new employee orientation fn000241/cr general employee radiation training (gert)

New Employee OrientationNew Employee Orientation

FN000241/CRFN000241/CR

GGeneral eneral EEmployee mployee RRadiation adiation TTrainingraining

(GERT)(GERT)


ObjectivesObjectivesUpon completion of this class, the participant will be Upon completion of this class, the participant will be able to DISCUSS the Fermilab Radiological Control able to DISCUSS the Fermilab Radiological Control Program in regards to radiological terminology, Program in regards to radiological terminology, hazards, risks, identification systems and employee hazards, risks, identification systems and employee responsibilities.responsibilities.

•DEFINE natural background and man-made sources of DEFINE natural background and man-made sources of radiation, as well as sources of radiation at Fermilab.radiation, as well as sources of radiation at Fermilab.

•DEFINE the basic terminology used in radiological control.DEFINE the basic terminology used in radiological control.

•DIFFERENTIATE between non-ionizing and ionizing DIFFERENTIATE between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation.radiation.


Understand:Understand: the potential biological effects from ionizing radiation.the potential biological effects from ionizing radiation. the whole body radiation exposure limit for non-the whole body radiation exposure limit for non-

radiological workers.radiological workers. the ALARA concept and principles.the ALARA concept and principles. the methods used to control radioactive material.the methods used to control radioactive material. general employee responsibilities for the Radiological general employee responsibilities for the Radiological

Control program.Control program. what to do in case of a radiation emergency.what to do in case of a radiation emergency.

ObjectivesObjectives


Sources of RadiationSources of Radiation

Natural backgroundNatural background

Man-made backgroundMan-made background

Fermilab sourcesFermilab sources


Natural BackgroundNatural Background

U.S. Average = 360 mrem/yearU.S. Average = 360 mrem/yearCosmic RadiationCosmic Radiation Internal SourcesInternal Sources

Eat, drink, breatheEat, drink, breathe

TerrestrialTerrestrialRocks & SoilRocks & SoilRadonRadon


Man-made BackgroundMan-made Background

MedicalMedicalDiagnostic X-rays & nuclear medicineDiagnostic X-rays & nuclear medicine

Consumer productsConsumer productsSmoke detectors, lantern mantels, smoking Smoke detectors, lantern mantels, smoking

productsproductsFallout from weapons testingFallout from weapons testing


Fermilab SourcesFermilab Sources

Largest dose from accidental exposure to Largest dose from accidental exposure to operating beamoperating beam

Low-level sourcesLow-level sourcesMagnetsMagnetsActivated materialsActivated materials


DefinitionsDefinitions rad - the amount of energy deposited in rad - the amount of energy deposited in

matter by radiationmatter by radiation

rem - the amount of biological damage rem - the amount of biological damage done to our bodies by ionizing radiationdone to our bodies by ionizing radiation

most doses are so small, they are usually most doses are so small, they are usually reported in thousandths of a rem, or reported in thousandths of a rem, or millirem (mrem)millirem (mrem)


DefinitionsDefinitions

GENERAL EMPLOYEEGENERAL EMPLOYEE - - an individual an individual who may encounter radiological barriers, who may encounter radiological barriers, postings, and/or radioactive materials in postings, and/or radioactive materials in the course of his/her assignment.the course of his/her assignment.



RADIOLOGICAL WORKERRADIOLOGICAL WORKER - an individual - an individual whose job assignment requires work on, whose job assignment requires work on, with, or in the proximity of radiation with, or in the proximity of radiation producing machines or radioactive producing machines or radioactive material and has the potential of being material and has the potential of being exposed to greater than 100 mrem each exposed to greater than 100 mrem each year as part of their job at Fermilab.year as part of their job at Fermilab.



CONTROLLED AREACONTROLLED AREA - an area where - an area where access is controlled due to the chance of access is controlled due to the chance of higher than background radiation levels higher than background radiation levels being present.being present.

RADIATIONRADIATION - energy emitted in the form - energy emitted in the form of rays or particles from unstable atoms or of rays or particles from unstable atoms or accelerator beams.accelerator beams.


DefinitionsDefinitions RADIOACTIVE MATERIALRADIOACTIVE MATERIAL - any material, equipment, - any material, equipment,

or system component that contains or has on its or system component that contains or has on its surface unstable atoms.surface unstable atoms.

RADIOACTIVITYRADIOACTIVITY - the natural and spontaneous - the natural and spontaneous process by which unstable atoms emit or radiate process by which unstable atoms emit or radiate excess energy.excess energy.

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATIONRADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION - radioactive - radioactive material that is removable, loose, transferable, or in material that is removable, loose, transferable, or in an unwanted place.an unwanted place.


Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation

Enough energy to remove electrons from Enough energy to remove electrons from an electrically neutral atoman electrically neutral atom

Type of radiation of most concern and Type of radiation of most concern and what is usually referred to when one what is usually referred to when one speaks of radiation speaks of radiation


Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation

Four basic types of ionizing radiationFour basic types of ionizing radiationAlpha particlesAlpha particlesBeta particlesBeta particlesGamma & X-raysGamma & X-raysNeutronsNeutrons


Non-Ionizing RadiationNon-Ionizing Radiation

does not have enough energy to remove does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an electrically neutral an electron from an electrically neutral atomatom

capable of causing biological damage, but capable of causing biological damage, but not a major radiological concernnot a major radiological concern includes microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet includes microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet

and visible lightand visible light


Biological EffectsBiological Effects

Effects of radiation on biological systems Effects of radiation on biological systems depend on the total dose and the rate at depend on the total dose and the rate at whichwhich the dose is deliveredthe dose is delivered

Acute doseAcute dose

Chronic doseChronic dose


Acute DoseAcute Dose

Large dose that is received over a short Large dose that is received over a short period of timeperiod of time radiation therapy for cancer treatmentradiation therapy for cancer treatmentaccidentaccident


Chronic DoseChronic Dose

Small amount of radiation received over Small amount of radiation received over long periods of timelong periods of timenatural backgroundnatural background routine medical exposuresroutine medical exposureswork-related or occupational exposureswork-related or occupational exposures


Chronic DoseChronic Dose

Biological effects from a chronic exposure Biological effects from a chronic exposure may be observed in the individualmay be observed in the individual

Genetic effects may appear in an Genetic effects may appear in an individual's children as a result of a dose individual's children as a result of a dose to that person's reproductive cells, prior to to that person's reproductive cells, prior to conceptionconception



Developing embryo/fetus is the most Developing embryo/fetus is the most radiosensitive stage of human development radiosensitive stage of human development because the cells are rapidly dividing because the cells are rapidly dividing

Exposure of the embryo/fetus to radiation may Exposure of the embryo/fetus to radiation may increase the child's chances of impaired physical increase the child's chances of impaired physical growth, slower mental development or childhood growth, slower mental development or childhood cancercancer



The risk to a fetus is virtually eliminated by The risk to a fetus is virtually eliminated by special protective measures for pregnant special protective measures for pregnant radiation workersradiation workers

Occupational exposures may slightly Occupational exposures may slightly increase the risk for the development of increase the risk for the development of cancer and/or cataractscancer and/or cataracts


Dose LimitDose Limit

Radiation dose limit for general employees isRadiation dose limit for general employees is

100 mrem/year100 mrem/year


ALARAALARA

As Low As Reasonably AchievableAs Low As Reasonably Achievable

The concept at the heart of any The concept at the heart of any radiological control programradiological control program

Minimize exposures to radiation and Minimize exposures to radiation and radioactive materials, on site and off siteradioactive materials, on site and off site


ALARAALARA

TimeTime - Reduce the amount of time spent - Reduce the amount of time spent near a source of radiation.near a source of radiation.

DistanceDistance - Stay as far away from the - Stay as far away from the source as possible.source as possible.

ShieldingShielding - Place some type of shielding - Place some type of shielding between you and the source.between you and the source.


Other Lab PoliciesOther Lab Policies

Particle beams will not be accelerated without Particle beams will not be accelerated without good reasongood reason

No person will be exposed to radiation No person will be exposed to radiation unnecessarilyunnecessarily

Beam losses will be limited so that the residual Beam losses will be limited so that the residual dose rate inside the beamline enclosures will dose rate inside the beamline enclosures will safely permit maintenancesafely permit maintenance


Radiological ControlsRadiological ControlsAll areas or materials controlled for All areas or materials controlled for

radiological purposes are identified by one radiological purposes are identified by one or more of the following:or more of the following:

Signs that have the standard radiation symbol Signs that have the standard radiation symbol colored magenta or black on a yellow colored magenta or black on a yellow background posted at the entrancebackground posted at the entrance

Yellow, and magenta or black rope, tape, Yellow, and magenta or black rope, tape, chains or other barriers are used to designate chains or other barriers are used to designate the boundaries of posted areasthe boundaries of posted areas


Radiological ControlsRadiological ControlsLabels are used to identify radioactive materialLabels are used to identify radioactive material

Yellow plastic wrapping is used to package Yellow plastic wrapping is used to package radioactive materialradioactive material

Only designated areas are used to store Only designated areas are used to store radioactive materialradioactive material

Protective clothing and equipment are used to Protective clothing and equipment are used to protect personnel fromprotect personnel from contaminationcontamination


PostingsPostings

Controlled AreaControlled AreaAn area to which access is controlled to An area to which access is controlled to

protect personnel from exposure to radiation protect personnel from exposure to radiation and/or radioactive material above natural and/or radioactive material above natural background levelsbackground levels

Radioactive Materials AreaRadioactive Materials AreaAn area where radioactive materials are used, An area where radioactive materials are used,

stored, or handledstored, or handled


PostingsPostings

Radiation AreaRadiation Area Area with dose rates between 5 mrem/hr and 100 Area with dose rates between 5 mrem/hr and 100

mrem/hr.mrem/hr.

High Radiation AreaHigh Radiation Area An area with dose rates >100 mrem/hr, but An area with dose rates >100 mrem/hr, but << 500 500

rad/hrrad/hr

OtherOther Can designate areas with higher dose rates or Can designate areas with higher dose rates or

contaminationcontamination


Label Classification SystemLabel Classification System

Classes numbered 1 through 5Classes numbered 1 through 5

The greater the number on the label, the The greater the number on the label, the greater the level of radiation being emittedgreater the level of radiation being emitted


GERT Authorized EntryGERT Authorized Entry

May enter a Controlled Area without an May enter a Controlled Area without an escortescort

May enter an area solely posted as a May enter an area solely posted as a Radioactive Material Area provided that Radioactive Material Area provided that you do not handle any radioactive you do not handle any radioactive materialsmaterials


Employee ResponsibilitiesEmployee Responsibilities

Obey all signs/postingsObey all signs/postings

Comply with all radiological and safety rulesComply with all radiological and safety rules

Do not enter radiological areas for which you Do not enter radiological areas for which you have not had the appropriate training, unless have not had the appropriate training, unless escortedescorted



If being escorted:If being escorted:obey the instructions of your escort obey the instructions of your escort wear required dosimetrywear required dosimetry

Be alert for and report unusual radiological Be alert for and report unusual radiological situationssituations



Know where and/or how to contact Know where and/or how to contact Radiological Control personnel in your work Radiological Control personnel in your work areaarea

Comply with emergency procedures for your Comply with emergency procedures for your work areawork area

Keep exposures to radiation and radioactive Keep exposures to radiation and radioactive materials ALARAmaterials ALARA


Emergency SituationsEmergency Situations

A radiation emergency is any situation A radiation emergency is any situation involving radiation which places or may involving radiation which places or may place in jeopardy human life, health, or place in jeopardy human life, health, or safety or valuable propertysafety or valuable property fires in radiation areasfires in radiation areasa leaking container in a radiation areaa leaking container in a radiation areaa transportation accident involving radioactive a transportation accident involving radioactive

materialmaterial


Emergency SituationsEmergency Situations

Responsibility for reporting the emergency Responsibility for reporting the emergency initially rests with the person who discovers itinitially rests with the person who discovers it

If you discover what you think may be an If you discover what you think may be an emergency of any kind:emergency of any kind: Call X3131Call X3131 Remain on the sceneRemain on the scene Keep others from entering the hazardous areaKeep others from entering the hazardous area


Comparison of RisksComparison of RisksACTIVITYACTIVITY DAYS LOSTDAYS LOST

Being an unmarried maleBeing an unmarried male 35003500 Cigarette smoking (1 pack/day)Cigarette smoking (1 pack/day) 22502250 Being an unmarried femaleBeing an unmarried female 16001600 Working as a coal minerWorking as a coal miner 11001100 Being 25% overweightBeing 25% overweight 777 777 Consuming alcohol (US average)Consuming alcohol (US average) 365 365 Being a construction workerBeing a construction worker 227 227 Driving a motor vehicleDriving a motor vehicle 207 207 All industryAll industry 60 60 Exposure to 100 mrem/year for 70 yearsExposure to 100 mrem/year for 70 years 10 10 Drinking coffeeDrinking coffee 6 6


Comparison of RisksComparison of RisksRELATIVE RISK OF 1 IN A MILLION CHANCES OF DYINGRELATIVE RISK OF 1 IN A MILLION CHANCES OF DYING

ACTIVITYACTIVITY CAUSE OF CAUSE OF DEATHDEATH

Smoking 1.4 cigarettesSmoking 1.4 cigarettes Lung cancerLung cancer Eating 40 tbsp. of peanut butterEating 40 tbsp. of peanut butter CancerCancer Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaksEating 100 charcoal broiled steaks CancerCancer Spending 2 days in New York CitySpending 2 days in New York City Air pollutionAir pollution Driving 40 miles in a carDriving 40 miles in a car AccidentAccident Flying 2500 miles in a jetFlying 2500 miles in a jet AccidentAccident Canoeing for 6 minutesCanoeing for 6 minutes DrowningDrowning Receiving 10 mrem of radiationReceiving 10 mrem of radiation CancerCancer


SummarySummary As an employee, it is important to be informed of As an employee, it is important to be informed of

the radiological hazards at the sitethe radiological hazards at the site

Workers need to be able to identify the hazards Workers need to be able to identify the hazards and take appropriate protective measuresand take appropriate protective measures

Through an enhanced awareness and a sense Through an enhanced awareness and a sense of personal responsibility and ownership, each of personal responsibility and ownership, each employee can contribute to safe ALARA employee can contribute to safe ALARA practicespractices


SummarySummaryShould you have any questions regarding the Should you have any questions regarding the material in this presentation, please ask your material in this presentation, please ask your supervisor or contact your Area Radiation Safety supervisor or contact your Area Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) or the ES&H Radiation Physics TeamOfficer (RSO) or the ES&H Radiation Physics Team

Accelerator Division RSOAccelerator Division RSO X4570X4570 Business Services Section RSOBusiness Services Section RSO X8386X8386 Computing Division RSOComputing Division RSO X8493X8493 Facilities Eng. Services Sect. RSOFacilities Eng. Services Sect. RSO X8448X8448 Particle Physics Division RSOParticle Physics Division RSO X4407X4407 Technical Division RSOTechnical Division RSO X5424X5424 ES&H Radiation Physics TeamES&H Radiation Physics Team X3465X3465

new employee orientation fn000241/cr general employee radiation training (gert)

Documents

manmade sources of radiation

radiation rad

radiation emergency

ionizing radiation rem

body radiation exposure

radiological terminology

radiological barriers

non radiological workers