new doc 2017-10-17 10.48 - thunderridge...

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Scanned by CamScanner i s s odi tım ch lo r id e . c o m m o n ta bl e salt . th a t c o n t r ib u te to th e o cean ' s s a l i n it y . O M o s t o f th e sa lt in s ea w t e r i t y o f s e a w a te r is 3 . 5% o r 3 5% o . Fi g u re 1 sh o w s th e p r in c i p al e le m e t yp i c a ll y e x p r e s s s a lin it y in p arts \ r th ou san d ( % o ) . Th e a v e n g e ral i ïľ solv e d s u b s ta n c e s in s e a w a te r is s u c h a s m a ll n um ber , o cea ï ı o g ta p h er s ( % ), w h i ch is p a rts p e r h u n d re d . e B e c a u se th e p ro p o r tio n o f d i* th e w ater sa m p le . M a n y com m on q u an titie s a re ex p ressed in p er cer ı t i n w a te r . I t i s th e r a t io o f th e m a s s o f d is s o lv e d s u b s ta n c e s to th e m ass o f s a l in it y ( sa lin a s = sa l t ) i s th e to ta l a m o u n t o f so lid m a te ń a l d i sso l ved '" J s aıin i · · · b eca u se th e o ce a n is so vast . so lved com p o n e n ts m a y seem sm a ll . T h e actual q u a n tit y is hu g e th at are co lle c tiv e l y te rm ed " s a l ts " A l th ou g h th e p e rc e n ta g e o f d is - S ea w ater co n sists o f ab o u t 3 . 5 p erce n t d is s o lv ed m in e r a l su b sta n ces O u r o w n bod y flu id chem is t r y is s im ila r to th e ch em is t r y o f seaw ater W a te r is th e m a j o r c om p o n e n t o f nearl y ever y life fo r m on a re fu ll o f life ada p te d to th is e n v iro n m ent . h i g ı ıl y c o r ro s iv e to m an y m a te r ia ls . H o w ever . M a n y p a r ts o f th e o cean u n su it a b le fo r d rin k in g o r fo r ir r i g a tin g m o s t c ro p s a n d c a u se s it to be tra ce am ounts in seaw a te r . Th e sa lt c o n te n t o f s eaw ater m a k e s it e ver y k n o w n n a tu r a ll y occu r r in g e le m e n t is fo u n d d is s o lv e d in a t le a st so d iu m c h lo r id e , o t h e r s a lts , m e ta ı s , a n d e v e n d isso lv e d g ases . I n fact , sta n ces th at g iv e it a sa lt y ta ste . Th ese d is s o ı v ed su b sta n c e s in clu d e th e m o s t o b v io u s d iffe re n c e s is th a t s e a w a te r c o n ta in s d iss o lv e d s u h a t is th e d iffe r e n ce b e tw een p u re w a te r a n d se a w a te r ? O n e of W 422 Ch a p ter 15 th e w ate r sa ı ts a n d o th e r so ıid s d is s o lv e d in w a te r a n d 3 5 g ra m s o f v a r io us o f 3 5% o c o n s is ts o f 9 6 5 g ra m s o f g ra m s o f s e a w a te r w it h a sa lin it y Circle g ra p h sh o w s th at 1000 Fi g ure 1 Saı t s in S e a w a t e r This ı H , ı llı d . ? th re e m a in b . ? w n at ų a c e ss. A Ħe c t s e a w a r a . ) sa lt in ocean w a te r? Q u e s tio n s A b o u t S eaw a te r A n sw u s K e y c o n ce p ts ! X , '" X . H · [ R ead ın g Fo cu s ] ! H

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Page 1: new doc 2017-10-17 10.48 - THUNDERRIDGE HStrhsgilsdorf.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/0/3/42033425/new_doc_2017-1… · Scanned by CamScanner is so d itım ch lo r id e. mc o m o n t a ble

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is s o d itım c h lo r id e . c o m m o n t a b le s a lt .

th a t c o n t r ib u te to th e o c e a n'

s s a lin it y . O M o s t o f th e sa l t in sea w

terity o f s e a w a te r is 3 . 5 % o r 3 5 % o . F ig u r e 1 s h o w s t h e p

r in c ipa l e le m e lı

ty p ic a lly e x p r e s s s a lin it y in p a r t s \ r th o u s a n d (% o ). T h e a v e n ge ral

iï ľs o lv e d s u b s ta n c e s in s e a w a te r is s u c h a s m a ll n u m b e r , o c e a ï ıo g

t a ph er

s(% ), w h ic h is p a r ts p e r h u n d r e d . e B e c a u s e th e p

r o po r tio n o f d i

*th e w a te r s a m p le . M a n

y c o m m o n q u a n t itie s a r e e x p r e s s e d in pe rce

r ıtin w a te r . It is th e r a t io o f th e m a s s o f d is s o lv e d s u b s ta n c e s to th e m ass o

fs a l in ity (s a lin a s =

s a lt) is th e to ta l a m o u n t o f s o lid m a te ń a l d isso lv ed

' "J

s a ıin i · · ·

b e c a u s e th e o c e a n is s o v a s t .

s o lv e d c o m p o n e n ts m a y s e e m s m a ll. T h e a c tu a l q u a n tity is h u g

e

th a t a r e c o lle c tiv e ly te r m e d"

s a lts"

A lth o u g h th e p e rc e n ta ge o f d is

-

S e a w a te r c o n s is t s o f a b o u t 3 . 5 p e r c e n t d is s o lv e d m in e r a l su b sta n ces

O u r o w n b o d y flu id c h e m is t r y is s im ila r to th e c h e m is tr y o f se a w a ter

W a te r is th e m a jo r c o m p o n e n t o f n e a r ly ev e r y l

ife fo r m o n

a r e fu ll o f life a d a p te d to t h is e n v ir o n m e n t .

h igııly c o r r o s iv e to m a n y m a te r ia ls . H o w e v e r . M a n y p a r ts o f th e o cean

u n s u ita b le fo r d r in k in g o r fo r ir r ig a tin g m o s t c r o p s a n d c a u se s it to b e

tr a c e a m o u n t s in s e a w a te r . T h e s a lt c o n te n t o f s e a w a te r m a k es it

e v e r y k n o w n n a t u r a lly o c c u r r in

g ele m e n t is fo u n d d is s o lv e d in a t le a st

s o d iu m c h lo r id e , o t h e r s a lts , m e t a ıs , a n d e v e n d is s o lv e d g a s e s . In fa ct,

s ta n c e s th a t g iv e it a s a lty t a s t e . T h e s e d is s o ıv e d s u b s ta n c e s in c lu d e

th e m o s t o b v io u s d iffe r e n c e s is t h a t s e a w a t e r c o n t a in s d is s o lv e d s u

h a t is th e d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n p u r e w a te r a n d s e a w a te r ? O n e o fW

4 2 2 C h a p te r 1 5

th e w a t e r

s a ıts a n d o t h e r s o ıid s d is s o lv e d in

w a t e r a n d 3 5 g r a m s o f v a r io u s

o f 3 5 % o c o n s is ts o f 9 6 5 gr a m s o f

g ra m s o f s e a w a t e r w it h a s a lin it y

Circle g ra p h s h o w s t h a t 1 0 0 0

F ig u r e 1 S a ıt s in S e a w a t e r T h is

ı H,

ıllı

d . ?

th re e m a in b .

?

w n a t ų

a c e s s . A Ħe c t s e a w a r

a . )

s a lt in o c e a n w a te r ? Q u e s tio n s A b o u t S e a w a te r A n sw u s

K e y c o n c e p t s

! X ,

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H ·

[ R e a d ın g F o c u s ]

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re g io n s .

in te n s ity o f s o la r r a d ia t io n i n h ig h la titu d e s is m u c h

T h e gr a p h in F ig u r e 3 s h o w s th is r p ln l in n qh i

p . T he

s o la r r a d ia t io n r e c e iv e d , w h i c h is p ń m a r il y a ħ rn c t io n o f la titu d E

e T h e o c e a n's s u r f a c e w a t e r t e m

pe r a h ır e v a ń e s w i t h t h e a m o n t f

O c e a n T e m p e r a t u r e V a r ia t io n

r e la tiv e ly fr e s h w a te r d ilu te s th e s o lu t io n a n d s a lin it y d e c r e a se s .

se a w a te r in c r e a s e s . In s u m m e r w h e n s e a ic e m e lts , t h e a d d iū o n o r

n o t b e c o m e p a r t o f th e ic e . T h e re fo r e , t h e s a l i n i ty

o f t h e r c m a j

m a tio n a n d m e ltin g o f s e a ic e . W n e n s e a w a te r fr e e z e s in w in te r, s a lßdo

S u r fa c e s a lin ity in p o la r r e g

io n s v a r ie s s e a s o n a lly d u e to th e fm ·

th e s e e x a m p le s a re s h o w n o n th e g r a p h in F ig u r e 3 .

in th e m id - la t it u d e s a n d n e a r th e e qu a t o r , s a l i n it

y i s l o w e r . B o th o F

]n a r e a s w h e r e la r ge a m o u n ts o f

pr e c ip

ita tio n d ilu te o c e a n \y a le rs, a s

e v a p o ra tio n r a te s a re h ig h , a s is th e c a s e in th e d r y s u b t r o p ic a l reg io n s .

fo r m a t io n o f s e a ic e . H ig h s a lin itie s , fo r e x a m p le , a r e f o u n d w here

w a te ı, in c r e a s in g s a lin it y

. T h e s e p ro c e s s e s in c lu d e e v a p o r a tio n a n d th e

O th e r p r o c e s s e s r e m o v e la r ge a m o u n ts o f fr e s h w a te r fr o m s .

te m p e r a tu r e h ig h e s t ? W h y ?

s u rfa c e s a lin ity (lo . E r c u . e ) .

te m p e ra t u re (to p c u rv e ) a n d

v a ria t io n s in o c e a n s u r fa c e

F ig u r e 3 T h is g ra p h s h o w s t h e

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O ce a n W a te r a n d O c e a n Lij 4 2 S

ıa t it u d e s ?

th e r m o d in e a b s e n t in t h e h ig h

A p p ıy in g C o n c e p t s W iry i s t h e

la t it u d e a n d h ig h - la t it u d e r e g i

t e m p e r a t u r e w it h d e p th f o r ıo w

th e v a ria t io n s in o c e a n w a t e r

F ig u r e 4 T h e s e g r a p h s s h o w

has h ig h sa lin ity is s o m e o f th e h ig h e s t - d e n s ity

w a te r in th e w o r ld .

c o n sta n tq o e s s a lin ity s ig n ific a n tly affe c t d e n s ity . C o ld w a te r th a t a ls o

artas o f th e o c e a n -

w h e r e te m p e r a tu re s a r e lo w a n d r e m a in r e la t iv e ly

are g re a te r th a n s a lin it y

v a r ia t io n s . In fa c t , o n ıy in th e e x tre m e p o la r

sea w a t e r d e n s ity b e c a u s e v a r ia t io n s in s u r fa c e s e a w a te r te m p e r a t u r e

seah ate r d e n s ity . T e m p e r a t u r e h a s th e g r e a te s t in flu e n c e o n s u r fa c e

in seaw a te r d e n s ity . A n in c r e a s e in te m p

e r a tu r e re s u lts in a d e c r e a s e in

in crease in sa lin ity a d d s d is s o lv e d s u b s ta n c e s a n d r e s u lts in a n in c r e a s e

sity is in flu e n c e d b y tw o m a in fa c to r s s a lin it y a n d te m p e r a tm e . A n

Fa cto rs A f f e c t ın g s e a w a t e r D e n s ıt y O s e a w a te r d e n -

below th e fre sh w a te r .

staw a te r is a d d e d to lo w - d e n s it y fr es h w a te * th e d e n s e r s e a w a te r s in k s

cau se larg e a r e a s o f o c e a n w a t e r t o s in k o r fıo a t . W ħe n h i

gh - d e n s ity

m in e s th e w a te r'

s v e r t ic a l p o s it io n in t h e o c e a n . D e n s ity d i f f e r e n c e s

D en sity is a n im p o r ta n t p r o p e r t y o f o c e a n w a te r b e c a u s e it d e te r -

size, s u c h a s c e m e n t , m o s t m e t a ls , o r a la r ge c o n ta in e r fu ll o f w a te r .

pack in g , o r a s u r fb o a rd . A n o b je c t th a t h a s h ig h d e n s it y is h e a v y fo r its

that h as lo w d e n s ity is ligh tw e i

g h t fo r it s s iz e , s u c h a s a d ry s p o n

g e , fo a 】n

m easu re o f h o w h e a v y so m e th in g is fo r its s iz e . F o r e x a m p le , a n o b je c t

D en sity is d e fin e d a s m a s s p e r u n it v o l u m e . It c a n b e th o u g h t o f a s a

O c e a n D e n s it y V a r ia t io n

i

Te ◆ p e rd u re (C °

)- T e m p e ï a t u r e (C l -

Lo w la liM d e $ H ig h l a t i t u d

ıl ê - o t is th e th e r m o c lin e ?

(oıu m n is iso th e r m a l ( is o-

s a m e , t lıe r m o - h e a t) .

not p re se n t in h ig h la titu d e s . In s te a d , t h e w a te r

chan g e o f te m p e r a tu r e w it h d e p th . A th e r m o c lirıe is

Ce , so the c u r v e r e m a in s v e r t ic a l . T h e re is n o r a

p id

tem peratu re o f th e w a te r is s im ila r to t h a t a t t h e s u r -

Itc w ith a lo w te m p e r a tu r e . D e e p e r in th e o c e a n , t h e

than in lo w la titu d e s , s o t h e c u r v e b e g in s a t th e s u r -

w a te r te m p

e r a tu re s in h ig h la t it u d e s a r e m u c h c o o le r

difïerent p

a tte r n fro m th e lo w - la titu d e c u r v e . S u r fa c e

The h ig h - la titu d e c u r v e in F i \ r e 4 s h o w s a v e r

y

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o n ly a b o u t 2 p e rc e n t o f o c e a n w a te r .

e x te n «l k ) a d e p th o f 4 5 o m e te rs . T h e s u r fa c e m ix e d z o n e a c co u n t

s lo rs e a s o n . T h c z o n e u s u a lly e x te n d s to a b o u t 3 o o m c te f s ,

b u t it n aÝ

d e p th a n d tc m p c ra tu rc o f th is la y e r v a r h d e p e n d in g o rl ıa titu d e d

re n ts , a n d tid e s . T h e m ix e d n »n c h a s n e a r ly un ifo r m te m p

e ra tu r es . The

is th e a rc a o f th e s u r fa c e c re a te d b y th c m ix in 8 o f w a te r b y

w a v e s , c t«

'

fa c e , it is h e re th a t w a te r te m p e ra tu re s a re w a r m e s t . T h e m ix e d ı'o o ¢

S u r f a c e Z o n e lļ c c a u s c s o la r e n e r g y is re c e iv e d a t th e o c e a n su r

tr a n s it io n z o n e , a n d a d e e p z o n e . T h e s e z o n e s a re s h o w n in F igu re 6 .

In m o s t p a r ts o f th e o p e n o c e a n a s h a ııo w s u r fa c e m ix e d z o n ¢, a

O O c e a n o g r a p h e r s g e n e r a ıly r e c o

g n iz e a t h r e e - ıa y e r e d str u d u re

ra tio n , t h e h ig h e s t - d e n s ity w a te r is fo u n d a t th e gre a te s t o c e a n d ep

th

b e lo w , Iıx c e p t fo r s o m e s h a llo w in ıa n d se a s w ith a h ig h ra te o f e v a p o

d e n s ity w a te r e x is ts n e a r th e s u r fa c e , a n d h ig h e r - d e n s ity w a te r o ccu rs

T h e o c e a n , like R a r th'

s in tc r io r * is la y e re d a c c o rd in 吕 to d m s ity

Lo w 。

O c e a n L a y e r ın g

in s te a d , t h e w a te r c o lu m n is a b o u t th e s a m e d e n s ity th ro u g h o u t.

h igh- d e n s ity w a te r b e lo w , A p yc n o c lin e is n o t p re s e n t in h ig h la titu d es

c a n t l»a r r ie r to m ix in g b e tw e e n lo w - d e n s ity w a te r a b o v e a n d

a r a p id c h a n g e o f d e n s ity w ith d e p th . A p y c n o c lin c p re s e n ts a sig n ili ·

o c e a n w a te r b e tw e e n a b o u t 3 0 0 m e te r s a n d ı 0 0 0 m e te r s w h e re th eT¢ i$

T h c p y c n o c ıin e (p y ć n o - d e n s ity , ć lin e = s ıo p e ) is th e la y er of

4 2 6 C ha p te r 15

th ıs d k ın n c o o c c u r?

h ig h · łıtıtu d · g rıp h ? W h y d o e s

w h a " ' " e d k ·r ın ' " ' " ' "

Ë= gæı. . ) H X Xp ' " ' " o lle ' " h e d ¢. N r

ın t · rp m t ın g D ln g r n m a

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stra tific a tio n .

d o n o t e x h ib it th e sa m e p a tte rn o f w a te r

ın c ıu d e a n e x p ıa n a t io n o f w h y p o ıa r re g io n s

istic s o f th e th re e z o n e s o f th e o p e n o c e a n .

g ra p h th a t d e s c rib e s th e d iffe re n t c h a ra c te r -

D e s c r ıp t ıv e P a r a g r a p h W rite a p a ra -

W r i t i n g S c

ıa titu d e o c e a n s .

o f te m p e ra tu re v a ria tio n w ith d e p th in ıo w -

8 . S u m m a r ız ın g E x p ıa in t h e g e n e ra ı p a t t e r n

re m a in re la tiv e ıy c o n sta n t o v e r tim e ?

7 . ın f e r r ın g W h y d o e s t h e s a ıin it y o f s e a w a te r

C r ıt ıc a ı T h ın k ın g

o p e n o c e a n ?

6 . e w ha t a re th e t h re e m a in z o n e s o f th e

w a te r?

S, e W ha t fa c to rs a « e c t th e d e n s iw o f o c e a n

a n d se a su rfa c e te m p e ra tu re .

4 . e Ex p la in th e re ıa tio n s h ip be tw e e n ıa titu d e

3, e w ha t a re th e so u rc e s o f s a ıt in o c e a n w a te r?

in se a w a te r?

2. e w ha t a re th e s ix m o s t a b u n d a n t e ıe m e n ts

e xp re ss th e s a ıin iw o f o c e a n w a te r?

1. e w ha t is sa lin ity ? w h a t u n its a re u se d to

Re v ıe w ıng C o n c e p t s

Sectio n . 1 A s s e s s m e n t

te m p e ra t u r e a n d s a ıin it y .

w a t e r d e n s it y , w h i c h v a r i e s w i t h

m a in z o n e s o f t h e o c e a n b a s e d o n

O c e a n o g r a p h e rs r e c o g n iz e t h re e

F ig u r e 6 0 c e a n Z o n e s

cılssed in C h a p te r 1 6 .

e su rface , s in k s , a n d in it ia te s d e e p-

o c e a n c u r r e n ts , w h ic h a r e d is -

occu r in h ig h - la titu d e r e g io n s . H e r e , c o ld h ig h- d e n s ity w a te r fo r m s a t

Therefo re , go o d v e r tic a l m ix in g be tw e e n s u r fa c e a n d d e e p

w a te r s c a n

lhere is n o r a pid c h a n g e in te m p e r a tu r e o r d e n s ity

w ith d e p th .

does n o t ex ist a s s e e n in F ig u r e 6 . T h e th r e e la ye r s d o n o t e x is t b e c a u s e

ın h ig h la titu d e s , t h is th r e e - la y e r e d s t r u c t u r e o f th e o p e n o c e a n

The d eep zon e in c lu d e s a b o u t 8 0 p e r c e n t o f o c e a n w a te r .

above fie e zin g . A s a r e s u lt , w a t e r d e n s ity re m a in s c o n s ta n t a n d h igh .

no'

e r r e a c h e s th is z o n e , a n d w a te r te m p e r a tu r e s a r e ju s t a fe w d e gr e e s

Dee p Z o n e B e lo w th e t r a n s it io n z o n e is th e d e e p z o n e . S u n li

gh t

acco u n ts fo r a b o u t 1 8 p e rc e n t o f o c e a n w a te r .

ıone includes a th e r m o c lin e a n d a s s o c ia t e d p y c n o c lin e . T h is z o n e

lace lay er a b o v e a n d th e d e e p z o n e o f c o ld w a te r b e lo w . T h e t r a n s itio n

distin ct laye r c a lle d th e tr a n s itio n z o n e e x is ts b e tw e e n th e w a r m s u r -

[cnrpera tu re fa lls a b r u p tly

w ith d ep th a s w a s s e e n in F ig u re 4 . H e r e , a

Tra n sıtıo n Z o n e O c lo w th e s u n - w a r m e d z o n e o f m ix ins , t h e

\ Ð

-.

1

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4 4 8 C h a p te r 1 6

th e g e n e r a l c ir c u la tio n p a tte r n o f th e a tm o s p h e re .

m a jo r h o r iz o n ta l m o v e m e n ts o f s u r fa c e w a te r s a re closely related

to

m o r e p e r m a n e n t a n d e x te n d o v e r la r g e p o r tio n s o f th e o c e a lls . Thes

e

r e s p o n s e s to lo c a l o r s e a s o n a l in flu e n c e s . O th e r s u r fa c e c u r re nts a

re

la s t lo n g , a n d th e y a fŘ c t o n ly s m a ll a re a s . S u c h w a te r m o v e m e iıts ale

th e w in d th a t b lo w s a c r o s s it s s u r fa c e . S o m e o f th e s e c u r re n ts d o n ot

◆ S m fa c e c u r r e n t s d e v e lo p ħ o m f r ic t io n b e tw e e n th e o c ea iı aitd

flo w h o r iz o n ta lly in th e u

p p e r p a r t o f th e o c e a n

'

s s u r face ·

S u r f a c e C u r r e n t s s u r fa c e c u iT e n ts a r e m o v e m e n ts o f w a te r that

e r a te d in v o ıv e w a te r m a s s e s in m o t io n .

b e s imp le o r c o m p le x . In a ll c a s e s . H o w e v e r , t h e c lır re n ts th a t a re g

en ·

c a n b e a t th e s u r fa c e o r d e e p b e lo w . T h e c r e a t io n o f th e se c u rr e n ts can

a n o th e r . T h e a m o u n t o f w a te r c a n b e la rg e o r s m a ll . O c e a n c u rre n ts

O c e a n c u r r e n t s a r e m a s s e s o f o c e a n w a te r t h a t flo w fr o m o n e pla ce to

S u r f a c e C ir c u ıa t io n

fo r o c e a n m ix in g a n d r e c y c lin g n u t r ie n t s .

fe r e n c e s c r e a te d e e p-

o c e a n c ir c u la tio n . T h is c ir c u la t io n is im p o rtan t

s h o re s , w h e r e t h e ir im p a c t e r o d e s t h e la n d . In s o m e a re a s . Density

F ig u r e 1 . S o m e w a v e s c a r r y e n e rg y f r o m p o w e r fu l s t o r m s to d istaiıt

c o a s ta l c lim a te . W in d s a ls o p r o d u c e w a v e s lik e t h e o n e s sh o w n in

fo r c e s . W in d s , fo r e x a m p le . G e n e r a te s u r f a c e c u r r e n ts , w h ic h influence

c e a n w a te r is c o n s t a n tly in m o t io n , p o w e r e d b y m a n y d ifte ren t0

l°.

IE l

W rıy

is up w e llin

g -'

! -

a « e c t c lim a t e ?

g y ree H o w d o o c e a n c u r re n ts

d e v e ıo p ? t h e ta b te b e lo w . A s y o u re a d ,

e H o w d o s u rfa c e c u m n ts o c e a n c u r re n t ıd ņ t i f y i n g M a i n ıd e a s C o p y a n d e xp a n d

K e y C o n c e p t s V o c a b u ıa r y H e a d in g S t r a t e g y

« i W H = E a

Ļ : J į

'

ć ï Ţ': ;

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T h e D y n a m ic O c e a n 4 4 9

-

H e m is p h e re ?

w C h e c k jiñ i n t th e o p p o s ite d ire c tru " - . _

ìvay a ro u n d th e lo o p .

o f A n t a rc tic a .

sy s te m s . T h e W e s t W in d D r if t

flo w s a ro u n d t h e c o n t in e n t

g y re s , o r c i r c u ıa r c u r r e n t

o rg a n iz e d in t o f iv e m a jo r

T h e o c e a n'

s c i r c u l a t i o n i s

F ig u re 2

the S o u th A tla n tic G y r e , a n d th e In d ia n O c e a n G y r e . F in d th e s e g p e s

No Fth P a c ffic G y r e , t h e S o u th p a c ific G y r e , t h e N o r th A tla n tic G y r e

called T e s ({W o s -

a c ir c le ) . T h e r e a r e tiv e m a in o c e a n g )T e s th e

of d ıe o c e a n s . T h e s e la r g e w h ir ls o f w a te r w ith in a n o c e a n b a s in a r e

Cyre s H u g e c ir c u la r -

m o v in g c u r r e n t s y s te m s d o m in a te th e s u r fa c e s

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4 5 0 C h a p te r 1 6

W e b C o d e c in- 5 1 6 1

V łs lt w w w . S c il in k 5 . o r g

F o r L in k s o n o c e a n c u r r e n t s

u N K S.

S C Iq

S Ū D

卢o 中n l龔

o f t h e G u lf S t r e a m in F ig u r e 2 .

C o m p a r e t h is im a g e t o t h e m a p

s h o w n in g re e n , b lu e . A n d p

u rp

l e .

s u r r o u n d in g c o ld e r w a t e r s a r e

a n d t h e C a r o lin a s . T h e

a lo n g t h e e a s t c o a s t o f F lo r id a

a r e s h o w n in r g d a n d o r a n g e

w a r m w a t e r s o f t h e G u lf S t r e a m

c o u r s e o f t h e G u lf S t r e a m . T h e

s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s s h o w s t h e

c o lo r s a t e llit e im a g e o f s e a

F ig u r e 3 G u ıf S t r e a m T h is f a ls e -

w a t e r fr o m d ep th s o f 5 o to 3 o o m e te r s b r in

g s w a te r th a t is c o o le r th ai

l

- - "

"

' "

' " W a y lr o m t h e c o a s t , it i. . e pl" d b y

"

X

C o r io lis e f fe c t c a u s e s u r fa c e w a te r to m o v e a w a y fr om s h o re . M th

e

th e eq u a to r a n d

p a r a lle l to th e c o a s t . C o a s ta l w in d s c o m b in e d w ith th ť

C o a s ta l u p w e llin g o c c u r s in t h e s e a r e a s w h e n w in d s b lo w to wad

W e s t A fr ic a .

c o n tin e n ts , m o s t n o t a b ly a lo n g c a l ifo r n ia , w e s t e r n s o u th A n ie rica , an d

c a lle d c o a sta l u p w e llin g , is m o s t c h a r a c te r is tic a lo n g th e w e s t c o a sts of

a c o m m o n w in d - in d u c e d v e r tic a l m o v e m e n t . O n e ty p e o f u p \, e l】in g

w a te r fr o m d e ep e r la

y e r s to rep la c e w a r m e r s u r fa c e w a te r . u p w eu in g

is

a ls o c a u s e w r tic a l w a te r m o v e m e n ts . u p w e llin g is th e r is in g o f co ld

U P w e ııın g In a d d itio n to p r o d u c ing s u r fa c e c u r r e n ts , w in d s a n

W in d s t r a n s p o r t th e r e m a in ing th r e e -

q u a r te r s .

w a te r m o v e m e n t a c c o u n ts fo r a b o u t a q u a r te r o f th is h e a t tra m po R

is a n e x c e ss o f h e a t, t o t h e p o la r r e

g io n s , w he r e le s s h e a t e x is ts . o cean

b a la n c e . T h e y d o th is b y tr a n s fe r r ing h e a t fr o m th e tropi w h e ï e m

O c e a n c u r r e n ts a ls o p la

y a m a jo r ro le in m a in ta in in g E a r t h h a t

re n ts a r e s h o w n in F ig u r e 2 .

w e s t c o a s t o f S o u th A m e r ic a . A n d th e C a lifo r n ia C u r r e n t. T h « e cu r ·

B e ng u e la C u r r e n t a lo n

g w e s t e r n A f r ic a , t h e p e r u C u r r e n t a lo n g th e

w a r m t e m p e r a t u r e s o f a d ja c e n t l a n d a r e a s . S u c h is th e c a se fo r th e

w a t e r c u r r e n t s t r a v e l to w a r d t h e eq u a t o r , th e y h e ıp m o d e r a te th e

itu d e s . C o ld c u r r e n ts b e g in in c o ld h ig h

- la titu d e r eg io n s . O A s co ld

is m o s t fe lt in th e tr o p ic s o r d u r ing s u m m e r m o n t h s in t h e m id d le la t.

m id d le la titu d e s in w in t e r . In c o n t r a s t , t h e i n f l t ım r p o f c o ld c u n en ls

T h e e ffe c ts o f t h e s e w a r m o c e a n c u r r e n ts a r e k lt m o s tly in ıħe

w h ic h lie s 1 2 d e gr e e s la titu d e fa r t h e r s o u t h .

Ja n u a r y te m p e r a t u r e s im ila r to th a t e xp e r ie n c e d a t N e w Y o rk C i

%

e x a m p le , B e rlin , G e r m a n y ( 5 2 d e g r e e s n o r th la t ih ıd p ), h a s a n a v eï age

p r e v a iling w e s te r ly w in d s c a r r y t h is w a r m in

g e ffe c t fa r in la n d . Fo r

w h ic h a re s im ila r to th e la titu d e s o f A la s k a a n d N e w fo u n d la n d . TIE

w in te r th a n o n e w o u ld e x p e c t fo r th e ir la titu d q

o f n o r th w e s te r n E u r o p e to b e w a r m e r d u ring tht

Stre a m . T h is c u r r e n t a llo w s G r e a t B r ita in a n d m ,jc h

A tla n tic C u r r e n t , w h ic h is a n e x te n s io n o r th e G ulf

U P to th e N o r h

w a te r c u r r e n t s h o w n in F ig u r e 3 , is a n a ĺ c e lle n l

c o o l t l a s n E h . ıh e G u lf S tre a m , a w a r ln

Ħ #

'

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T h e D jm a m ic o c e a n 4 5

m g !m a

C h lo r o p h y l【 a C o ric e n tr a tio ntion o f th e w a te r m a s s th r o u g h th e o c e a n .

of a w ater M a s s , s c ie n tists a r e a b le to m a p th e s lo w c ir c u la -

ocean By k n o w in

g t h e t e mp

e r a t u r e , salinit a n d d e n s ity

Ųn track th e m o v e m e n ts o f d e n s ity cu r r e n ts in th e d e e p

ljjn e it is in th e d e e p o c e a n . B e c a u s e o f th is , o c e a n o g r a p h e r s

P e r atu re a n d s a lin ity r e m a in la r

ge ly

u n c h a n ge d d u r in g

t h e

P t o c e s ses th a t in c re a s e d its d e n s ity in th e fir s t p la c e . Its te m -

Once th is w a te r s in k s , it is r e m o v e d f r o m t h e ph y

s ic a l

e nough , it sin k s , in itia tin g d e e p

-

o c e a n d e n s ity c u r r e n ts .

hcteases a s se a ic e fo r m s . w ħe n th is w a te r b e c o m e s d e n s e

these reg io n s , s u r fa c e w a te r b e c o m e s c o ld , a n d its s a lin ity

density cu rr e n ts b e g in s in h igh ıa t it u d e s a t th e s u r fa c e . In

Hlsh La t ıt u d e s M o s t w a te r in v o lv e d in d e e p- o c e a n

rem ain s lo w a n d r e la t iv e ly

c o n s t a n t .

POrtant in v e ry h ig h la t it u d e s , w h e r e w a te r te m p e r a tu r e

ice m elting . D e n s it y c h a n g e s d u e to s a lin ity

v a r ia tio n s a r e

Precip ita tio n , r u n o ff fro m la n d , ic e b e r g s m e lt in g , a n d s e a

ice. Pro c e sse s th a t d e c r e a s e t h e s a lin ity o f w a te r in c lu d e

iof w a te r in c lu d e e v a p o r a t io n a n ą th e fo r m a tio n o f s e a

oran in cr e a s e in s a lin it y . P r o c e s se s th a t in c r e a s e th e s a lin -

w ter d e n s it y c a n b e c a u s e d b ya d e c r e a s e in t e m p e r t u r e

\ 油 o u t b e n e a th th e s u r fa c e . e A n in c r e a s e in s e a -

am o ng

w a te r m a s s e s . D e n s e r w a te r s in k s a n d s lo w ly

ren ts o f o c e a n w a t e r t h a t r e s u lt f r o m d e n s ity

d if fe r e n c e s

Den sıty (u r r e n t s D e n s it y c u r r e n ts a r e v e r t ic a l c u r -

to u p w e ılin g n u t r ie n ts .

p h o t «»s y n t h e s is , w h ic h is l i n k e d

re d , i n d i c a t e h i

gh a m o u n t s o f

c h ıo ro p h y ıı c o n c e n t ra t io n s , i n

s o u t h w e s t c o a s t o f A f r ic a . H ig hc o n c e n t ra t io n a lo n g t h e

s a t e lıit e s h o w s c h lo ro p h y ıl

T h is im a g e f ro m t h e S e a s t a r

F ig u r e 4 E Ħ e c ts o f U p w e ııin g

accou n ts fo r th e th o r o u g h m ix in g o f d e e p-

w a te r m a s s e s .

dew c e a n c ir c u la t io n h a s a s ig n ific a n t v e r t ic a l c o m p o n e n t . It

In con tr as t to th e la r g e ly h o r iz o n t a l m o v e m e n t s o f s u r fa c e c u r r e n ts ,

Dee p- O c e a n C ãr c u ıa t io n

d w h a t is u p w e w n g ?

M uđiv ityd u e to c o a s t a l u

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g e th a t s h o w s h ig h

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4 5 2 C hap te r J 6

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w a t e r in c r e a s e s . T h e s u r fa c e w a te r s o f t h e e a s t e r n M e d ite r 】a n e a iı Sa

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w e s t w in d a n d s u n ny d a

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th e s u r fa c e t h a t s in k s a n d e v e n t u a lly flo w s in t o t h e A tıa n t ic O c m

c o n d it io n s e x is t th a t le a d t o t h e fo r m a t io n o f a d e n s e w a te r m a ss a

ity o f o c e a n w a t e r d u e to e v a p o r a t io n . In th e M e d ite 】T a n e a n S a

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fa c e fo r a n a v e r a g e o f 5 0 0 to 2 0 0 0 y e a r s .

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