new forms of work and employment and the core principle of subordination value flow in network...
TRANSCRIPT
New forms of work and employment and the core
principle of subordination
Value Flow in Network Company
Larry Haiven
Saint Mary’s University
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 2
Old subordination• value created mostly at factory
• Formal, then real subordination• Subordination “Dependency”• Production is centre of value creation (not
consumption, distribution)
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 3
• Change of locus• Less standardized work arrangements• Informatization• Immaterial labour• Intellectual property• Production less dominant; other moments more• Unravelling of vertical firm; move to networks
Changes in value creation
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• Dramatic decentralization• Less in factory; more outside (social factory)• Boundaryless workplace; boundaryless careers (Stone
From Widgets to Digits)– “A career which unfolds unconstrained by clear boundaries around job
activities, by fixed sequences of such activities, or by attachment to one organization. It is a career that does not depend on traditional notions of advancement within a single hierarchical org…It includes an employee who moves frequently across the borders of different firms, such as a Silicon Valley technician, or a professional whose career draws its validation and marketability from professional and extra-organizational networks.”
Change of locus
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 5
Less standardized work arrangements
• Move away from permanent, full-time, full-year employment
• Move to part-time, temporary, casual employment• Move to contracting to self-employed• In last year 65% of new jobs in Canada temporary
contracts or self-employment
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“Informatization” of value creation
• In developed countries, rapid move away from domination of industrial & goods production
• Toward:– Convenience; taste; access; experience; time & lifestyle
management; filtering; decision-making; organizing; leisure management; intangibles; communities of interest; relationships; intimacy
• Rifkin The Age of Access– “When virtually every aspect of our being becomes a paid-for activity, human
life itself becomes the ultimate commercial product, and the commercial sphere becomes the final arbiter of our personal and collective existence”
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 7
Informatization (2)
• Two models of move to postindustrial services (Hardt
& Negri Empire)
– Rapid decline in industrial jobs to rapid rise in service
sector, esp managing capital (US, UK, Canada)
– Info-industrial
• Industrial employment declines less rapidly
• Informatization closely integrated to existing industrial production
(Japan & Germany)
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“Immaterial labour”• Hardt & Negri Empire; Multitude• line between goods & services vanishes• “Interactive and cybernetic machines become a new prosthesis integrated into our
bodies and minds and a lens through which to redefine our bodies and minds themselves. The anthropology of cyberspace is really a recognition of the new human condition.”
• Three types– Manufacturing redefined as service– Analytical & symbolic tasks
• Creative & intelligent manipulation (symbolic analysts)• Routine symbolic tasks
– Production and manipulation of affect; human contact; labour in bodily mode
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 9
Intellectual property
• More individuals able to produce on their own• E.g. music, filmmaking
– Technology allows personal production & reproduction
• Key elements still missing– Capital for startup
– Livelihood
– Input costs
– Career management
– Distribution of outputs
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 10
Intellectual property (2)
• Like quicksilver– Technology makes it easier to produce; but harder to hold
and capture value
• 2 problems:– Value flows to those with power, organization and access
– New technology allows leakage of valorization potential (piracy)
• Creators of intellectual property constant struggle to capture value of i.p.– Or at least conscious & positive “giving it away”
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Production less dominant; others moments more
• Consumption patterns more important in valorizing surplus value
• “…capital is driven to successively wider and deeper dimensions of control – toward the creation of a social factory. Marx had written of capital’s tendency to “subsume” not only the workplace but also society as a whole into its processes. Extending this analysis Tronti…argued that capital’s growing resort to state intervention and technocratic control had created a situation where “the entire society now functions as a moment of production.”
• Growing gap so chasing refinement & distinction among wealthier
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Other moments….
• Production & reproduction of labour power more important– Deepening crisis of labour power
• Internationalization of division of labour
• Underdevelopment of development; development of underdevelopment
• Despite rises in productivity; earnings stall or drop
• “Crisis state”
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 14
• Compared to old hierarchical firm, networks look deceivingly egalitarian
• Flow of value to power• Castells Materials for exploratory theory of the
network:– “Value in the production process depends essentially on the position occupied
by each specific labor or each specific firm in the value chain. The rule is individualization of the relationship between capital and labor….
– “critical cleavage within labor becomes the one between networked labor and switched-off labor, which ultimately becomes non-labor.
– “second, fundamental cleavage, between self-programmable labor and generic labor. For self-programmable labor, its individual interest is better served by enhancing its role in performing the goals of the network…While for generic labor, its strategy is survival: the key issue becomes not be be degraded to the realm of discarded or devalued labor, either by automation, or globalization, or both.”
Networks (2)
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 15
Value flow in network
• Less upward to top of hierarchical organization• More inward to key nodes
– Control access to inputs and access to markets
– Best able to capture intellectual property value
– Like a gravity drawing wealth
• From single dependency to multitudinous dependencies
• Dependency influences flow of value• Interests of network members sometimes coincide,
sometimes clash
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 16
Taxi driversMunicipalRegulators
DispatchCompanies
Commercial inputs
Customers
ProvincialRegulators
Automobile
Gasoline
Parts & repairs
Other accessories
OtherTaxi drivers
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 17
Musicians
Impresarios/purchasers
Managers
Commercial inputs
Fans& fashion
Distributors
Automobile
Equipment
Instruments
Other musicians
Othermusicians
Booking agentsIntellectual Property
Capture Agencies
RecordLabels
Governmentagencies
Schools
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 18
Intellectual Property Capture Agencies
• Mechanical royalty: from sale of manufactured and distributed phonorecord
• Synchronization royalty: when song is in commercials, TV shows or films (requires a licence)
• Performance royalty: whenever the song is aired on radio, TV, in bars, restaurants, malls, over the telephone while you’re waiting
Cdn Musical Reproduction Rights Agency – MCRRA – funded by commission of proceeds of licenses issued
Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada – SOCAN; & similar agencies in the US & Europe
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 19
Film & video artisans
1st AssistantDirector
Director
2nd AssistantDirector
3rd AssistantDirector
Trainee AssistantDirector
ProducerProductionManager
Assistant ProductionManager
UnitManager
LocationManager
Assistant Location Manager
Production Designer
Art Director
1st AsstArt Director
2nd AsstArt Director
SetDesigner
Supervising Picture Editor
Picture Editor
1st AssistantPicture Editor
2nd AssistantPicture Editor
Sound Editor
ChiefAccountant
AssistantAccountant
Bookkeeper
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 20
Collectivities of labour
• Wagnerist model based on old hierarchical structure• Enmeshed in network webs, workers must and do
form own collectivities• Unions only one type of collectivity• Others e.g.
– Cooperatives– Professional societies– Intellectual property capture agencies– Ethnic, gender, religious, cultural associations– Consumer organizations
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Unions need to….(and/or)• Realize changes transforming value creation• Increase scope of what they do for members
– Beyond workplace – citizens, consumers, neighbours, identities, self-employment
– Help capture intellectual property rights
• Increase scope of membership to those outside standard workplaces & employment– To non-standard-employed– Even to self-employed
• Work with unions of non-standard work arrangements
• Work/contend with other interest associations
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 22
Stone From Widgets to Digits
• A new craft unionism– Organize high tech workforce on basis of common skills– Offer services “employers” not willing to offer
• Story of NABET vs. IATSE– NABET followed rigid, Wagnerist model as film & video industry
moving away from it» Firm-centred, stable employment, collective terms» Bypassed by tricks & technology
– IATSE » More fluid operation» Represented members as insider conractors» “Embedded contract bargaining”» Encouraged mutual self-help
• Geographically-based citizen unionism
Subordination - CRIMT Larry Haiven Slide 23
Network unionism• Personal service contracts• Fight for status of artist legislation• Framework agreement – contract only union labour;
establish minimum or “scale”• Provide boilerplate contracts & advice• Trust funds from industry agreeements• Hiring hall• Gig-based benefits (pension, insurance)• Member-paid benefits (insurance, discounts)• Cross-border issues• Professional development & assistance• Public policy advocacy