new emerging energy sources and systems · marintek seminar at norshipping 2009. 2 new emerging...
TRANSCRIPT
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New emerging energy sources and systems
Per Magne
EinangResearch Director, Energy systems and
EnvironmentMARINTEK
MARINTEK seminar at NorShipping
2009
2
New emerging energy sources and systems
Content of presentation
New emission limits
Status of fuel consumption (CO2) for shipping
Potential for reduction of CO2
LNG as the alternative fuel
Example from a RoRo
concept
LNG distribution and price level
3
Greener shipping –
focus on emission to air
In Emission Control Areas (ECA) for new ships after 2016 have to meet limit of SOx
= 0,1% and NOx
reduction of 80% of today's limit
Expecting new special limits for Particular Matter (PM)
2008
200920
10201
120
12201
320
142015
2016
2017
2018201
920
2020
212022
2023202
4202
5
00,5
11,5
22,5
33,5
44,5
5
SOx[
%]
Year
IMO Sulphur Reduction
ECA LimitGlobal limit
NOx Emission limits IMO
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Speed [RPM]N
Ox
[g/k
Wh]
Tier I 2000
Tier II 2011
Tier III 2016
ECA limits in 2016
New stringent limits for SOx
and NOx
4
East of 5 W
East of 4 W
South of 62 N
North SeaBalticSea
Mongstad
Bergen
Falmouth
57.44.08 N
IMOSECA S < 1.5%
Sulphur Emission Control Area SECA areas
S < 0,1%NOx
< 80% of today’s
levellevel
Will become ECA areas
5
Emission Control Areas –
decided by IMO
Possible new Emission Control Area (ECA)
Baltic Sea
North Sea
West coast of USA (proposed as new ECA)
Gulf of Mexico (proposed as new ECA)
Tokyo Bay
Canada is also proposing new ECA
6
Level of CO2 emission for shipping and possible reduction
7
Emission of CO2 from shipping compared to total global emission (2007)
Global CO2 emissions
Domestic shipping & fishing0,6 %
International Aviation1,9 %
International Shipping
2,7 %
Rail0,5 %
Other Transport (Road)21,3 %
Electricity and Heat Production
35,0 %
Other 15,3 %
Other Energy Industries
4,6 %
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
18,2 %
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Status 2007 Fuel consumption by ship category
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Fuel consumption (million tons / yr)
Deep sea ships
Regional ships
Bulk
General Cargo
Container
RoRo/Vehicle
Ropax
Cruise
Tank
The total fuel consumption:
333 mill ton/year (3.3% of the world fossil fuel consumption)
Deep sea:
220 mill ton/year
Regional:
113 mill ton/year
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Range of typical energy efficiencies for various cargo carriers
Road
RoRo/Vehicle
LPG
Bulk
Reefer
LNG
Crude
Container
General Cargo
Chemical
Product
Rail
0 10 20 30 40 50 60g fuel
/ ton*km
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Freight transport by ships is the most energy efficient meansof transport
The question is if the transport efficiency is optimal?
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Assessment of potential reduction of CO2 emissions from shipping by using known technology (high scenario)
DESIGN (New ships) Saving (%) of CO2/tonne-mile
Combined Combined
Concept, speed & capability 2–50+ Hull and superstructure 2–20 Power and propulsion systems
5–15
Low-carbon fuels 5–15* Renewable energy 1–10 Exhaust gas CO2 reduction 0
10–50%+
OPERATION (All ships) Fleet management, logistics & incentives
5–50+
Voyage optimization 1–10 Energy management 1–10
10–50%+
25–75%+
+ Reductions at this level would require reductions of speed.* CO2 equivalent based on the use of LNG.
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LNG as fuel is the real environmentally friendly alternative
LNG, Liquefied Natural Gas, cryogenic liquid at -162 ºC and atmospheric pressure
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Natural gas (LNG) as fuel for ships -
experience
The first LNG ferry Glutra
2000
Two Supply Vessels 2003Two new supply vessels on order
Series of five LNG car ferries 2007Ten new ferries will be ordered
Three military vessels on order
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“Bergensfjord”
In service January 2007
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One of the LNG ferries at berth close to Bergen
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LNG bunkering station at ferry berth
Capacity bunkering station:2x 500m3
LNG
LNG transferred by pump
Filling time for the largeLNG ferries about twohours
Refuelled every third night
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“Bergensfjord”
In service January 2007
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LNG powered RoRo
freight ship (gas only) Two ships under construction for delivery in 2010-11
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IMO’s Interim guidelines for Gas fuelled ships (To be approved at MEPC July 2009)
ExamplesDifferent engine room arrangements
Inherently safe engine room
Double piping to gas engine
No special requirements
ESD (Emergency Shut Down) protected engine room
Minimum two separate engine rooms
Redundant systems
Increased ventilation
Gas detection
Minimum of ignition sources
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Main Gas engine Rolls Royce B35:40V12P-G marine
Arrangement with
double walled
piping on
main
gas supply
and pre-chamber
gas
Gas dangerous
area
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Gas dangerous
area
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Main gas engine Rolls-Royce Bergen B35:40 V 12
Spark ignited lean-burn gas engine
Rolls-Royce Bergen
Gas engine
B35:40-V12
Power: 5250 kW
Efficiency: 48%
NOx: 1,2 g/kWh
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Exhaust
emission
- Natural
gas vs
MDO
Source: Rolls-Royce Marine
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
g/kWh
MDO 1% S natural gas
0
2
4
6
g/kWh
MDO 1% S natural gas
SO2
Particulates
0
6
12
18
g/kWh
MDO 1% S natural gas
0
200
400
600
800
g/kWh
MDO 1% S natural gas
CO2
NOx
Sulphur
emission is eliminated
Particulate matter is close to zero
CO2 is reduced by 26% (same efficiency) Due to unburned methane the net reduction
of greenhouse gases is somewhat lower
NOx
is reduced by 80-90%
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For the ship the main challenge is LNG storageSpace requirement and cost
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Outer tank as secondary barrier (low temperature material) Integrated cold box extension of the outer tank
LNG storage vacuum isolated pressure tank
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Development
of
a new
LNG storage
system (IMO A tank)
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Renewable fuels?
Just a small portion from wind, solar and wave energy are considered realistic.
Liquid methane from biomass could replace the fossil based LNG
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What about availability of LNG and price?
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Small scale receiving terminals in Norway (2006)
Receiving LNG terminals
LNG receiving terminals in operation (read) and under construction (blue)
Total number of 26 terminals
Wide span in size 100m3 -
3500m3 LNG
Source of LNGLocal production (marked P)
Karmøy
20000 ton/year
Kollsnes1 40000 ton/year
Kollsnes2
80000 ton/year
Tjelbergodden
10000 ton/yearTotal
150000 ton/year
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Small receiving terminal at an aluminum plant LNG ship 1000m3 LNG
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Gasnor
New LNG vessel 2. quarter of 2009
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Large LNG terminals in Europe
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Price level trend LNG vs
Marin Gas Oil (MGO)
LNG and MGO prices vs Crude oil price on energy basis
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Brent crude oil price [$/barrel]
Fuel
pric
es [$
/ton] LNG small scale
LNG import JapanMGO market price
At high crude oil price LNG has a significant price margin to Marin Gas Oil (MGO)
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Summing up
The main challenge for the shipping industry is emissions to air; SOx, NOx, PM and GHG
Improvement of energy efficiency has a significant potential for reduction of GHG and at the same time reducing the harmful
emissions and it is good for the economy.
LNG is considered to be the main alternative fuel to fuel oils. LNG fuelled ships will meet all the known emission requirements without exhaust gas cleaning and has a considerable potential to a net reduction of GHG
Renewable fuels? Just a small portion from wind, solar and wave are considered realistic. Liquid methane from biomass could replace the fossil based LNG
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CIMAC CIRCLE Norway
2009Panel discussion: Gas fuelled ships –
as solution for
traffic in coastal and inland waterways?
Thursday, 11 June 2009, 13:00 at Buskerud
meeting room(Thon Arena Hotel)
Free Admission
