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1New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Getting Startedadventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/ aventureiro/a
amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións
ant /DmW/ formiga
arcade /E'YCBX/ galería comercial; salón recreativo
armchair /'ElWiCL/ cadeira de brazos
athletic /De'oCWBY/ atlético/a
bank /VDnY/ banco
bar /VE/ bar
basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto
bat /VDW/ morcego
bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño
beautiful /'VqIWBco/ fermoso/a, bonito/a; guapa
bed /VCX/ cama, leito
bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio, cuarto
big /VBZ/ grande
bowling /'VLHoBn/ birlos
brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a
butterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboreta
café /'YæcM/ cafetaría, café
catch /YDa/ coller
chair /aS/ cadeira
chemist’s /'YClBgWg/ farmacia
chicken /'aBYBm/ galiña; polo
chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpancé
church /WiKa/ igrexa
cinema /'gBmLlL/ cine, cinema
clever /'YoCdL/ listo/a, espelido/a, intelixente
climb /YoOl/ escalar, rubir, gabear
clock /YoFY/ reloxo
cooker /'YHYL/ cociña (fogóns e forno)
cow /YP/ vaca
creative /YpA'MWBd/ creativo/a
crocodile /'YpFYLXOo/ crocodilo
cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario
curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a, crecho/a
curtains /'YKWBmh/ cortinas
cycling /'gOYoBn/ ciclismo
dancing /'XEmgBn/ baile
dark /XEY/ escuro/a; moreno/a
department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacéns
desk /XCgY/ escritorio
dining room /'XOmBn pIl/ comedor
dolphin /'XFocim/ golfiño
duvet /'XIdM/ edredón (nórdico)
elephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante
fat /cæW/ gordo/a
fly /coO/ mosca
football /'cHWVGo/ fútbol
fridge /cpBb/ frigorífico, neveira
frog /cpFZ/ ra
funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a
generous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/a
giraffe /bL'pEc/ xirafa
goggles /'ZFZoh/ lentes de natación
golf /ZFoc/ golf
good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/a, atractivo/a
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a
helmet /'kColBW/ casco
honest /'FmBgW/ honrado/a, sincero/a
horse /kGg/ cabalo
hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital
iguana /B'ZrEmL/ iguana
karate /YL'pEWi/ karate
kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña
lamp /oDlU/ lámpada
lazy /'oCBhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana
library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca
light /oOW/ claro/a
lion /'oOLm/ león
living room /'oBdBn pIl/ cuarto de estar, salón
lizard /'oBhLX/ lagarto; lagarta
long /oFn/ longo/a
medium height /'lAXiLl kOW/ de estatura media
mirror /'lBpL/ espello
mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito
museum /lqI'hALl/ museo
old /NoX/ vello/a
parrot /'UDpLW/ loro
pillow /'UBoN/ almofada; coxín
police station /UL'oAg gWMim/ comisaría
post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos
rabbit /'pDVBW/ coello
restaurant /'pCgWpFmW/ restaurante
rollerblading /'pNoLVoMXBn/ patinaxe en liña
round /pPmX/ redondo/a
rug /pJZ/ alfombra
Glossary
2New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
running /'pJmBn/ correr
scuba diving /'gYIVL XOdBn/ mergullo, submarinismo
shark /iEY/ quenlla
sheep /iAU/ ovella/s
shelf /iCoc/ andel
shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial
short /iGW/ curto/a; baixo/a
shower /'iPL/ ducha
shy /iO/ apoucado/a, tímido/a
sink /gBnY/ vertedoiro; lavabo
skiing /'gYABn/ esquí
small /glGo/ pequeno/a
snake /gmMY/ serpe
sofa /'gLHcL/ sofá
spider /'gUOXL/ araña
sports centre /'gUGWg gCmWL/ polideportivo
straight /gWpMW/ liso/a
strong /gWpFn/ forte
surfing /'gKcBn/ surf
sweet shop /'grAW iFU/ tenda de lambonadas / larpeiradas
swimming /'grBlBn/ natación
swimming cap /'grBlBn YDU/ gorro de natación
swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ piscina
table /'WMVo/ mesa
tall /WGo/ alto/a
tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis
thin /eBm/ delgado/a
throw /epN/ lanzar, guindar; tirar
tiger /'WOZL/ tigre
toilet /'WQoLW/ baño, servizo, váter
turtle /'WKWo/ tartaruga, sapoconcho
ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a
volleyball /'dFoiVGo/ voleibol, balonvolea
weak /rAY/ débil, feble
weightlifting /'rMWoBcWBn/ levantamento de peso, halterofilia
whale /rMo/ balea
wolf /rHoc/ lobo
worm /rKl/ miñoca, verme
young /qJn/ mozo/a
Unit 1art /EW/ arte, debuxo
athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta
atlas /'DWoLg/ atlas
balance /'VDoLmg/ equilibrio
blackboard /'VoDYVGX/ encerado
build models /VBoX 'lFXoh/ construír maquetas
calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/ calculadora
chalk /'aGY/ xiz
champion /'aDlUiLm/ campión/oa
check e-mails /aCY 'AlMoh/ mirar o correo electrónico
compass /'YJlULg/ compás
computer technology /YLlUqIWL WCY'mFoLbi/ informática
crayon /'YpMLm/ lapis de cor
destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruír, esnaquizar
dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/ dicionario
disaster zone /XB'hEgWL hNm/ zona catastrófica / de desastre
diver /'XOdL/ saltador/a (de natación)
do experiments /XI BY'gUCpBlLmWg/ facer experimentos
do judo /XI 'bIXN/ facer judo
drama /'XpElL/ teatro
English /'BnZoBi/ inglés
flash drive /'coæi XpOd/ memoria
flood /coJX/ inundación
French /cpCma/ francés
geography /bi'FZpLci/ xeografía
globe /ZoNV/ globo terráqueo
glue /ZoI/ pegamento
go horse-riding /ZLH 'kGgpOXBn/ ir montar a cabalo; facer equitación
gold /ZLHoX/ ouro
government /'ZJdLmlLmW/ goberno
gymnast /'bBlmægW/ ximnasta
hard /kEX/ difícil; moito
history /'kBgWpi/ historia
hope /kNU/ agardar, esperar
join /bQm/ entrar en
laptop /'oDUWFU/ ordenador portátil
large /oEb/ grande
learn a new language /oKm L mqI 'oDnZrBb/ aprender un idioma novo
learn competitive diving /oKm YLl'UCWLWBd XOdBn/ aprender (a facer) salto (de natación)
literature /'oBWpLWiL/ literatura
look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar
maths /lDeg/ mates (matemáticas)
microscope /'lOYpLgYNU/ microscopio
music /'lqIhBY/ música
next to /'mCYgW WL/ a carón de / ao lado de / á beira de
one in (number) /'rJm Bm/ un/ha de cada (número)
ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal
paintbrush /'UCBmWVpJi/ pincel
paint pictures /UCBmW 'UBYaLh/ pintar cadros
paints /UCBmWg/ pinturas
Glossary
3New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
perform in a band /UL'cGl Bm L VDmX/ tocar nun grupo
play the piano /UoM fL Ui'DmN/ tocar o piano
pleased /UoAhX/ ledo/a, contento/a
potential /UL'WCmio/ posíbel, en potencia
proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a
repair computers /pB'UCL YLlUqIWLh/ arranxar / reparar ordenadores
science /'gOLmg/ ciencia(s)
scissors /'gBhLh/ tesoiras
send text messages /gCmX 'WCYgW lCgBbBh/ mandar mensaxes (de texto)
soon /gIm/ pronto, axiña (How ~ ...?: Canto (se) tarda en...?)
sport /gUGW/ deporte, educación física
stapler /'gWMUoL/ grampadora
succeed /gLY'gAX/ triunfar, ter éxito
supplies /gL'UoOh/ material/ais
tablet /'WDVoLW/ tableta
take a nap /WMY L 'mDU/ botar a / unha sesta
take photos /WMY 'cNWNh/ facer fotos
talented /'WDoLmWBX/ talentoso/a, con talento
textbook /'WCsWVHY/ libro de texto
train /WpMm/ adestrar (a)
weightlifter /'rMWoBcWL/ levantador/a de peso, halterófilo/a
Unit 2attach /L'WDWi/ adxuntar; pór, acoplar
(be) born /VA 'VGm/ nacer
belong to /VB'oFn WL/ pertencer a
bite /VOW/ morder / trabar a
borrow /'VFpLH/ pedir / coller prestado/a
charge /WiEb/ cargar
clever /'YoCdL/ enxeñoso/a
come out /YJl 'PW/ saír
cross /YpFg/ cruzar, atravesar
demonstrate /'XClLmgWpMW/ manifestarse; facer unha demostración de
design /XB'hOm/ modelo, deseño
develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver
die /XO/ morrer
dwarf /XrGc/ anano/a
evil /'Ado/ malvado/a
fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ namorarse
fight /cOW/ pelexar / loitar (contra)
freeze /cpAh/ xear(se), conxelar(se)
get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ acadar un traballo
get divorced /ZCW XB'dGgX/ divorciarse
get married /ZCW 'lDpiX/ casar
go to university /ZLH WL qImB'dKgLWi/ ir á universidade
GPS tracking device /bAUA'Cg WpDYBn XBdOg/ dispositivo de localización por GPS
graduate from /'ZpDbHMW cpLl/ graduarse en
grow up /ZpN 'JU/ crecer, medrar, criarse
have a child /kLd L 'aOoX/ ter un/ha fillo/a
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
join /bQm/ unirse a (~ the army: alistarse no exército)
keep warm /YAU 'rGl/ manter abrigado/a / quente a
light /oOW/ prender, acender
main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista
Middle-earth /lBXo'Ke/ Terra Media
move to /'lId WL/ mudarse a
prevent /UpB'dCmW/ evitar, previr; impedir
pull /UHo/ tirar (de)
reach /pAa/ acadar, chegar a
receive awards /pB'gAd LrGXh/ recibir premios
satellite phone /'gDWLoOW cNm/ teléfono por satélite
save /gMd/ salvar / rescatar (a)
solo /'gNoLH/ a soas; só
steal /gWAo/ roubar
survive /gL'dOd/ sobrevivir (a)
take (lessons) /WMY 'oCgmh/ recibir / ir a (clases)
top /WFU/ cume, cumio, cima
treasure /'WpCjL/ tesouro
volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/ facer voluntariado, ser voluntario/a
wheel /rAo/ roda
Unit 3bird-watcher /'VKXrFaL/ observador/a de aves
calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a; en calma
canyon /'YæmqLm/ canón
carriage /'YDpBb/ coche / carruaxe tirada por cabalos (public ~: dilixencia)
cliff /YoBc/ acantilado, cantil
coach /YNWi/ dilixencia
coast /YNgW/ costa
coral reef /'YFpLo pAc/ arrecife / baixío de coral
course /YGg/ rumbo, derrota
dull /XJo/ aburrido/a, aborrecido/a
east /AgW/ leste
elegant /'CoBZLmW/ elegante, requintado/a
extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario/a
field /cAoX/ campo
frightening /'cpOWmBn/ arrepiante, espantoso/a
frogs’ legs /'cpFZh oCZh/ ancas de ra
4New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar
ground /ZpPmX/ chan, terra
harbour /'kEVL/ porto
holiday resort /'kFoLXM pBhGW/ lugar de veraneo
ideal /O'XALo/ ideal
isolated /'OgLoMWBX/ illado/a, afastado/a
jumbo jet /bJlVN 'bCW/ Jumbo, avión de fuselaxe ancha
lively /'oOdoi/ animado/a, bulicioso/a
location /oN'YMim/ lugar; situación, emprazamento
north /mGe/ norte
pack /UDY/ meter na maleta
peaceful /'UAgco/ tranquilo/a
pleasant /'UoChmW/ agradábel
polluted /UL'oIWBX/ contaminado/a
rainforest /'pMmcFpBgW/ selva tropical
relaxing /pB'oæYgBn/ relaxante
rough /pJc/ axitado/a, encrespado/a, picado/a
safe /gMc/ seguro/a, a salvo
salt lake /'gGoW oMY/ lago de auga salgada
scenery /'gAmLpi/ paisaxe
smelly /'glCoi/ cheirento/a
snail /gmMo/ caracol
south /gPe/ sur
steam train /'gWAl WpMm/ tren de vapor
stream /gWpAl/ regato
swamp /grFlU/ pantano
tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a, insípido/a
terrible /'WCpLVo/ espantoso/a, terríbel
unreliable /JmpB'oOLVo/ pouco fiábel
useless /'qIgoLg/ inútil, inservíbel
wake up to /rMY 'JU WL/ espertar(se) con
west /rCgW/ oeste
wonderful /'rJmXLco/ marabilloso/a, precioso/a
worry /'rJpi/ preocupación
Review 1bend back /VCmX 'VDY/ dobrar cara atrás
backboard /'VDYVGX/ taboleiro
blow out /VoN 'PW/ apagar (cun sopro)
bounce off /VPmg 'Fc/ rebotar
freezing /'cpAhBn/ xeado/a, conxelado/a
half-court shot /'kEcYGW iFW/ tiro (á canastra) desde metade da cancha
light /oOW/ prender, acender
shoot /iIW/ tirar (á canastra)
three-pointer /epA'UQmWL/ tripla
trophy /'WpNci/ trofeo
Unit 4aunt /EmW/ tía
cave /YMd/ cova
cloudy /'YoPXi/ nubrado/a
cold /YNoX/ frío/a
cool /YIo/ fresco/a
cousin /'YJhm/ curmán/curmá
daughter /'XGWL/ filla
daytime /'XMWOl/ de día
dry /XpO/ seco/a, ermo/a
earth /Ke/ terra
entry /'CmWpi/ entrada, comentario, chamada
flood /coJX/ asolagar
foggy /'cFZi/ bretemoso/a, neboento/a
get around /ZCW L'pPmX/ moverse, desprazarse
go away /ZLH L'rCB/ marchar (de vacacións)
granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/ neta
grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ avó
grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ avoa
grandson /'ZpDmgJm/ neto
heating /'kAWBn/ calefacción
hike (n) /kOY/ andaina, camiñada
hike (v) /kOY/ facer sendeirismo, facer unha andaina
hot /kFW/ caloroso/a, cálido/a (it’s ~: vai calor)
husband /'kJhVLmX/ marido, home, esposo
lightning /'oOWmBn/ raio/s, lóstrego/s
mat /læW/ colchón inchábel
monsoon /lFm'gIm/ do monzón
nephew /'mCcqI/ sobriño
niece /mAg/ sobriña
outdoors /PW'XGh/ ao ar libre, fóra
parents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais
pipe /UOU/ tubaxe
rain /pMm/ choiva
snow /gmN/ neve
son /gJm/ fillo
spotlight /'gUFWoOW/ centro de atención
stilt /gWBoW/ piar
stormy /'gWGli/ treboento/a (it’s ~: hai treboada)
sunny /'gJmi/ solleiro/a (it’s ~: vai sol)
tent /WCmW/ tenda de campaña
thunder /'eJmXL/ trono/s
uncle /'JnYo/ tío
warm /rGl/ cálido/a, temperado/a
wet /rCW/ chuviñoso/a; mollado/a
wife /rOc/ dona, muller, esposa
windy /'rBmXi/ ventoso/a, de moito vento (it’s ~: vai vento)
Glossary
5New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 5arrest /L'pCgW/ arrestar (a)
burglar /'VKZoL/ ladrón/oa
close off /YoNh 'Fc/ pechar ao público / tráfico
clue /YoI/ pista
court /YGW/ tribunal, xulgado
criminal /'YpBlBmo/ criminal
detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective
drop /XpFU/ deixar caer (sen querer)
evidence /'CdBXLmg/ probas
expert /'CsUKW/ experto/a, especialista
fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/ impresión dactilar / dixital
forensic scientist /cL'pCmgBY gOLmWBgW/ investigador/a forense
forger /'cGbL/ falsificador/a
get in /ZCW 'Bm/ entrar, meterse
gun /ZJm/ pistola, revólver
helpful /'kCoUco/ útil
hijack /'kObDY/ secuestrar
hurry /'kJpi/ bulir (para chegar a)
investigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/ investigar, pescudar
judge /bJb/ xuíz/a
jury /'bHLpi/ xurado
knife /mOc/ coitelo
lawyer /'oGqL/ avogado/a
loud /oPX/ forte
murder /'lKXL/ asasinato
next door /mCYgW 'XG/ do lado
plan /UoDm/ plano
police officer /UL'oAg FcBgL/ policía
prison /'UpBhm/ prisión, cadea, cárcere
prisoner /'UpBhmL/ detido/a; acusado/a, preso/a, reo/a
return /pB'WKm/ devolver
robbery /'pFVLpi/ roubo
scene /gAm/ lugar, espazo, escenario
security guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/ garda xurado, garda de seguridade
shocked /iFYW/ abraiado/a, estupefacto/a
smell /glCo/ ulido, cheiro, olor
suspect /'gJgUCYW/ sospeitoso/a
thief /eAc/ ladrón/oa
towel /'WPLo/ toalla
victim /'dBYWBl/ vítima
weapon /'rCULm/ arma
witness /'rBWmLg/ testemuña
Unit 6aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avión
air pollution /'CL ULoIim/ contaminación do aire / atmosférica
bottom /'VFWLl/ fondo
clean up /YoAm 'JU/ limpar
coach /YNWi/ autobús
cruise ship /'YpIh iBU/ cruceiro
cut down /YJW 'XPm/ deforestar
damage /'XDlBXj/ danar, prexudicar
destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruír, esnaquizar
disastrous /XB'hEgWpLg/ catastrófico/a
ferry /'cCpi/ transbordador
harm /kEl/ danar
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicóptero
in order to /Bm 'GXL WL/ para, a fin de
increase /Bm'YpAg/ aumentar
indoors /Bm'XGh/ nun lugar cuberto, dentro
jeep /bAU/ todo terreo
law /oG/ lei
lorry /'oFpi/ camión
major /'lMbL/ principal
make a difference /lMY L 'XBcpLmg/ cambiar as cousas, causar un impacto positivo
minivan /'lBmidæm/ monovolume
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motocicleta, moto
motorboat /'lNWLVNW/ (lancha) motora
pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller, recoller
plant /UoEmW/ plantar
power /'UPL/ enerxía
protect /UpL'WCYW/ protexer
rally /'pDoi/ concentración
recycle /pA'gOYo/ reciclar
replace /pB'UoMg/ substituír
resource /pB'gGg/ recurso
reuse /pA'qIh/ reutilizar, volver usar
room /pIl/ sitio, espazo; cuarto
save /gMd/ salvar; aforrar
scooter /'gYIWL/ vespa, scooter
source /gGg/ fonte, orixe
throw out /epN 'PW/ tirar
tram /WpDl/ tranvía
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro
unplug /Jm'UoJZ/ desenchufar, desconectar
waste /rMgW/ desbaldir
yacht /qFW/ iate
6New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Review 2ark /EY/ arca
climb out /YoOl 'PW/ saír gabeando
dig (for) /'XBZ cG/ escavar (á busca de)
pull up /UHo 'JU/ erguer, levantar, subir
raider /'pMXL/ ladrón/oa
Raiders of the Lost Ark /pMXLh Ld fL oFgW 'EY/ Á busca da arca perdida
rope /pNU/ corda, soga
torch /WGa/ facho, facheiro
Unit 7amaze /L'lMh/ asombrar
angry /'DnZpi/ amolado/a, enfadado/a
break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca
build up (someone’s) confidence /VBoX JU gJlrJmh
'YFmcBXLmg/ dar máis confianza en si mesmo/a (a alguén)
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, esgotado/a
face-to-face /cMgWL'cMg/ cara a cara
fail the test /cMo fL 'WCgW/ suspender o exame
feed a wild animal /cAX L rOoX 'DmBlo/ dar de comer a un animal salvaxe
few /cqI/ poucos/as
forget things /cL'ZCW eBnh/ esquecer cousas
frightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a (be ~: ter medo)
get lost /ZCW 'oFgW/ perderse
go abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/ ir(se) ao estranxeiro
go on a cruise /ZLH Fm L 'YpIh/ ir de / facer un cruceiro
juggle /'bJZo/ facer xogos malabares
Latin /'oDWBm/ latino/a
look back /oHY 'VDY/ mirar cara atrás; pensar no pasado
nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel
perform in a circus /ULcGl Bm L 'gKYLg/ actuar nun circo
performer /UL'cGlL/ artista
profile /'UpNcOo/ perfil
proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a
put out a fire /UHW PW L 'cOL/ apagar / extinguir un lume / incendio
reality TV /pi'DoLWi WA dA/ (de) telerrealidade
ridiculous /pB'XBYqLoLg/ ridículo/a, absurdo/a (Don’t be ~!: Non digas parvadas!)
risky /'pBgYi/ arriscado/a
row a boat /pN L 'VNW/ remar unha barca / un bote
rude /pIX/ groseiro/a
silly /'gBoi/ parvo/a, absurdo/a
social networking site /gNio 'mCWrKYBn gOW/ páxina / sitio web de redes sociais
surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/a
take away from /WMY L'rCB cpLl/ restar
take lessons in self-defence /WMY oCgmh Bm gCoc XB'cCmg/ ir a clases de defensa persoal
take part in a carnival /WMY UEW Bm L 'YEmBdo/ participar nun carnaval / entroido
tell lies /WCo 'oOh/ dicir mentiras
text /WCsW/ enviar mensaxes de texto
unicycle /'qImBgOYo/ monociclo
unique /qI'mAY/ único/a, excepcional
unpleasant /Jm'UoChmW/ desagradábel
upset /JU'gCW/ desgustado/a, amolado/a, molesto/a
walk a tightrope /rGY L 'WOWpNU/ andar pola corda frouxa
worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a
youth /qIe/ xuvenil, da mocidade
Unit 8balanced diet /VDoLmgW 'XOLW/ dieta equilibrada
befriend /VB'cpCmX/ confraternizar con, tratar con amizade a
bone /VLHm/ óso
break out /VpMY 'PW/ estoupar
caffeine /'YæcAm/ cafeína
calories /'YæoLpih/ calorías
carbohydrates /YEVN'kOXpMWg/ carbohidratos
cheer /aR/ dar hurras
die in action /XO Bm 'DYim/ morrer en combate / acción (de guerra)
diet /'XOLW/ estar a réxime, facer dieta
dietician /XOL'WBim/ médico especialista en dietética, dietista
egg-white /'CZrOW/ de clara de ovo
exercise /'CYgLgOh/ facer exercicio
fat /cæW/ graxa
fight back /cOW 'VDY/ contraatacar
fitness trainer /'cBWmLg WpMmL/ adestrador/a
fresh air /cpCi 'CL/ aire fresco
gain weight /ZMm 'rMW/ gañar peso, engordar
get fit /ZCW 'cBW/ poñerse en forma
go crazy /ZLH 'YpCBhi/ poñerse como tolo/a, tolear
gym /bBl/ ximnasio
healthy lifestyle /kCoei 'oOcgWOo/ estilo de vida san / saudábel
heart /kEW/ corazón
in a row /Bm L 'pN/ seguido/a, consecutivo/a
injury /'BmbLpi/ lesión
junk food /'bJnY cIX/ comida lixo
Glossary
7New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
liquid /'oBYrBX/ líquido
long jump /oFn 'bJlU/ salto de lonxitude
lose weight /oIh 'rMW/ perder peso, adelgazar, enfraquecer
meal /lAo/ comida
medal /'lCXo/ medalla
muscle /'lJgo/ músculo
nutrition /mqI'WpBim/ nutrición
omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla
pancake /'UDmYMY/ filloa
porridge /'UFpBb/ avea cocida
processed food /'UpNgCgW cIX/ comida procesada
protein /'UpLHWAm/ proteína
remain /pB'lCBm/ seguir, continuar
salt /gGoW/ sal
score /gYG/ marcar
slice /goOg/ rebanda
snack /gmDY/ taco, parva
sort /gGW/ clase, tipo
sugar /'iHZL/ azucre
take the lead /WMY fL 'oAX/ coller a dianteira
team /WAl/ (de) equipo
track /WpDY/ pista
unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/ pouco san/sa
vitamins /'dBWLlBmh/ vitaminas
Unit 9animal rights /'DmBlLo pOWg/ dereitos dos animais
bearskin /'VCLgYBm/ gorro militar de pel de oso
belt /VCoW/ cinto
best man /VCgW 'lDm/ padriño
bracelet /'VpMgoLW/ pulseira
bright /VpOW/ forte, vivo/a
casual /'YæjHLo/ informal, de sport
cheap /aAU/ barato/a
colourful /'YJoLco/ colorido/a, de cores vivas
comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ cómodo/a
cool /YIo/ xenial (be ~: molar, prestar)
Crown Jewels /YpPm 'bILoh/ xoias da Coroa
curriculum /YL'pBYqLoLl/ plan de estudos
device /XB'dOg/ dispositivo, aparato, aparello
earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes
expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/ caro/a
fashionable /'cæimLVo/ moderno/a, á / de moda
finance /'cOmDmg/ finanzas, asuntos financeiros
formal /'cGlo/ formal; de etiqueta
fur /cK/ (de) pel
groom /ZpIl/ noivo
handbag /'kæmXVæZ/ bolso (de man)
hoodie /'kHXi/ suadoiro con caparucha
kilt /YBoW/ saia escocesa
leather /'oCfL/ de coiro / pel
lovely /'oJdoi/ fermoso/a, precioso/a
make-up /'lMYJU/ maquillaxe
manage /'lDmBb/ administrar
modern /'lFXm/ moderno/a
nail varnish /'mCBo dEmBi/ esmalte / verniz de unllas
necklace /'mCYoLg/ colar
old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda
pattern /'UæWm/ deseño, estampado
phone case /'cNm YMg/ funda de teléfono
plain /UoCBm/ sinxelo/a; liso/a
practical /'UpDYWBYo/ práctico/a
pretty /'UpBWi/ bonito/a, fermoso/a
purse /UKg/ moedeiro
ring /pBn/ anel
ruling /'pIoBn/ reinante
save /gMd/ aforrar (~ for a “rainy day”: aforrar para chando cheguen tempos peores)
second-hand /gCYLmX'kDmX/ de segunda man
shamrock /'iDlpFY/ trevo
sophisticated /gL'cBgWBYMWBX/ sofisticado/a
spending /'gUCmXBn/ gastos
square /gYrS/ cadro, cadrado
sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ lentes de sol
thistle /'eBgo/ cardo
tights /WOWg/ pantis, medias
trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno/ a, á moda
understanding /JmXL'gWDmXBn/ coñecemento/s
wallet /'rFoBW/ carteira
warder /'rGXL/ celador/a
watch /rFa/ reloxo (de pulso)
wool /rHo/ la
Review 3belly /'VCoi/ barriga
buck /VJY/ dólar
celery /'gCoLpi/ apio
deal /XAo/ trato, acordo
delight /XB'oOW/ deleite, pracer
eggplant (Am. Eng.) /'CZUoEmW/ berenxena
hand /kæmX/ dar (en man)
string beans (Am. Eng.) /gWpBn 'VAmh/ feixóns
8New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Greetings and introductionsAre you new here? /E qI 'mqI kBL/ Es novo/a aquí?
This is my friend … . /fBg Bh lO 'cpCmX/ Este/a é o meu/a miña amigo/a… .
Is this … ? /'Bh fBg/ É este …?
Can I please speak to … ? /YLm O 'UoAh gUAY WL/ Podo falar con…, por favor?
Hi, welcome to our school. /kO 'rCoYLl WL E gYIo/ Ola, benvido/a ao noso colexio.
Sorry, … isn’t here. /'gFpi … BhmW kBL/ Síntoo, … non está aquí.
Thanks, my name’s … . Nice to meet you. /eDnYg lO
mMlh '… mOg WL 'lAW qI/ Grazas, chámome… . Encantado/a de coñecerte.
Yes, it is. Who’s calling? /qCg BW 'Bh. kIh 'YGoBn/
Quen chama / é?
Yes, I’m from … . /'qCg Ol cpFl/ Si, son de… .
Hi, I’m … . /'kO Ol/ Ola, son… .
Hello, … . This is … . /kL'oLH … fBg Bh/ Ola, … . Son… .
Call again later, … . /YGo LZCm 'oMWL/ Volve chamar logo / máis tarde, … .
Classroom languageListen carefully. /oBgm 'YCLcoi/ Escoita/de con atención.
Can you explain this to me, please? /YLm qI BY'gUoMm
fBg WL li UoAh/ Pode explicarme isto, por favor?
Where is your homework? /rCL Bh qG 'kNlrKY/ Onde están os teus deberes?
I’m sorry I’m late. /Ol 'gFpi Ol oCBW/ Sinto chegar tarde.
Can you spell this word? /YLm qI 'gUCo fBg rKX/ Pode soletrear esta palabra?
Can I borrow a … , please? /YLm O 'VFpN L … UoAh/
Podo coller prestado/a / Préstasme un/ha…, por favor?
Who knows the answer to this question? /kI mNh
fA 'EmgL WL fBg YrCgWiLm/ Quen sabe a resposta a esta pregunta?
When is the … exam? /rCm Bh fL '… BZhDl/ Cando é o exame de…?
What page are we on? /rFW 'UMb E ri Fm/ En que páxina estamos?
Describing a pictureThere are … . /'fCL E/ Hai… .
The … looks … . /fL '… oHYg/ O / A… semella / parece… .
There’s a … and a … in the picture. /fCLh L '… LmX L
'… Bm fL UBYaL/ Hai un/nha… e un/ha… na imaxe.
I can see … and they’re … . /O Yæm gA '… LmX fS/ Vexo / Podo ver… e están… .
In this picture, … is … . / Bm 'fBg UBYaL … Bh/ Nesta imaxe, … está… .
The … are … . /fL '… E/ Os / as… son / están… .
Discussing biographiesWhen was … born? /rCm rLh … 'VGm/ Cando naceu…?
Where was … born? /rCL rFh … 'VGm/ Onde naceu…?
What did … do? /rFW XBX … 'XI/ Que fixo / facía…?
Why was … famous? /rO rFh … 'cCBlLg/ Por que foi / era célebre…?
When did … get married? /rCm XBX … ZCW 'lDpiX/ Cando casou…?
Did … have children? /XBX … kLd 'WiBoXpLm/ … tivo / tiña fillos?
When did … die? /rCm XBX … 'XO/ Cando morreu…?
Where did … die? /rCL XBX … 'XO/ Onde morreu…?
Planning a holidayWhat kind of holiday do you want? /rFW YOmX Ld
'kFoLXM XL qI rFmW/ Que tipo de vacacións queres?
Where do you want to go? /rCL XL qI rFmW WL 'ZN/ A onde queres ir?
When do you want to go? /rCm XL qI rFmW WL 'ZN/ Cando queres ir?
How long do you want to be away? /kP 'oFn XL qI rFmW
WL VA LrCB/ Canto tempo queres estar fóra?
What do you want to do there? /rFW XL qI rFmW WL 'XI
fCL/ Que queres facer alí?
What do you think of … ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/ Que pensas / opinas de…?
A personal interviewHow many … have you got? /kP lCmi '… kDd qI ZFW/
Cantos/as… tes?
What are your favourite … ? /rFW E qG 'cCBdLpBW/ Cales son os/as teus/túas… favoritos/as?
What … do you do? /rFW '… XL qI XL/ Que… fas?
How often do you … ? /kP 'Fcm XL qI/ Con que frecuencia… ?
Where does … work? /rCL XJh '… rKY/ Onde traballa…?
What’s the weather like where you live? /rFWg fL 'rCfL
oOY rCL qI oBd/ Como é o tempo onde vives?
Speaking Glossary
Speaking Glossary
9New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Investigating a crimeWhat were you doing on … at … last night?
/rFW rK qI 'XIBn Fm … LW … oEgW mOW/ Que estaba a facer en… esta noite ás…?
What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou?
What did you do? /rFW XBX qI 'XI/ Que fixo?
Can you describe the … ? /Yæm qI 'XBgYpOV fL/ Pode describir (a) o / a…?
What was … wearing? /rFW rLh … 'rCLpBn/ Que levaba posto…?
Can you give us any more information? /Yæm qI ZBd
Lg Cmi lG BmcL'lMim/ Pódenos dar máis información?
Talking about plansWhere are you going? /rCL E qI 'ZLHBn/ A onde vas?
What are you going to do? /rFW E qI ZLHBn WL 'XI/ Que vas facer?
Who is doing the project with you? /kI Bh XIBn fL
'UpFXjCYW rBf qI/ Quen está a facer o proxecto contigo?
Do you think it’ll be difficult? /XI qI eBnY BWo VA 'XBcBYLoW/ Cres que será difícil?
Will it really help? /rBo BW pBLoi 'kCoU/ De verdade servirá?
Talking about experiencesI’d love to try that, wouldn’t you? /OX 'oJd WL WpO fDW
rHXmW qI/ Encantaríame probar / intentar iso, a ti non? / e a ti?
But why would I do such a risky thing? /VLW rO rHX
O XI gJWi L 'pBgYi eBn/ Pero, por que faría eu algo tan arriscado?
That’s not my idea of fun. /fDWg 'mFW lO OXBL Ld cJm/ Esa non é a miña idea de pasalo ben.
My parents would be really worried. /lO UCLpLmWg rHX
VA pBLoi 'rJpiX/ Os meus pais estarían moi preocupados.
I’d be too frightened. /OX VA WI 'cpOWmX/ Estaría asustado/a de máis.
It sounds like a ridiculous idea to me. /BW gPmXh oOY L
pB'XBYqLoLg OXBL WL lA/ Paréceme unha idea absurda.
What a silly thing to do. /rFW L 'gBoi eBn WL XI/ Que parvada.
I’ve always wanted to do that, haven’t you? /Od 'GorCBh
rFmWBX WL XI fDW kDdmW qI/ Sempre quixen facer iso, ti non? / e ti?
Giving adviceWhat should I do? /rFW iLX O 'XI/ Que debería facer /
fago?
The best thing for you to do is … . /fL 'VCgW eBn cL qI WL
XI Bh/ O mellor que podes facer é… .
I think you need to … . /O 'eBnY qI mAX WL/ Coido que tes que… .
Maybe you should … . /'lMVi qI iHX/ Talvez / Se cadra deberías… .
I think it’s a good idea to … . /O eBnY BWg L ZHX OX'R WL/ Coido / Penso que é unha boa idea… .
Why don’t you … ? /rO 'XNmW qI/ Por que non…?
You can either … or … . /qI YLm 'OfL … G/ Podes… ou… .
Buying a giftDoes that sound like a good idea? /XJh fDW gPmX oOY L
ZHX O'XBL/ Paréce(che) unha boa idea?
How much do you want to spend? /kP 'lJa XL qI rFmW
WL gUCmX/ Canto queres gastar?
Let’s get … ! /oCWg 'ZCW/ Imos mercar / Merquemos…!
Let’s buy … ! /oCWg 'VO/ Imos mercar / Merquemos…!
It’s quite … . /BWg 'YrOW/ É bastante… .
How about getting this … ? /'kP LVPW ZCWBn fBg/ Que tal se merco / mercamos este/a…?
What a great idea! /rFW L ZpMW O'XBL/ Que boa idea!
I don’t think so. /O XNmW 'eBnY gN/ Paréceme / Penso / Coido que non.
What do you want to buy for … ? /rFW XL qI rFmW WL
'VO cG/ Que queres mercar para…?
These are very … . /'fAh E dCpi/ Estes / Estas son moi… .
I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo.
What do you think of … ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/
Que pensas / opinas de…?
That looks … . /fDW 'oHYg/ (Iso) Semella / Está… .
Thinking / AnsweringI’m pretty sure … /Ol 'UpBWi iHL/ Estou bastante certo/a
de… .
I have no idea. /O kDd mN O'XBL/ Non teño nin idea.
I think so. /O 'eBnY gN/ Iso penso / coido., Penso / coido que si.
Agreeing and disagreeingThat’s true. /fDWg 'WpI/ Iso é verdade / certo.
That’s wrong. /fDWg 'pFn/ Iso é incorrecto / está mal.
That’s false. /fDWg 'cGog/ Iso é falso.
No way! /mN 'rM/ Nin falar!, De ningún xeito!
Asking questionsWho / What / Where / Why … ? /kI/rFW/rCL/rO/
Quen…? / Que…?, Cales…? / Onde…?, A onde…? / Por que…?
Which … ? /rBa/ Cal/es…?, Que…?
How / How many / How long … ? /kP/kP 'lCmi/
kP 'oFn/ Como…? / Cantos/as…? / Canto tempo…?
10New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Asking for clarificationCan you repeat that? /YLm qI pB'UAW fDW/
Podes repetir iso?
How do you spell that? /kP XL qI 'gUCo fDW/ Como se soletrea iso?
How many? /kP 'lCmi/ Cantos/as?
When was that? /rCm rLh 'fDW/ Cando foi iso?
Asking for more informationWhy do you think that? /rO XI qI 'eBnY fDW/
Por que pensas iso?
What else? /rFW 'Cog/ Que máis?
Tell me more. /WCo lA 'lG/ Cóntame máis (cousas).
Making suggestionsLet’s … /oCWg/ Vamos / Vaiamos… .
What do you think of … ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/ Que pensas / opinas de…?
How about … ? /kP L'VPW/ Que tal se…?, Que hai de…?
Answering questionsI’m quite sure. /Ol 'YrOW iHL/ Estou totalmente certo/a.
That’s easy. /fDWg 'Ahi/ Iso é doado.
I’m really not sure. /Ol 'pALoi mFW iHL/ A verdade é que non estou certo/a.
ComparingSo do I. /gN XI 'O/ Eu / A min tamén.
Me, too. /lA 'WI/ Eu / A min tamén.
Not me. /mFW 'lA/ Eu / A min non.
Thinking backLet me think. /oCW lA 'eBnY/ Déixame pensar / que pense.
I really don’t remember. /O 'pALoi XNmW pBlClVL/ A verdade é que non me lembro.
I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou seguro/a.
Answering questionsI think … /O 'eBnY/ Coido… ., Penso… .
Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Seguro., Sen dúbida.
Not really. /mFW 'pBLoi/ Non moito., A verdade é que non.
I’m quite sure. /Ol 'YrOW iHL/ Estou totalmente seguro/a.
Predicting plansprobably /'UpFVLVoi/ probabelmente, seica
definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ decididamente, definitivamente
maybe /'lMVi/ talvez, se cadra, quizais
ReactingHow boring! /kP 'VGpBn/ Que aborrecido/a!
Aren’t you exaggerating? /EmW qI BZ'hDbLpMWBn/
Non estás a esaxerar?
That’s a nice idea. /fDWg L mOg O'XBL/ Esa é unha boa idea.
Comparing experiencesHow about you? /kP LVPW 'qI/ E ti?, Como che vai?
And you? /LmX 'qI/ E ti?
Me, too. /lA 'WI/ Eu / A min tamén.
Me neither. /lA 'mOfL/ Eu / A min tampouco.
Showing surpriseNo way! /mN 'rM/ Nin falar!, De ningún xeito!
Are you crazy? /E qI 'YpCBhi/ Estás tolo/a? / Toleaches?
Are you kidding? /E qI 'YBXBn/ Estás a bromear / de broma?
Of course. /Ld 'YGg/ Por suposto., Xaora.
ThinkingUm … /Jl/ Eh… .
I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou seguro/a.
Let me think. /oCW lA 'eBnY/ Déixame pensar / que pense.
Solving problemsPerhaps … /UL'kDUg/ Talvez / Se cadra / Quizais… .
It seems to me (that) … /BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/ Paréceme (que)… .
In my opinion, … /Bm lO L'UBmqLm/ Na miña opinión, … .
Saying whenin the past /Bm fL 'UEgW/ no pasado
the other day /fL 'JfL XM/ o outro día
a while ago /L 'rOo LZN/ hai un pouco, hai un anaco
ReactingDo you? /'XI qI/ Si?
That's too bad. /fDWg 'WI VDX/ Que mágoa.
Yes, we are. /'qCg rA E/ Somos. Si.
11New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Getting StartedOs pronomes persoais suxeito
I eu it isoyou ti, vostede we nóshe el you vós, vostedesshe ela they eles/as
• Fandesuxeitoenuncapodenfaltarparaqueaoraciónsexacorrectaeteñasentido.
I have got a new notebook. It is blue. (Teñouncadernonovo.Éazul.)
• LembraqueIsempreseescribeenmaiúsculaequeit(queserefireacousasouanimais)nonseadoitatraducir.
Os adxectivos posesivosmy meu,meusyour teu,teus,seu,seus(devostede)his seu,seus(del)her seu,súas(dela)its seu,seus(decousaouanimal)our noso/a, nosos/asyour voso/a,vosos/as,seu,seus(devostedes)their seu/súa,seus/súas(deles/as)
• Indicandequenéalgo.
• Semprevandiantedosubstantivoqueindicaoqueseposúe,senqueimporteoxéneroninonúmeroqueteña:my class, my books(amiñaclase,osmeuslibros).
• Na3ªpersoadosingularhaitresformas,dependendodeseoposuidorémasculino(his),feminino(her)ouneutro(its).
Os pronomes posesivosmine meu/miña,meus/miñas
yours teu/túa,teus/túas, seu/súa,seus/súas(devostede)
his seu/súa,seus/súas(del)hers seu/súa,seus/súas(dela)ours noso/a, nosos/as
yours voso/a, vosos/as, seu/súa,seus/súas(devostedes)
theirs seu/súa,seus/súas(deles/as)
• Substitúenosubstantivoquesinalaoqueseposúeeconcordancoposuidor.
The red schoolbag is yours.(Amochilavermellaétúa.)• Aotraducilos,podenacompañarseestespronomescoartigodeterminado.
The green book isn’t mine. It’s yours. (Olibroverdenoné(o)meu.É(o)teu.)
• Na3ªpersoadosingularhaidúasformas:masculina(his)efeminina(hers).Nonhaiformaneutra.
O xenitivo saxón•Emprégaseparaindicarposesióneúsaseconpersoas,animaisoupaíses.Paraformalo,engadimosunapóstrofo(’ )euns.
Lucy’s hair(opelodeLucy) the cat’s legs(aspatasdogato) Spain’s food(acomidadeEspaña)
• Seosubstantivoéunpluralregularouacaba en s,engádesesó ’,maisseéunpluralirregularengádese’s.
the boys’ school(ocolexiodosnenos) the women’s photo(afotodasmulleres)
• Seonomepropioremataens,pódeseengadir’ ou ’s. James’ / James’s car(ocochedeJames)• Coascousasúsaseof,nonoxenitivosaxón. the colour of the pencil(acordolapis)
O verbo to beOverbo to be significaprincipalmente“ser”ou“estar”.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are.Éoúnicoverboquetentresformasdistintasnopresente.Asformascontraídasúsansemáisnaconversa.
She is very clever.(Elaémoiintelixente.)• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are+apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are,maisnonaam).
You aren’t funny.(Nonsodesgraciosos.)• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito. Is he a singer?(Elécantante?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Is Woody a toy? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Woodyéunxoguete?É.Si./Non.)
Os usos do verbo to beDefiniciónsefeitosxerais
Bristol is in England.(BristolestáenInglaterra.)
SentimentoseestadosWe are very happy.(Estamosmoiledos.)
IdadeShe is twelve years old.(Elatendoceanos.)
Profesións,relixiónsenacionalidades
Johnny Depp is an actor.(JohnnyDeppéunactor.)
PrezosHow much is it? It’s 5 euros.(Cantoé?Son5euros.)
MedidasIt’s 2 metres long.(Mide2metrosdelongo.)
TempoatmosféricoIt is windy.(Vaivento.)
O verbo have gotOverbohave got significa“ter”.Expresaoqueposuímosouostrazosdealguénoualgocando odescribimos.
Grammar Appendix
12New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have (’ve)got ou has (’s)got. I have got a famous friend. (Teñounhaamigafamosa.)
• Negativa:suxeito+have / has+not (n’t)+got. She hasn’t got curly hair. (Elanontenopelocrecho.)
• Interrogativa: Have / Has+suxeito+got. Have you got an adventurous brother? (Tesunirmánaventureiro?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t (sen got).
Has he got small ears? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. (Eltenasorellaspequenas?Ten.Si./Non.)
Os pronomes persoais obxectome me(amin)
you te,che(ati),o,a,lle,se(avostede)
him o,lle,se(ael)
her a,lle,se(aela)
it o,a(unhacousa)
us nos(anós)
you vos(avós),os,as,lles(avostedes)
them os,as,lles,se(aeles/as)
• Fanasfunciónsdeobxecto,édicir,decomplementodirecto,indirectooupreposicional.
I met him last month. (Coñecinoomespasado.) They gave me a present yesterday. (Déronmeunagasalloonte.) I sang for them. (Canteiparaeles.)
• Senafrasehaiuncomplementodirectoeoutroindirectonasúaformadepronome,póñensenestaorde:CD+preposición+CI.
Sue needed a book about art and I gave it to her. (Sueprecisabaunlibrosobrearteedeillo.)
O Present Simple• Afirmativa: écomoaformabasedoverbo(infinitivo
sen to)entodasaspersoasmenosna3ªdesingular,naqueseengade -s.
He walks the dog every day. (Elpaseaocantodososdías.)
Nosseguintescasos,engádese-esnocantode-s: -Seremataenss, sh, ch e x:
pass - passes wash - washes mix - mixes -Seremataeno:
do - does go - goes -Seremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseoypor
un i: study - studies carry - carries
• Negativa:suxeito+do / does+not (n’t)+verbonaformabase.
My mother doesn’t cook.(Miñanainoncociña.)• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+verbo. Do you study with friends?(Estudasconamigos?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does ou don’t / doesn’t.
Does she watch TV? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. (Elaveatelevisión?Ve.Si./Non.)
• Co PresentSimple adoitanempregarseasseguintes expresións temporais:every day / week / year (todososdías/semanas/anos),once / twice a year (unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+díadasemanaenplural, at night (polanoite),in the morning (polamañá),in the summer (noverán),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
She plays football twice a year. (Elaxogaaofútboldúasvecesaoano.)
• Taménseempreganestesadverbiosdefrecuencia:always(sempre),usually(poloxeral,normalmente),often(amiúdo),sometimes(algunhasveces,ásveces),rarely(raravez)enever(nunca).Estescolócansediantedoverbo,maisseacompañan aoverboto bevandetrás.
We often go there.(Amiúdoimosalí.) She is always funny.(Elasempreégraciosa).
Os usos do Present SimpleVerdadesxeraisedescricións
The sun sets in the west.(Osolponsepolooeste.)
Acciónsrutineirasehábitos
Do you play football?(Xogasaofútbol?)
Gostoseopinión She likes sport.(Gostadosdeportes.)
Programasehorarios We get up at 7.30.(Erguémonosásseteemedia.)
O Present ContinuousExpresaoqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalarounoperíododetempopresente.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are+unverborematadoen-ing.
He is visiting the house.(Elestáavisitaracasa.) Nosseguintescasos,cómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir-ing aoverbo:
-Seremataenemudo,perdeoe: live - living
- Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante quenonsexaw, x ou y,dóbraseestaconsoante: run - running sit - sitting
-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaderradeira,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: refer - referring begin - beginning
-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra: travel - travelling
-Seremataenie,cámbiaseieporuny: lie - lying die - dying
• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are+apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are,maisnonaam)+unverborematadoen-ing.Naconversaadoitaempregarseaformacontraída.
We aren’t driving my car. (Nonestamosaconduciromeucoche.)
• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.
Is she sleeping at the moment? (Elaestáadurmirnestemomento?)
Grammar Appendix
13New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Are you walking in the forest? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Estásaandarpolobosque?Estou.Si./Non.)
• O PresentContinuousadoitaempregarseparadescribirfotos,poissefaladaescenacomasefosealgoqueestáaocorreragora.
In the photo, there is a man. He is sitting on a chair. (Nafotohaiunhome.Estásentadonunhacadeira.)
• CoPresentContinuousadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:now(agora), at the moment(nestemomento),right now (arestora,agoramesmo),today(hoxe),these days (hoxeendía),this week(estasemana),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
I am buying a bus ticket now. (Estouamercarunbilletedeautobúsagora.)
Unit 1Contraste Present Simple / Present ContinuousO Present Simpleexpresahábitosecostumes,mentresqueo PresentContinuous sinalaoqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalar. I usually study at home, but today I’m studying at
my friend’s house.(Poloxeralestudonacasa,perohoxeestouaestudarnacasadomeuamigo.)
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargustos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresentContinuous. She likes the film. (Elagustadapelícula.) I don’t know the answer. (Nonseiaresposta.)
There is / There areContábeis Non contábeis
Afirmativa
There is a house.(Haiunhacasa.)There arerooms.(Haicuartos.)
There is rubbish.(Hailixo.)
Negativa
There isn’t a toilet.(Nonhaiunbaño.)There aren’tbeds.(Nonhaicamas.)
There isn’t tea.(Nonhaité.)
Interrogativa
Is there a fridge?(Haiunfrigorífico?)Are there tables?(Haimesas?)
Is there money?(Haicartos?)
Respostas curtas
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.(Hai.Si./Non.)Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.(Hai.Si./Non.)
• Afirmativa: There isvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There are vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.Ambososdouspodentraducirsecomo“Hai...”.
• Negativa: There is / There are +apartícula not (There is not / There are not)ouacontracciónn’t (There isn’t / There aren’t).
• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanporIs / Are+there.
• Respostas curtas:vólveseáordenormalenanegativaúsanseasformascontraídas.
Artigos e cuantificadores
a / an
Connomescontábeisensingular. Úsansediantedunnomequenonécoñecidopolofalante.
un/unha a picture, an orange pero a uniform
the
Connomescontábeisenoncontábeis. Úsansediantedunnomequeécoñecidopolofalante.
o, a, os / as
I have got a house. The house has got a garden.(Teñounhacasa. Acasatenunxardín.)
some
Frasesafirmativas: Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.Frasesinterrogativas: Candoapreguntaexpresaunhaofertaoupeticióneagárdasequearespostasexaafirmativa.uns/unhas algúns/algunhas algode unpoucode (ou non se traduce)
There are some trees.(Haialgunhasárbores.)We’ve got some fruit.(Temosalgodefroita.)
Would you like some tea?(Querestomarté?)
any
Frasesnegativasouinterrogativas: Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
ningún/ningunha nada de (ou non se traduce)
I haven’t got any sisters.(Nonteñoningunhairmá.)She hasn’t got any money.(Nontencartos.)
algún/algunha algúns/algunhas algode (ou non se traduce)
Are there any biscuits?(Haialgunhagalleta?)Have you got any water?(Tesauga?)
a lot of / lots of
Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
moito/a/os/as unhachea/moreade
A lot of children study here.(Moitosnenosestudanaquí.)I have got a lot of homework.(Teñomoitosdeberes.)Lots of people enjoy films.(Amoitaxentegústanlleaspelículas.)
14New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Nosseguintescasos,cómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir-ed aoverbo:
- Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante quenonsexaw, x ou y,dóbraseestaconsoante: stop - stopped drop - dropped
- Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaúltima,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra:
travel - travelled - Seremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseo yporuni:
worry - worried try - tried-Seremataen e mudo,sóseengade-d:
bake - baked live - lived• Negativa: suxeito+did not ou didn’t+unverbonaformabase.
She didn’t go there.(Elanonfoialí.)• Interrogativa: Did+suxeito+unverbonaformabase.
Did you call her last night?(Chamáchelaapasadanoite?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.
Did she go to the party? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. (Elafoiáfesta?Foi.Si./Non.)
• CoPastSimpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai) aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week(apasadanoite,apasadasemana),at+unhahora,on+undíaouunhadata,in+unano,in the past (no pasado),yesterday(onte),etc.Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
Three days ago, they came. (Viñeronhaitresdías.) He created the company in 1989. (Elcreouaempresaen1989.)
Os usos do Past SimpleExpresaracciónspasadas
We watched that film. (Vimosestapelícula.)
Dicirquesefixonunmomentoconcreto
They went home yesterday.(Fóronseácasaonte.)
Contaracciónspasadasconsecutivas
I visited the tower. Then I went to the museum. (Visiteiatorre.Logofunaomuseo.)
Contardequexeitoeranascousasnoutrotempo
In the past, people worked more hours. (Nopasado,axentetraballabamáishoras.)
There was / There wereContábeis Non contábeis
Afirmativa
There was a house.(Habíaunhacasa.)There wererooms.(Habíacuartos.)
There was rubbish.(Habíalixo.)
Negativa
There wasn’t a toilet.(Nonhabíaunbaño.)There weren’t beds.(Nonhabíacamas.)
There wasn’t tea.(Nonhabíaté.)
many
Connomescontábeisenplural.
moitos/asMany students play football.(Moitosestudantesxoganaofútbol.)
much
Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connomesnoncontábeis.
moito/a
I haven’t got much money.(Nonteñomoitoscartos.)
Was there much smoke?(Habíamoitofume?)
How many / How muchEmpregamosHow many e How muchparapreguntarpolacantidadedealgo.
How many ...?Cantos/as…?
Nomescontábeisenplural.
How many rooms are there?(Cantascuartoshai?)
How much ...?Canto/a…?
Nomesnoncontábeis.Candovaicoverboto beserveparapreguntaroprezodunhacousa.
How much water do you need?(Cantaaugaprecisas?)How much is it?(Cantoé?)
Unit 2O Past Simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI washed I did not wash I didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washHe washed He did not wash He didn’t washShe washed She did not wash She didn’t washIt washed It did not wash It didn’t washWe washed We did not wash We didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washThey washed They did not wash They didn’t wash
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Did I wash ...? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did he wash ...? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.Did she wash ...? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.Did it wash ...? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.Did we wash ...? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did they wash ...? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
• Afirmativa: fórmaseengadindo-edaosverbosregulareseéigualentodasaspersoas.Osverbosirregularesnonseguenregraningunhaeporisocómpreaprendelosdememoria.Podesconsultaralistaxedaspáxinas24-25.
I visited Larry last night.(VisiteiaLarryestanoite.)
Grammar Appendix
15New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Interrogativa
Was there a fridge?(Habíaunfrigorífico?)Were there tables?(Habíamesas?)
Was there money?(Habíacartos?)
Respostas curtas
Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t.(Había.Si./Non.)Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.(Había.Si./Non.)
• Afirmativa: There wasvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There were vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural. SonasformasdepasadodeThere is e There are e, polotanto,significan“Había...”ou“Houbo...”.
• Negativa: There was / There were+apartículanot (There was not / There were not)ouacontracciónn’t (There wasn’t / There weren’t).
• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanporWas / Were+there.
• Respostas curtas:vólveseáordenormalenanegativaempréganseasformascontraídas.
used toUsed to expresafeitosouestadosqueeranhabituaisnoutrotempoelogodeixarondeselo.Sótenformadepasadoevaiseguidodoutroverbonaformabase.Tradúcesecomoopretéritoimperfectodoverbo“adoitar”oudoverboqueosegue.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+used to +unverbonaformabase. We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamosir/Iamosápiscinatodososdías.)
• Negativa: suxeito+did not / didn’t+use to (sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase. He didn’t use to buy vegetables.(Nonadoitabamercar/mercabaverdurasnosupermercado.)
• Interrogativa: Did+suxeito+use to (sen “d”) + un verbo na forma base. Did you use to play tennis on Sundays? (Adoitabasxogar/Xogabasaotenisosdomingos?)
• Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito+did ou didn’t. Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.(Adoitabaviaxar/Viaxabaaoestranxeiro?Viaxaba.Si./Non.)
Unit 3O comparativo dos adxectivosParacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.
• Ocomparativodesuperioridade(máis...que/ca/doque)úsaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:
1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,oadxectivoconsidérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan.
A crocodile is bigger than a lizard. (Uncrocodiloémáisgrandecaunlagarto.)
Nosseguintescasos,oadxectivocambiaaoengadirlle-er:
- Seten1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante, dóbraseesaconsoante: thin - thinner big - bigger
-Seten2sílabaseremataenconsoante+y, cámbiaseoyporuni: crazy - crazier lucky - luckier
-Seremataenl,duplícaseesaletra: cruel - crueller
-Seremataenemudo,sóseengade-r: nice - nicer
2.Seten2sílabasoumáis,oadxectivoconsidéraselongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than.
Wolves are more dangerous than zebras. (Oslobossonmáisperigososcáscebras.)
• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/ca/doque).
Chimpanzees are less frightening than gorillas. (Oschimpancésdanmenosmedocósgorilas.)
O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Taméncómpreterencontaalonxitudedoadxectivo:
1.Seécurto,ponsediantetheeengádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueempregamosparaformarocomparativocon-er. This is the cheapest necklace in the shop. (Esteéocolarmáisbaratodatenda.)
2.Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This forest is the most pleasant place in the area. (Estebosqueéolugarmáisagradábeldazona.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in, of e on.
Spring is the most colourful season of the year. (Aprimaveraéaestaciónmáiscoloridadoano.)
• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorque orestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestrutura the least+adxectivo.
Deserts are the least noisy places in the world. (Os desertossonoslugaresmenosruidososdomundo.)
Os adxectivos irregulares
Aononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativogood (bo/a) better bestbad (malo/a, mao/má) worse worst
far (lonxano/a, afastado/a) farther / further farthest / furthest
little (pouco/a) less least
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(not) as ... as / too ... / (not) ... enough• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan/tanto...como/a).
This table is as heavy as an elephant. (Estamesaétanpesadacomaunelefante.)
Mount Aneto is not as high as Mount Everest. (OAnetononétanaltocomaoEverest.)
• Toovaidiantedoadxectivoesinalaqueacualidadeexpresadaporesteéexcesiva.Significa“demáis/demasiado”.
These earrings are too expensive for me. (Estespendentessoncarosdemáisparamin.)
• Porén, enough ponsedetrásdoadxectivoesignifica“(o)bastante/abondo”ou“(o)suficientemente”.
This pub is lively enough for us. (Estebaré(o)bastante/abondoanimadoparanós.)
Enot+adxectivo+enoughsignifica“non(o)bastante/abondo”ou“non(o)suficientemente”.
This place is not peaceful enough to study. (Este lugarnoné(o)bastantetranquiloparaestudar.)
I didn’t feel full enough after the meal. (Nonmesentín(o)suficientementecheodespoisdacomida.)
Unit 4Subject / Object QuestionsAspartículasinterrogativaswho, what, which, where, when, why e how often empréganseparafacerpreguntassobreosuxeito,ocomplementodirectoouocomplementocircunstancialdaoración.
• Parapedirinformaciónsobreosuxeitoempregamoswho ou what.Aordedaspalabrasnapreguntaéamesmaqueadunhafraseafirmativaesempreseponoverbona3ªpersoadosingular,maisarespostapodeirensingularouenplural.Who works in this company? He works in this company. (Quentraballanestaempresa?Eltraballanestaempresa.)What makes you feel happy? Babies make me feel happy. (Quechefaisentirfeliz?Osbebésfanmesentirfeliz.)
• Parapedirinformaciónsobreocomplementodirectoempregamoswho, what ou which.Aordedaspalabrasnapreguntaéamesmaqueadunhafraseinterrogativa,dexeitoquesemprehaiqueinverteraordesuxeito-verboouempregardo, does ou did.What do you prefer? (Queprefires?)Which sport do you play? (Aquedeportexogas?)Candooverborexeunhapreposición,estaponseaofinaldapregunta. Who did you play baseball with? (Conquenxogachesaobéisbol?)
• Parapedirinformaciónsobreocomplementocircunstancial(lugar,tempo,causaoufrecuencia)empregamoswhere, when, why ou how often.Aordedaspalabrasnapreguntaéamesmaqueadunhafraseinterrogativa,dexeitoquecómpreinverteraordesuxeito-verboouempregardo, does ou did.
Where does she have lunch? (Ondecomeela?)When did they arrive? (Candochegaron?)Why is Beth crying? (PorqueestáachorarBeth?)How often does it rain? (Conquefrecuenciachove?)
Os adverbios de modo• Osadverbiosdemododescribenaformaenqueserealizaaacción.ConelesrespóndeseáspreguntasquecomezanporHow ... ?(Como...?).
• Osmáissonregularesefórmanseengadindoaterminación-ly aoadxectivocorrespondente. They eat slowly. (Comenamodo.)
Seoadxectivoremataen consoante + y,cámbiase o yporunielogoengádese-ly. It all ended happily. (Todorematoufelizmente.)
• Algúnssonirregularese,oubenonseasemellannadaaoadxectivo,oubensoniguais. She sings very well. (Elacantamoiben.)
O comparativo dos adverbios• Serveparacomparardúasacciónsefórmaseasí:
more / less+adverbio+than. You listened to it more carefully than I did. (Escoitácheloconmáisatencióncamin.)
• Coas+adverbio+asindícasequedúasacciónsserealizandomesmoxeito. We ran as fast as you.(Corremostanáprésacomati.)
Os adverbios irregularesAononseguirenregraningunhacómpreaprender dememoriaestesadverbiosemaisasúaformacomparativa.
Adxectivo Adverbio Forma comparativa
fast(rápido/a) fast(áprésa,rapidamente)
faster thanhard (duro/a;difícil)
hard (duro,moito)
harder than
high(alto/a) high(alto) higher thanfar(lonxano/a,afastado/a)
far(lonxe,afastado)
farther / further than
good(bo/a) well(ben) better thanbad(malo/a,mao/má)
badly(mal) worse than
Unit 5O Past Continuous
Afirmativa NegativaI was eating I was not / wasn’t eatingYou were eating You were not / weren’t eatingHe was eating He was not / wasn’t eatingShe was eating She was not / wasn’t eatingIt was eating It was not / wasn’t eatingWe were eating We were not / weren’t eatingYou were eating You were not / weren’t eatingThey were eating They were not / weren’t eating
Grammar Appendix
17New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Was I eating? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Was he eating? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.Was she eating? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.Was it eating? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.Were we eating? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Were they eating? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+was / were+unverborematadoen-ing.
I was cooking in the kitchen. (Estabaacociñarnacociña.)
Asregrasparaengadir-ing pódenseconsultarnapáxina12.
• Negativa:suxeito+was / were +apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t+unverborematadoen-ing.
They weren’t playing tennis. (Nonestabanaxogaraotenis.)
• Interrogativa: Was / Were+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.
Was Sue taking pictures? (Sueestabaafacerfotos?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+was / were,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. (Estivoachoveronte?Estivo.Si./Non.)
• Co PastContinuous adóitanseempregarestas expresións temporais:asquelevan ago (hai)aofinaldaexpresión, at +unhahora, yesterday morning / afternoon (ontepolamañá/tarde), last night (esta pasadanoite), etc.Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
They were watching a match at six o’clock yesterday. (Estabanaverunpartidoonteásseisenpunto.)
Os usos do Past Continuous
Expresaroqueestabaaocorrernopasado
At eight o’clock last night, we were swimming. (Estanoitepasadaásoitoenpunto,estabamosanadar.)
Describirdúasoumáisacciónsprolongadasesimultáneasnopasado,unidaspor while ou as
She was talking to her friend while / as she was driving. (Elaestabaafalarcoasúaamigamentresestabaaconducir.)
Contraste Past Continuous / Past Simple• OPastSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresque o PastContinuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado.
He did his homework last Monday. (Fixoosdeberesolunspasado.)
He was doing his homework yesterday afternoon. (Estivoafacerosdeberesontepolatarde.)
• CoPastSimpleadoitaempregarsewheneco PastContinuousasconxunciónswhile ou as.
We were listening to the news when he arrived. (Estabamosaescoitarasnoticiascandochegou.)
While / As we were listening to the news, he arrived. (Chegoumentresestabamosaescoitarasnoticias.)
Unit 6O futuro con will
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI will read I’ll readYou will read You’ll readHe will read He’ll readShe will read She’ll readIt will read It’ll readWe will read We’ll readYou will read You’ll readThey will read They’ll readNegativa Forma contraídaI will not read I won’t readYou will not read You won’t readHe will not read He won’t readShe will not read She won’t readIt will not read It won’t readWe will not read We won’t readYou will not read You won’t readThey will not read They won’t read
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Will I read ...? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will he read ...? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Will she read ...? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.Will it read ...? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.Will we read ...? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will they read ...? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+oauxiliarwill+verbonaformabase.Éomesmoentodasaspersoas.Naconversa,willcontraecosuxeito(’ll)epronúnciasecomounsó“l”.
We will win the match.(Gañaremosopartido.)• Negativa:suxeito+will+apartículanot (ou a contracciónwon’t)+verbonaformabase.
They won’t score another goal.(Nonmarcaránoutrogol.)• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase. Will Jess play today?(Jessxogaráhoxe?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.
Will pollution increase? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t. (Iraamáisacontaminación?Irá.Si./Non.)
• Cowilladoitanempregarseexpresións temporais comolater(máistarde,logo),soon(pronto,axiña,nunpouco),in an hour(dentrodeunhahora),next month / year(omes/oanoquevén/próximo/vindeiro),
18New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
tomorrow(mañá),etc.Taménseempreganoutrasqueindicanunfuturoafastado:in ten years(dentrodedezanos),in+unano,one day(algúndía),in the future (nofuturo),etc.Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitapoñerseaofinal.
One day, I will become a doctor. (Algúndíachegareiasermédico.)
Os usos do futuro con willAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos
Messi will score a goal.(Messimarcaráungol.)
Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá
I think it will rain tomorrow.(Creoquechoverámañá.)
Expresardecisiónssúpetas
It’s cold. I’ll take my coat.(Vaifrío.Collereioabrigo.)
O futuro con be going toAfirmativa Forma contraídaI am going to run I’m going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runHe is going to run He’s going to runShe is going to run She’s going to runIt is going to run It’s going to runWe are going to run We’re going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runThey are going to run They’re going to runNegativa e forma contraídaI am not / I’m not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runHe is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to runShe is not / She isn’t / She’s not going to runIt is not / It isn’t / It’s not going to runWe are not / We aren’t / We’re not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runThey are not / They aren’t / They’re not going to run
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Significa“ir”+infinitivo.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+to beenpresente+ going to+verbonaformabase.
He is going to have a party. (Elvaifacerunhafesta.)• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+ not (n’t)+
going to+verbonaformabase. They aren’t going to order pizza. (Nonvanpedirpizza.)
• Interrogativa: to beenpresente+suxeito+going to +verbonaformabase.
Is she going to take a trip? (Elavaifacerunhaviaxe?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Are you going to go hiking? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Vasfacerunhaandaina?Vou.Si./Non.)
• Cobe going toadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde,logo),soon (axiña,pronto,nunpouco),this afternoon / evening (estatarde),tonight (esta noite),tomorrow (mañá), in+unano,next week / month / year(asemana/omes/oanoquevén/vindeiro/a),in the future (no futuro),on+undíadasemanaoudata,etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanempregarseaofinal.
I am going to visit my relatives later. (Vouvisitarosmeusparenteslogo.)
Next month, I’m going to go to a concert. (Omesquevénvouiraunconcerto.)
Os usos do futuro con be going toFalardeintencións,plansoudecisións
I’m going to visit Ireland.(VouvisitarIrlanda.)
Expresaroquevaiocorrerporquevemossinais diso
I am very tired. I am going to sleep late. (Estoumoicansa.Vouerguermetarde.)
El Present Continuous con valor de futuro• O PresentContinuous (comoxaseviunaunidadeintrodutoria)emprégaseparaexpresaroqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalar.Fórmasecon to be+unverborematadoen -ing, edébenseseguirunhasregrasortográficasparaengadircorrectamenteestaterminación.
• Pero,ademais,oPresentContinuous ten“valor defuturo”,poisseempregaparaanunciaracciónsfixadasconadiantoouplansconcretosqueocorreránnofuturovindeiro.
I am visiting my cousins next week. (Visito/Visitareiaosmeuscurmánsasemanavindeira.)
• Adiferenzaco PresentContinuous normalestáenqueoquetenvalordefuturodebelevarunhaexpresión temporal defuturoqueindiquecando vaiocorreraacción:next week (asemanaquevén/próxima/vindeira),this afternoon / evening (esta tarde),on+undíadasemanaouunhadata, in+un mesouunano, at+unhahora, in ten minutes (dentrodedezminutos),tomorrow (mañá),etc.
The library is opening in one hour. (Abibliotecaabre/abrirádentrodunhahora.)
• Adiferenzacon be going to équenonsetratasódunhaintención,senóndealgoquevaiocorrercontodaseguridadepoisxasefixoudeantemán.Conestevalorempréganseprincipalmenteosverbosdemovemento.
She is running in a race tomorrow. (Elacorre/correránunhacarreiramañá.)[seguro]
Grammar Appendix
19New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+PresentSimple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal)adoitairenfuturoconwill.
He will win the medal if he runs faster. (Elgañaráamedallasecorremáisáprésa.) Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavirgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.
If he runs faster, he will win the medal. (Seelcorremáisáprésa,gañaráamedalla.)
• Negativa:pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.
If he doesn’t go, I will stay at home. (Seelnonvai,quedareinacasa.) If he goes, I won’t stay at home. (Seelvai,nonquedareinacasa.) If he doesn’t go, I won’t stay at home. (Seelnonvai,nonquedareinacasa.)
• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.
Will they go skiing if it is stormy? (Iránesquiarsehaitormenta?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.
Will you come to the beach if it is sunny? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.(Virásápraiasevaisol?Virei.Si./Non.)
Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunción unless, queequivalea if not (“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”).Estaconxunciónemprégaseconbastanteasiduidadenoprimeirocondicional,peroémenosfrecuentenosegundo. Unless you train us, we will lose the next match. (Anonserquenosadestres/Senonnosadestras,perderemosovindeiropartido.)
O segundo condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente(édicir,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran)etaménparadarconsellos.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónfórmaseconif+PastSimple, eoresultadoconwould(ouacontracción’d)+overbonaformabase.If there were more policemen, people would feel safe. (Sehoubesemáispolicías,axentesentiríasesegura.)
Nocantode would, podemosempregaroverbomodal could noresultado,maisestesinalaqueaprobabilidadedequesecumpraahipóteseéaíndamenor.Equivaleaoverbo“poder”encondicionalouásexpresións“talvez”ou“quizá/s”+condicional.If I had money, I could buy a new car. (Seeutivesecartos,talvezmercaríauncochenovo.)
Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adóitaseempregarwereentodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural. If he were home, he’d open the door. (Seelestivesenacasa,abriríaaporta.)
Paradarconsellosemprégaseafórmula If I were.If I were you, I’d go to the new market. (Eudeti,iríaaomercadonovo.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I didn’t have a car, I would go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,iríaenautobús.)If I had a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeutiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)If I didn’t have a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)
• Interrogativa: Would +suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would you buy a house in the city if you had money? (Mercaríasunhacasanacidadesetivesescartos?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoal suxeito+ would ou wouldn’t.Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Traballaríascomovoluntariosetivesestempolibre?Traballaría.Si./Non.)
Unit 7O Present Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have played I’ve playedYou have played You’ve playedHe has played He’s playedShe has played She’s playedIt has played It’s playedWe have played We’ve playedYou have played You’ve playedThey have played They’ve playedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not played I haven’t playedYou have not played You haven’t playedHe has not played He hasn’t playedShe has not played She hasn’t playedIt has not played It hasn’t playedWe have not played We haven’t playedYou have not played You haven’t playedThey have not played They haven’t played
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Have I played ...? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you played ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he played ...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she played ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it played ...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we played ...? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you played ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they played ...? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
20New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
• Afirmativa:suxeito+has / have+unverboenparticipio.Oparticipiofórmaseengadindo -ed aos verbosregulareseéomesmoentodasaspersoas.Osverbosirregularesnonseguenningunharegraeporisocómpreaprendelosdememoria.Podesconsultalosnalistaxedaspáxinas24-25.
We have milked the cows. (Muximosasvacas.)• Negativa:suxeito+has / have+apartículanot ou acontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.
Megan hasn’t swum with sharks. (Megannonnadouconquenllas.)
• Interrogativa: Has / Have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.
Have you had any unusual pets? (Tivechesalgunhamascotapoucocomún?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / have,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Have they discovered anything? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t. (Descubrironalgo?Descubriron.Si./Non.)
• Co PresentPerfectSimple adoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbios e expresións:
ever
interrogativa:“algunhavez”
Have you ever held a snake?(Collichesalgunhavezunhaserpe?)
negativa: “nunca”,“xamais”
I haven’t ever fed lions.(Nuncadeidecomeraleóns.)
never afirmativa:“nunca”
She has never trained dogs.(Nuncaadestreicans.)
always “sempre” They’ve always had that car. (Sempretiveronesecoche.)
already afirmativa: “xa”
We’ve already been to Berlin. (XaestivemosenBerlín.)
just afirmativa:“acabar/virde”
We have just met them.(Acabámolosdecoñecer.)
yet
negativa: “aínda”
She hasn’t tried your cake yet. (Aíndanonprobeioteupastel.)
interrogativa: “xa”
Have you watched that film yet? (Vichesesapelículaxa?)
recently “haipouco” Have they been here recently? (Estiveronaquíhaipouco?)
lately “ultimamente”He hasn’t been to the gym lately. (Nonforonaoximnasioultimamente.)
several times “variasveces”
They have volunteered there several times. (Foronvoluntariosalívariasveces.)
so far “atéomomento”
How much of the country have you explored so far?(Cantoexplorachesdopaísatéomomento?)
Cómpreterencontaque just, already, always, ever e never póñenseentreoauxiliar have eoparticipiodoverboprincipal.Yet colócaseaofinaldafrase.Orestopodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
for / sinceCo PresentPerfectSimple taménseempreganasexpresións temporaisquecomezancon:• Apreposiciónforseguidadunperíododetempoqueindicaaduracióndaacción.Tradúcesecomo“aolongode”ounonsetraduce.
Your sister has lived in the USA for one year. (AtúairmáviviuenEUAaolongodeunano.) (AtúairmáviviuunanoenEUA.)
• Apreposiciónsince,quesinalaomomentoenquecomezouaacción.Tradúcesecomo“desde/dende”.
I haven’t seen him since Tuesday. (Nonovindesde/dendeomartes.)
Os usos do Present Perfect SimpleAcciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan(levafor ou sinceetradúceseenpresente)
Sam has volunteered at the Red Cross since 1998. (SamévoluntariodaCruzVermelladesde1998.)
Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresenteouteñenconsecuenciasnomomentoactual
I have rowed for hours. I’m very tired now. (Remeihoras.Agoraestoumoicanso.)
Acciónspasadassenespecificarcandoocorreron
I have parachuted once.(Salteienparacaídasunhavez.)
Acciónsmoirecentes(leva justetradúcesepor“acabar/virde”+infinitivo
The aeroplane has just landed. (Oaviónacabadeaterrar.)
Unit 8can
Afirmativa NegativaI can play I cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playHe can play He cannot / can’t playShe can play She cannot / can’t playIt can play It cannot / can’t playWe can play We cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playThey can play They cannot / can’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Can I play? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he play? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she play? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it play? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.Can we play? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can they play? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
Overbomodalcansignifica“saber”ou“poder”.
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• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade-s na 3ª persoadosingular.
She can play football. (Elasabexogaraofútbol.)• Negativa: suxeito+cannot ouacontraccióncan’t+verbonaformabase.
My brother can’t ride a bike. (Omeuirmánnonsabe/podemontarenbici.)
• Interrogativa: Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase. Can you throw me the ball? (Podeslanzarmeapelota?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+can ou can’t.
Can they play today? Yes, they can. / No, they can’t. (Podenxogarhoxe?Poden.Si./Non.)
Os usos de canHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo:“saber”
I can speak Spanish.(Seifalarespañol.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgo:“poder”
I can meet you tomorrow.(Podoquedarcontigomañá.)
Peticióndepermisooufavores:“poder”
Can you close the door?(Podespecharaporta?)
couldAfirmativa NegativaI could go I couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goHe could go He couldn’t goShe could go She couldn’t goIt could go It couldn’t goWe could go We couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goThey could go They couldn’t go
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Could I go? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he go? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she go? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it go? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we go? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they go? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.
• Afirmativa: suxeito+could+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade-s na 3ª persoadosingular.
When I was five, I could speak two languages. (Candotiñacincoanos,sabíafalardousidiomas.)
In the past, people could drive fast on this road. (Nopasado,axentepodíaconduciráprésanestaestrada.)
• Negativa: suxeito+could not ouacontracción couldn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbo naformabase.
They couldn’t find any ghosts in the house. (Nonpuideronatoparningunhapantasmanacasa.)
• Interrogativa: Could+suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Could they give you any explanation? (Puiderondarchealgunhaexplicación?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+could ou couldn’t.
Could they do it? Yes, they could. / No, they couldn’t. (Puideronfacelo?Puideron.Si./Non.)
Os usos de couldHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgonopasado
Sam could read at the age of six. (Samsabíalerconseisanos.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgonopasado
I couldn’t refuse to do it. (Nonpuidennegarmeafacelo.)
Peticiónformaldepermisooufavores
Could you pick me up? (Poderíasrecollerme?)
mustAfirmativa NegativaI must run I mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runHe must run He mustn’t runShe must run She mustn’t runIt must run It mustn’t runWe must run We mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runThey must run They mustn’t run
Overbomodalmust en afirmativasignifica“deber”eexpresaaobrigaouanecesidadegrandedefaceralgo.
Ennegativa,encambio,posúeunsignificadototalmentedistinto:expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitidoouquenonsedebefacerporquenonconvénounonécorrecto.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade -s na 3ª persoadosingular.
In the UK, you must drive on the left. (NoReinoUnido,debesconducirpolaesquerda.)
• Negativa:suxeito+must notouacontracciónmustn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbo naformabase.
You mustn’t kick the basketball. (Nondebesdarllepatadasaobalóndebaloncesto.)[estáprohibido]
You mustn’t shout at the other players. (Nondebesberraraosoutrosxogadores.)[nonécorrecto]
• Interrogativa: Must+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.
Must I bring water?(Debolevarauga?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.
Must you leave now? Yes, I must. (Debesirteagora?Debo.Si.)
22New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
should Afirmativa NegativaI should try I shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryHe should try He shouldn’t tryShe should try She shouldn’t tryIt should try It shouldn’t tryWe should try We shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryThey should try They shouldn’t try
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Should I try? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he try? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she try? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it try? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we try? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they try? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade -s na 3ª persoadosingular.
You should have a balanced diet. (Deberíaslevarunhadietaequilibrada.)• Negativa:suxeito+should notouacontracción
shouldn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.
You shouldn’t eat junk food. (Nondeberíascomercomidalixo.)
• Interrogativa: Should+suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Should I be worried? (Deberíaestarpreocupado?)• Respostas curtas:sponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+should ou shouldn’t.
Should I lose weight? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t. (Deberíaadelgazar?Debería.Si./Non.)
Os usos de should
Darconsellos You should go now. It’s late.(Deberíasmarcharxa.Étarde.)
Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer
They shouldn’t shout here. (Nondeberíanberraraquí.)
have toAfirmativa NegativaI have to go I don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goHe has to go He doesn’t have to goShe has to go She doesn’t have to goIt has to go It doesn’t have to goWe have to go We don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goThey have to go They don’t have to go
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Do I have to go? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have / has to +verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”eexpresa,comamust,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Adiferenzaéquehave tosiseconxugae,poriso,emprégasenostemposquemustnonten.We have to send her an e-mail right now. (Temos queenviarlleuncorreoelectrónicoagoramesmo.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.He doesn’t have to buy her a present. (Nontenque/porquecomprarlleunagasallo.)
Lembra quehave tosignificaomesmocamust, pero don’t have to e mustn’t nonsonequivalentes.You don’t have to go. (Nontesque/porqueir.)[nonépreciso]You mustn’t go. (Nondebesir.)[estáprohibido]
• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+have to+verbonaformabase.Do you have to do any homework this afternoon? (Tesquefacerdeberesestatarde?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does ou don’t / doesn’t.Does she have to leave now? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Tenquemarcharagora?Ten.Si./Non.)
need toAfirmativa NegativaI need to call I don’t need to callYou need to call You don’t need to callHe needs to call He doesn’t need to callShe needs to call She doesn’t need to callIt needs to call It doesn’t need to callWe need to call We don’t need to callYou need to call You don’t need to callThey need to call They don’t need to call
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Do I need to call? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you need to call? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he need to call? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she need to call? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it need to call? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we need to call? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you need to call? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they need to call? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Grammar Appendix
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Need tosignifica“terque”eexpresa,comohave to, a obrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Pódeseconxugardexeitoquepodeempregarseentodosostemposverbais.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+need / needs to+verbonaformabase.
I need to rest for a few days because I’m tired. (Teñoquedescansarunsdíasporqueestoucansa.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t need to +verbonaformabase.
You don’t need to help me. (Nontesqueaxudarme.)• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+need to+verbonaformabase.
Do you need to buy something for dinner? (Tesquemercaralgoparaacea?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does ou don’t / doesn’t.
Does he need to come home soon? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. (Tenquevirprontoácasa?Ten.Si./Non.)
Unit 9O estilo indirecto• Emprégaseparacontarmosoquealguéndixo senrepetirxustamenteassúaspalabras.Paraiso,emprégaseoverbosayeaconxunciónthat (esta adóitaseomitirnoinglésfalado),quítanseascomiñasecámbianseopronomesuxeitoeapersoadoverbo.“Many people use watches,” Alice says. Alice says that many people use watches.(Alicediquemoitaxenteusareloxos.)
• Maisonormalécontaloenpasado.Polotanto,emprégasesaide,ademais,overbodaoraciónintroducidaporthatdáunsaltocaraatrásnotempo.
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresent Simple Past Simple
“I always recycle newspapers,” Beth said.Beth said that she always recycled newspapers. (Bethdixoquesemprereciclabaosxornais.)Present Continuous Past Continuous
“She is giving a talk at school,” Paul said.Paul said that she was giving a talk at school. (Pauldixoqueelaestabaadarunhacharlanocolexio.)will would“I will visit all the museums in Oslo,” Jane said.Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo. (JanedixoquevisitaríatodososmuseosdeOslo.)can could“You can buy green products,” he said.He said that we could buy green products. (Eldixoquepodiamosmercarprodutosecolóxicos.)
• Ocambiodeestilodirectoaindirectotaménafectaásexpresiónsdetempoedelugar,aosdemostrativoseaosposesivos:
Estilo directo Estilo indirectonow, today, tonight then, that day, that nighttomorrow the next / following day, the day after
next week / year the following week / year, the week / year after
here therethis, these that, thosemy his / her, etc.
Reporting verbs• Sonosqueintroducenoestiloindirectocomo say
e tellparatransmitiramensaxesenengadirmáisinformaciónnoqueserefireáintenciónoutondofalante.Overbotellvaisempreseguidodeuncomplementoindirecto.O verbo saypodelevarounonlevarcomplementoindirecto,maisseoleva, debeirprecedidodeto.
tell+c.indirecto say(+to+c.indirecto)“I throw the newspapers in the recycling bin,” he said. He said (to us) / told us that he threw the newspapers in the recycling bin. (Eldíxonosquetirabaosxornaisaocolectordereciclaxe.)
O xerundio e o infinitivoO xerundio
Éaformaverbalrematadaen-ingquefuncionacomosubstantivonosseguintescasos:
• Comosuxeitodaoraciónaofalarmosdeaccións oufeitosenxeral.Visiting Beijing was an amazing experience. (VisitarPequínfoiunhaexperienciaincríbel.)
•Comoobxectodirectodalgúnsverbos:finish, enjoy, avoid, miss, recommend, suggest, imagine, regret, keep, mind, spend,etc.She enjoys eating food from different countries. (Elagozatomandocomidadedistintospaíses.)
•Detrásdaspreposicións.He is thinking about learning Chinese. (Elestápensandoenaprenderchinés.)
• Detrásdalgunhasformasverbais:can’t stand, feel like, don’t mind, it’s no use, look forward to,etc.I don’t mind walking to work. (Nonmeimportairandandoaotraballo.)
O infinitivo
Éaformaverbalprecedidade toeemprégasenestescasos:
• Detrásdeverboscomo: decide, want, promise, hope, pretend, refuse, offer, agree, seem, appear, choose, expect, learn, plan, wish, allow, wait, etc.Paul has promised to take her dog to the vet. (Paulprometeulevaroseucanáveterinaria.)She decided to wear the red tights. (Decidiupoñerasmediasvermellas.)
• Despoisdeadxectivoscomo easy, happy, sad, lucky, hard, surprised e nice.I’m happy to volunteer. (Estoucontentaporservoluntaria.)
Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo
Algúnsverbos (like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue,etc.)podenirseguidosdexerundiooudeinfinitivosenoqueoseusignificadovaríe.
They like going / to go to summer camps. (Gostan/Gustandeiraoscampamentosdeverán.)
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, convertersebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haberhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se)hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar, magoar; doerkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecer
24New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Irregular Verb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducirlearn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar, deixarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicirmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se)smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto; poñersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir
25New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Check Your Progress
Translation Exercises
Unit 1 1. Cantos alumnos están a facer judo neste
intre? 2. El está a mirar o correo electrónico na súa
tableta. 3. Usas un microscopio nas túas clases de
ciencias? 4. Hai algúns pinceis, un atlas e un compás
enriba do escritorio. 5. Ela aprende a facer salto de natación na
piscina.
Unit 2 1. Abby naceu en Madrid, mais criouse en
Barcelona. 2. El adoitaba pertencer a un club deportivo. 3. Ela recibiu un premio porque foi voluntaria
nun hospital. 4. Despois diso, non me unín a grupo ningún. 5. El adoitaba roubar cousas?
Unit 3 1. É arrepiante de máis andar por ese cantil. 2. A costa leste está máis illada que a costa oeste. 3. Non é suficientemente seguro entrar no canón. 4. Estes son os baixíos de coral máis
extraordinarios do mundo. 5. O porto non é tan bulicioso como a praia.
Unit 4 1. Quen chamou á túa muller? 2. Quen está a correr sobre o chan mollado? 3. Meus pais están a bailar ledamente baixo a
choiva. 4. A miña tía corre máis á présa que o meu tío. 5. Non nado tan ben coma o meu curmán.
Unit 5 1. O xurado estivo sentado no tribunal durante
tres horas. 2. O investigador forense non estivo a traballar
no seu laboratorio onte. 3. O falsificador estaba a pintar un cadro cando
o policía o arrestou. 4. O garda xurado estaba a durmir ás 10:00. 5. O detective estivo a mirar pegadas dixitais
toda a mañá.
26New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 6 1. Se a xente tirase o lixo ao océano, danaría o
baixío de coral. 2. Vou ir ao colexio en metro mañá. 3. Agardo que planten máis árbores no parque. 4. Imos dar unha volta en todo terreo esta fin de
semana. 5. Aforrarás enerxía se desenchufas a televisión.
Unit 7 1. Non esquecemos o teu aniversario. 2. El actuou nun circo desde que era un neno. 3. Os teus pais estiveron preocupados por ti
algunha vez? 4. Xamais me perdín. 5. Xamais dei de comer a un animal salvaxe
porque teño demasiado medo.
Unit 8 1. Non debes engordar antes da carreira. 2. Non podo xogar porque teño unha lesión. 3. Os atletas non deberían comer graxas pouco
sas. 4. Tes que facer exercicio porque é bo para o
corazón. 5. Os nutricionistas poden axudar á xente a
levar un estilo de vida saudábel.
Unit 9 1. Mike díxonos que non gustaba de levar roupa
formal. 2. Decidín mercar un vestido sinxelo e cómodo. 3. Mercar fundas de móbil e bolsos é divertido. 4. Bill dixo que non podía levar un suadoiro con
caparucha ao colexio. 5. Emma dixo que lle faría a Claire unha
pulseira ou un colar polo seu aniversario.
27New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
28New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Writing GuideAntes de escribirBrainstorming•Reparaenquecomprendesotemasobreoquevasescribir.
•Faiunhalistaxecoasideasrelacionadasconesetemaeanotatodasasquesecheocorransenpreocupartepolagramáticaninaortografía.
•Logoleesalistaxedeideaseelixeasimportantes.
Estrutura do parágrafoParagraph structure
Unparágrafotentrespartes:
•Aprimeiraoración(opening sentence),quepresentaaideaprincipal.
•Ocorpodoparágrafo(body of paragraph),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.
•Aderradeiraoración(closing sentence),queresumeaideaprincipalerepíteaconoutraspalabras.
Repasa o escritoChecking your writing
As maiúsculas (Capital letters)
Escríbenseconmaiúscula:
•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:
Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum
•asnacionalidades:English, Chinese, American•osdías:Saturday, Tuesday, Friday• osmeses: January, July, October• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración: My sister is
thirteen years old.• opronomepersoalI:I go ice skating and I play the
guitar.• osidiomas: French, Thai, Arabic •aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:
A Tale of Two Cities, Avatar, California Dreamin’, Christmas, SimCity
As preposicións de tempo (Prepositions of time)
Emprégansedistintaspreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadacaso.Préstalleatenciónaestesexemplos:
• at horas: at two o’clock festividades: at Christmas • on díasdasemana: on Sunday datas: on 10th May on Christmas Day• in meses: in June estacións: in winter anos: in 2010 partesdodía: in the eveningAgás: at the weekend at night
History of Tennis
Major Walter Wingfield invented the game in 1873.He gave it the name Sphairistike.People play tennis on tennis courts.The first world tennis competition at Wimbledon was in 1877.In 1877, there were 22 players and 200 spectators.People wear tennis shoes when they play tennis.Spencer Gore won the first competition.In 1884, women started competing in Wimbledon.
closing sentence
body of paragraph
opening sentenceI love music.
I use my phone on the way to school.
I download songs from the Internet
onto my phone and I listen to it all
the time. I like many types of music:
hip-hop, Latin, jazz and pop, too.
When there is good music, I’m happy.
29New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
A puntuación (Punctuation)• Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.
Mary is fourteen years old.• Avirgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantede and.
I’ve got maths, English and science today.• Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponsesóaofinaldaspreguntas.
Do you like sport?• Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponsóaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapénalgunhacousa.
I love football!
A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – Verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo. David walks to school. s v David is riding a new bike. s vMaisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverboouentreoauxiliareoverboprincipal. Where is my swimming cap? v s Does David walk to school? aux s v
A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal. Tom Hanks started acting in the 1980s. time expr.Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprincipalcunhavirgula. In the 1980s, Tom Hanks started acting. time expr.
A orde das palabras: os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)
• Poloxeralvandiantedossubstantivos. warm sweater adj n Etaméndetrásdoverboto be. The sweater is warm. v adj•Sehaivariosadxectivos,adoitanirnestaorde:
opinión,tamaño,cor. She’s got a beautiful, tiny black kitten. o s c
A orde das palabras: os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)
• Osadverbiosdeintensidadeedemodovandetrásdoverbo.
Anna is sitting very quietly.
•Osadverbiosdefrecuenciavandiantedoverbonasoraciónsafirmativas.
He always acts in comedies. adv v
Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Celebrities are usually very rich. v adv
As conxuncións (Linking words)
Sonpalabrasquexuntandúasoumáisideas.
• and (e)unedúasoraciónsouideas. I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.• or (ou)unedúasideasdistintas. We walk to school or we go on a bus.• but(pero,mais)contrastadúasideas. David likes travelling but he doesn’t like flying.• because (porque)expresaarazónoucausadalgunhacousa.
Janice doesn’t go on a motorboat because she doesn’t like water.
• so(xaquelogo)expresaoresultadodoquesedixoconanterioridade.
I forgot my textbook, so my teacher will be angry.
adverbofdegree adverbofmanner
30New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Os conectores de secuencia (Connectors of sequence)Candocontamosunhaseriedefeitosempregamosestaspalabrasparaamosaraordeenqueocorreron:
•first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)
•next (acontinuación) •then (logo,daquela,entón)•after that (logo,despois[diso])•finally (aofinal,pararematar)Firstsinalaoprimeiroquepasoue finally oderradeiro.My grandfather came to England sixty years ago. First, he worked in a restaurant. Next, he studied science at university. Then, he became a chemist and opened a chemist’s. After that, he met my grandmother and they got married. He worked for many years, but finally, he sold his shop and he and my grandmother went to live near the sea.
Os conectores temporais na narración (Narrative linkers)Osconectorestemporais,comowhen, suddenly ou a minute later,empréganseparaunirideasedarcohesiónánarración.I was in the shop when the robbery took place.Suddenly, a man started shouting.A police officer came a minute later and arrested the man.
As conxuncións e locucións consecutivas (Connectors of result)Asconxunciónselocuciónsconsecutivas,comofor this reason, as a resulteso,empréganseparapresentarunhasituacióneoseuresultadoouconsecuencia.Travelling by tram is very slow. For this reason, people prefer to take the underground.We waste too much water. As a result, there won’t be enough water for everyone in the near future.I don’t need these plastic bottles, so I’m going to recycle them.
As preposicións (Prepositions)Aspreposiciónsacompañanunsubstantivo,pronomeousintagmanominaleasúafunciónvaríasegundooquequereexpresar:podenservirparaamosardirección,posiciónoutempo,asícomoparaintroduciruncomplemento.
Édifícilaprenderaempregaraspreposiciónsaxeitadamentenunidiomaestranxeiro.Moitossubstantivos,verboseadxectivosemprégansecondeterminadaspreposicións,maisásvecesnonsepodesabercaléapreposicióncorrectaecómpreaprenderasexpresiónsdememoria.
He is coming at 3 o’clock. We were standing at the door. She was born on 9th July. The books are on the table. The keys are in my pocket. I usually have a shower in the morning. In the end, Redhill won the match.We played against the Timberwolves. He is the captain of the Timberwolves. Who is running with the ball right now?She received an injury to her leg.The shop is open from Monday to Friday.The score went from 12 to 44.He fell in the last minute of the game.We won the competition for the fifth time in a row.
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogoti xogas
el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades
eles, elas xogan
I playyou play
he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play
PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando
el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
I am playingyou are playing
he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing
eu vou xogarti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play
you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play
we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás
el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes
eles, elas xogarán
I will playyou will play
he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play
PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE
eu xogabati xogabas
el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades
eles, elas xogaban
I was playingyou were playing
he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing
eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar
el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar
eles, elas estaban a xogarPAST SIMPLE
I playedyou played
he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
eu xogueiti xogachesel, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes
eles, elas xogaron
PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASEI have played
you have playedhe, she, it has played
we have playedyou have playedthey have played
eu teño xogadoti tes xogado
el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado
eles, elas teñen xogado
31New English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Cadros resumo
IH-011-965