kaew Temple