new copy of palm vein technology

A Technical Seminar Report on Palm Vein Technology

1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In the ubiquitous network society, where individuals can easily access their information

anytime and anywhere, people are also faced with the risk that others can easily access the same

Department of Information Technology 1


information anytime and anywhere. Because of this risk, personal identification technology,

which can distinguish between registered legitimate users and imposters, is now generating

interest.

Currently, passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (4-digit PIN numbers) or identification

cards are used for personal identification. However, cards can be stolen, and passwords and

numbers can be guessed or forgotten. To solve these problems, biometric authentication

technology, which identifies people by their unique biological information, is attracting attention.

In biometric authentication, an account holder’s body characteristics or behaviors (habits) are

registered in a database and then compared with others who may try to access that account to see

if the attempt is legitimate.

Fujitsu has researched and developed biometric authentication technology focusing on four

methods: fingerprints, faces, voiceprints, and palm veins. Among these, because of its high

accuracy, contact less palm vein authentication technology is being incorporated into various

financial solution products for use in public places.

The Palm Secure sensor developed by Fujitsu is a biometric authentication solution offering

optimum levels of security. Palm Secure detects the structure of the pattern of veins on the palm

of the human hand with the utmost precision.

Each and every person will have different patters of pal veing.Even if they are twins they will

have difference in their palm veins. In order to identify a person complicated vascular pattern is

very much helpful and that’s why it is having quite differentiating features for person’s

identification.One of the greater advantages of palm vein is that they do not adopt any change

during the life of a human because they lie under the skin.It is a very much secure method for

identification and authentication.



1.2 HISTORY

Palm vein scanner Function: Person’s palm vein image is captured by special kind of

sensor. During reflection,illumination of palm takes place with the help of infrared rays and

captures the light given off after diffusion through the palm. The deoxidized hemoglobin in the

palm vein vessels absorbs the infrared rays and causing the palm veins to appear as a black

pattern. This vein pattern is then verified against preregistered pattern to authenticate the human.

This recognition method provides high level of security.

The major advantage with this technology is that it is difficult to forge because of palm

veins are inside the superficial skin. So impossible to copy the palm veins. It is highly accurate

and capable of 1:1 and 1: many matching.

There are only seven companies in the world, who manufactures Palm Vein Recognition

equipment and Mantra Softech India is one of them. We are also First in INDIA in Palm Vein

manufacturing. We sell palm vein identification and authentication equipment to Germany,

France, Great Britain [England], Sweden, Norway, Finland, The netherlands, Poland, Iceland,

Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Hungary, Luxembourg,

Portugal, Turkey, Vetican city etc.



2. BACKGROUND

The ability to verify identity has become increasingly important in many areas of modern

life, such as electronic government, medical administration systems, access control systems for

secure areas, passenger ticketing, and home office and home study environments. Technologies

for personal identification include code numbers, passwords, and smart cards, but these all carry

the risk of loss, theft, forgery, or unauthorized use. It is expected that biometric authentication

technology, which authenticates physiological data, will be deployed to supplement - or as an

alternative to - these other systems.

The Fujitsu Group has developed biometric authentication technologies based on

fingerprints, voice, facial features, and vein patterns in the palm, and has also combined two or

more of these capabilities in multi-biometric authentication systems. Although biometric

authentication is already being used to some extent by companies and government authorities,

for it to gain wider acceptance, it needs to be considered less intrusive, and concerns about

hygiene need to be addressed.



For that reason, there is a market need for voice or facial recognition systems and other

biometric authentication technology that can read physiological data without requiring physical

contact with sensor equipment, and the development of such systems that are both practical and

offer greater precision.

Forget about signatures and photo IDs, forget about PIN numbers, forget about fingerprint,

voiceprint, iris scan, or facial recognition security technologies to counter forged or stolen user

IDs. Enter Fujitsu's palm vein ID authentication, which uses an infrared sensor to capture the

user's vein pattern unique to every individual's palm for an exquisitely sensitive biometric

authentication technique. Fujitsu’s novel ID technology has a few other advantages over other

biometric technologies. The palm vein scanner has no deleterious effect on the body, nor does it

require that the device be touched, unlike current fingerprint scanners, which proved to be

disadvantageous because of sanitary and/or psychological issues related to hygiene or association

with criminals, as well as reasons of usability (frequent use may increase the rejection rate of the

system).

Other limitations of various other technologies are related to measuring external features.

Aging or the camera angle could affect facial recognition systems; fingerprints can be forged, as

shown by a University of Tokyo study. On the contrary, palm vein recognition seems not to be

affected by aging; neither cuts, scars, tattoos, nor skin color affect the scan’s outcome; and, given

that veins are internal, they can hardly be tampered with.



3. TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

Palm vein authentication works by comparing the pattern of veins in the palm (which appear

as blue lines) of a person being authenticated with a pattern stored in a database.Vascular

patterns are unique to each individual, according to Fujitsu research — evenidentical twins have

different patterns. And since the vascular patterns exist inside the body, they cannot be stolen by

means of photography, voice recording or fingerprints, thereby making this method of biometric

authentication more secure than others.

An individual first rests his wrist, and on some devices, the middle of his fingers, on the

sensor's supports such that the palm is held centimeters above the device's scanner, which flashes

a near-infrared ray on the palm. Unlike the skin, through which near-infrared light passes,

deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood flowing through the veins absorbs near-infrared rays,

illuminating the hemoglobin, causing it to be visible to the scanner. Arteries and capillaries,

whose blood contains oxygenated hemoglobin, which does not absorb near-infrared light, are

invisible to the sensor. The still image captured by the camera, which photographs in the near-

infrared range, appears as a black network, reflecting the palm's vein pattern against the lighter

background of the palm.

An individual's palm vein image is converted by algorithms into data points, which is then

compressed, encrypted, and stored by the software and registered along with the other details in

his profile as a reference for future comparison. Then, each time a person logs in attempting to

gain access by a palm scan to a particular bank account or secured entryway, etc., the newly

captured image is likewise processed and compared to the registered one or to the bank of stored

files for verification, all in a period of seconds. Numbers and positions of veins and their

crossing points are all compared and, depending on verification, the person is either granted or

denied access.



Figure: 3.0 Shows the usage of Palm Vein Technology

On the basis of testing the technology on more than 70,000 individuals, Fujitsu declared that

the new system had a false rejection rate of 0.01% (i.e., only one out of 10,000 scans were

incorrect denials for access), and a false acceptance rate of less than 0.00008% (i.e., incorrect

approval for access in one in over a million scans). Also, if your profile is registered with your

right hand, don't log in with your left - the patterns of an individual's two hands differ. And if

you registered your profile as a child, it'll still be recognized as you grow, as an individual's

patterns of veins are established in utero (before birth). No two people in the world share a palm

vein pattern - even those of identical twins differ (so your evil twin won't be able to draw on your

portion of the inheritance!)



3.1 PATTERN AUTHENTICATION

Hemoglobin in the blood is oxygenated in the lungs and carries oxygen to the tissues of

the body through the arteries. After it releases its oxygen to the tissues, the deoxidized

hemoglobin returns to the heart through the veins. These two types of hemoglobin have different

rates of absorbency.Deoxidized hemoglobin absorbs light at a wavelength of about 760 nm in the

near-infrared region. When the palm is illuminated with near infrared light, unlike the image

seen by the human eye, the deoxidized hemoglobin in the palm veins absorbs this light, thereby

reducing the reflection rate and causing the veins to appear as a black pattern.In vein

authentication based on this principle, the region used for authentication is photographed with

near-infrared light, and the vein pattern is extracted by image processing and registered. The vein

pattern of the person being authenticated is then verified against the preregistered pattern.

Figure 3.1.01 Visible Ray Image

Figure: 3.1.02 Infrared Image



Figure: 3.1.03 Extracted Palm Vein Pattern

3.2 REGISTRATION THROUGH PALM VEIN TECHNOLOGY

Step 1:

Palm Vein Technology consists of a small Palm Vein scaner that is easy and natural to use, fast

and highly accurate. Simply hold your palm a few centimeters over the scaner and within a

second it reveals your uniequevein pattern. A vein picture is taken and palm pattern is registered.

Figure: 3.2.01 How scanning is done



Step 2:

The registered palm pattern is stored into the database along with the personal details of the

client.

Figure 3.2.02 Pictures of normal and infrared image

3.3 WORKING OF THE TECHNOLOGY

1. One should place his/her palm near to the scanner.

Figure: 3.3.01 Scanner scanning the hand



2. The scanner will make use of a special characteristic of reduced heamoglobin coursing

through the pal veing. It absorbs the near infrared light. This makes it possible to take asnap

short of what’s beneath the outer skin, something very hard to read or steal.

Figure 3.3.02 How Palm Identification works

3. The integrated optical system in palm vein sensor uses this phenomenon to generate an

image of the palm vein pattern and the generated image is digitized, encrypted and finally stored

as a registered template in the database.

3.4 WHAT HAPPENS IF THE PALM IS DAMAGED??

There may be a chance that the palm we had registered may getdamaged then we cannot use

this technology,so during the time of registration we take the veins of both the hands so that if

one gets damaged we can access through the secondhand. When hands get damaged upto large

extent we can get veins because deeper into the hand veins are obtained.



4. ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES

In addition to the palm, vein authentication can be done using the vascular pattern on the

back of the hand or a finger. However, the palm vein pattern is the most complex and covers the

widest area. Because the palm has no hair, it is easier to photograph its vascular pattern. The

palm also has no significant variations in skin color compared with fingers or the back of the

hand, where the color can darken in certain areas.

The new technology has many potential applications (some of which are already in use) such

as an ultra secure system for ATMs and banking transactions, a PC, handheld, or server login

system, an authorization system for front doors, schools, hospital wards, storage areas, and high

security areas in airports, and even facilitating library lending, doing away with the age-old

library card system. Fujitsu is planning to continue the development of the palm vein technology,

shrinking the scanner to fit a mobile phone. Fujitsu hopes that its success might usher in a new

age in personal data protection techniques, which is especially important when sales of

Smartphones and other handhelds are skyrocketing.

TFOT had a quick word with Mr. H. Watanuki of Fujitsu's Biometric Business Development

Department about the application of their palm vein technology.

Other advantages are:

Contactless authentication is hygienic and non-invasive

Fast and easy enrolment (under one minute)

Fast, easy, and secure authentication (under one second)

No Residual Trace Technology – No biometric footprint left behind after authentication

Encrypted repository for template storage

Enterprise level event logging capability

Compatible with Microsoft Active Directory

4.1 FALSE RATE/ACCEPT RATE (TYPE 1)

The false rejection rate (FRR) referred to as a Type I



This error is the measure of the likelihood that the biometric security system will incorrectly

reject an access attempt by an authorized user. A systems FRR typically is stated as the ratio of

the number of false rejections divided by the number of identification attempts.For PalmSecure

this is impressively rated at 0.01%.

4.2 FALSE ACCEPT RATE (TYPE 2)

This is typically considered the most serious of biometric security errors, as it gives

unauthorized users access to systems that expressly are trying to keep them out. A system’s

FAR typically is stated as the ratio of the number of false acceptances divided by the number of

identification attempts. Advanced authentication algorithm produces a high level of accuracy.

For PalmSecure this is impressively rated 0.00008.

In addition to this the ability of the system was measured by the following:

1. Data from people ranging from 6 to 85 years old including people in variousoccupations in accordance with the demographics realized by the Statistics Center of theStatistics Bureau.

2. Data about foreigners living in Japan in accordance with the world demographicsreleased by the unitednations.

3. Data taken in various situations in daily life

4.3 CONTACTLESS PALM VEIN AUTHENTICATION DEVICE:

The completely contactless feature of thisDevice makes it suitable for use where high levels

of hygiene are required .It also eliminates any hesitation peoplemight have about coming into

contact with something thatother people have already touched.

In addition to being contactless and thereby hygienic and user-friendly inthat the user does

Not need to physically touch a surface and is free of such hygieneconcerns, palm vein

Authentication is highly secure in that the veins are internal to the body and carry a wealth of



Security thereby being extremely difficult to forge.

In addition to the palm, vein authentication can be done using thevascular pattern on the back

of a hand or a finger. However, the palm vein pattern is themost complex and covers the widest

area, because the palm has no hair, it is easier to photograph its vascular pattern . The palm also

has no significant variations inskin color compared with fingers or back of the hand, where the

color can darken incertain areas.

4.4 ADVANTAGES

There are two methods of photographing veins: reflection and transm ission. Fujitsu

employs the reflection method.

The reflection method illuminates the palm and photographs the light that is reflected back

from the palm, while the transmission method photographs light that passes straight through the

hand. Both types capture the near-infrared light given off by the region used for identification

after diffusion through the hand.

An important difference between the reflection method and transmission method is how

they respond to changes in the hand’s light transmittance. When the body cools due to a lowered

ambient temperature, the blood vessels (in particular the capillaries) contract, decreasing the flow

of blood through the body.This increases the hand’s light transmittance, so light passes through it

more easily. If the transmittance is too high, the hand can become saturated with light and light

can easily pass through the hand. In the transmission method, this results in a lighter, less-

contrasted image in which it is difficult to see the vessels. However, a high light transmittance

does not significantly affect the level or contrast of the reflected light. Therefore, with the

reflection method, the vessels can easily be seen even when the hand/body is cool.

The system configurations of the two methods are also different. The reflection method

illuminates the palm and takes photographs reflected back from the palm, so the illumination and



photography components can be positioned in the same place. Conversely, because the

transmission method photographs light that passes through the hand, the illumination and

photography components must be placed in different locations. This makes it difficult for the

system to be embedded into smaller devices such as notebook PCs or cellular phones. Fujitsu has

conducted an in-depth study of the necessary optical components to reduce the size of the sensor,

making it more suitable for embedded applications.

4.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESISTANCE

Fujitsu is a pioneer in designing a completely contactless palm vein authentication device.

With this device, authentication simply involves holding a hand over the vein sensor.The

completely contactless feature of this device makes it suitable for use where high levels of

hygiene are required, such as in public places or medical facilities. It also eliminates any

hesitation people might have about coming into contact with something that other people have

already touched.

4.6 AUTHENTICATION ACCURACY

Using the data of 140,000 palms from 70,000 individuals, Fujitsu has confirmed that the

system has a false acceptance rate of less than 0.00008% and a false rejection rate of 0.01%,

provided the hand is held over the device three times during registration, with one retry for

comparison during authentication. In addition, the device’s ability to perform personal

authentication was verified using the following: 1) data from people ranging from 5 to 85 years

old, including people in various occupations in accordance with the demographics released by

the Statistics Center of the Statistics Bureau; 2) data about foreigners living in Japan in

accordance with the world demographics released by the United Nations; 3) data taken in various

situations in daily life, including after drinking alcohol, taking a bath, going outside, and waking

up.



5. APPLICATIONS

5.1 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Financial damage caused by fraudulent withdrawals of money using identity spoofing

with fake bankcards has been rapidly increasing in recent years, and this has emerged as a

significant social problem2. As a result, there has been a rapid increase in the number of lawsuits

filed by victims of identity theft against financial institutions for their failure to control

information used for personal identification. The “Act for the Protection of Personal

Information” came into effect in Japan on May 1, 2005, and in response, financial institutions

have been focusing on biometric authentication together with IC (smart) cards as a way to

reinforce the security of personal identification.

Vein authentication can provide two types of systems for financial solutions, depending on

where the registered vein patterns are stored. In one method, the vein patterns are stored on the

server of a client-server system. The advantage of this system is that it provides an integrated

capability for managing vein patterns and comparison processing. In the other type, a user’s vein

pattern is stored on an IC card, which is beneficial because users can control access to their own

vein pattern. Suruga Bank uses the server type for their financial solutions, and The Bank of

Tokyo-Mitsubishi uses the IC card system.

In July 2004, to ensure customer security, Suruga Bank3 launched its “Bio-Security

Deposit” — the world’s first financial service to use PalmSecure. This service features high

security for customers using vein authentication, does not require a bankcard or passbook, and

prevents withdrawals from branches other than the registered branch and ATMs, thereby

minimizing the risk of fraudulent withdrawals. To open a Bio-Security Deposit account,

customers go to a bank and have their palm veins photographed at the counter. In order to

guarantee secure data management, the palm vein data is stored only on the vein database server

at the branch office where the account is opened.



In October 2004, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi4 launched its “Super-IC Card Tokyo-

Mitsubishi VISA.” This card combines the functions of a bankcard, credit card, electronic money

and palm vein authentication. From a technical and user-friendly point of view, The Bank of

Tokyo-Mitsubishin arrowed the biometric authentication methods suitable for financial

transactions to palm veins, finger veins and fingerprints. The bank then mailed a questionnaire to

1,000 customers and surveyed an additional 1,000 customers who used devices in their branches.

Finally, the bank decided to employ Palm Secure because the technology was supported by the

largest number of people in the questionnaire.

The Super-IC Card contains the customer’s palm vein data and vein authentication

algorithms, and performs vein authentication by itself. This system is advantageous because the

customer’s information is not stored at the bank. When a customer applies for a Super-IC card,

the bank sends the card to the customer’s home. To activate the palm vein authentication

function, the customer brings the card and his or her passbook and seal to the bank counter,

where the customer’s vein information is registered on the card. After registration, the customer

can make transactions at that branch’s counter and any ATM using palm vein authentication and

a matching PIN number.

In 2006, Fujitsu reduced the Palm Secure sensor to 1/4 of its current size for its next

generation product. By using a smaller sensor on existing ATMs there will be room on the

operating panel for a sensor for Felica mobiles, a 10-key pad that meets the DES (Data

Encryption Standard), as well as an electronic calculator and other devices. The downsized

sensor can also be mounted on ATMs in convenience stores. In addition to product development

for financial solutions, Fujitsu has started to develop product applications for the general

market .Two products are in great demand in the general market. One is for a physical access

control unit that uses Palm Secure to protect entrances and exits, and the other is a logical access

control unit that uses Palm Secure to protect input and output of electronic data. This section

describes the features of these applications.

5.2 ACCESS CONTROL



The Palm Secure access control unit can be used to control entry and exit for rooms and

buildings .This unit integrates the operation and control sections. The operation section has a

vein sensor over which the palm is held, and the control section performs authentication

processing and issues commands to unlock the door. The system can be introduced in a simple

configuration by connecting it to the controller of an electronic lock. Palm Secure units are used

to control access to places containing systems or machines that manage personal or other

confidential information, such as machine rooms in companies and outsourcing centers where

important customer data is kept.

Due to increasing concerns about security, some condominiums and homes have started using

this system to enhance security and safety in daily life.For both of these applications, the

combination of the following features provides the optimum system: a hygienic and contactless

unit ideal for use in public places, user-friendly operation that requires the user to simply hold a

palm over the sensor, and an authentication mechanism that makes impersonation difficult.

Figure 5.2.01 Optimum System

5.3 OTHER APPLICATIONS

The palm vein authentication login unit controls access to electronically stored Information

As with the units for financial solutions, there are two types: a server type and an IC card type.

Because the PalmSecure login unit can also be used for authentication using conventional IDs

and passwords, existing operating systems and applications can continue to be used. It is also

possible to build the unit into an existing application to enhance operability. In the early stage of

introduction, the units were limited to businesses handling personal information that came under



the “Act for the Protection of Personal Information” enforced in April 2005. However, use of the

units is now expanding to leading-edge businesses that handle confidential information.

Because of the importance of personal identification, we can expect to see the Development of

new products for various applications, such as:

Management in healthcare

• Access control to medication dispensing

• Identification of doctors and nurses when accessing protected health records

• Patient identification management

Operator authentication

• Settlement by credit card

• Obtaining various certificates using the Basic Resident Register Card

Owner authentication

• Retrieval of checked luggage

• Driver authentication

Attendance authentication

• Checking attendance in schools

• Clocking in and out of the workplace.



6. CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSION

This paper explains palm vein authentication. The Fijitsu Palmsecure is a palm-vein based

authentication system that utilizes the latest in Biometric Security Technology. Answering a

worldwide need from governments to the private sector, this contactless device offers an easy-to-

use, hygienic solution for verifying identity. This technology is highly secure because it uses

information contained within the body and is also highly accurate because the pattern of veins in

the palm is complex and unique to each individual. Moreover, its contactless feature gives it a

hygienic advantage over other biometric authentication technologies. This paper also describes

some examples of financial solutions and product applications for the general market that have

been developed based on this technology.In this report we have discussed all about Palm Vein

Technology. Palm vein technologyis the new face of the biometric. It provides the maximum

security as compared to other biometric technologies because it uses information contained

within the body and is alsohighly accurate because the pattern of veins in the palm is complex

and unique to eachindividual. It also gives least FRR, FAR, EER among them. Also verification

time is lessas compared to other technologies. Since in this technology ICP method is used which

isfree from orientation and rotational problems of the image. Also there is no disadvantage.As

discussed earlier, by using multimodal of fusion of other technology with PVT willmake it more

secure.Moreover, its contactless feature gives it a hygienic advantage over other biometric

authentication technologies.This paper also describes some examples of financial solutions and

product applications for the general market that have beendeveloped based on this technology.

Many of customers have favourably evaluated thistechnology and have experienced no

psychological resistance to using it. This has encouraged manufacturers and developers to start

development of new products for various applications, beginning with financial solutions and

followed by access controlunits and login units.



REFERENCES

Palm Secure TM” by Thomas Bengs, product manager EMEA.2. “Biometric security - Fujitsu Palm Vein Technology” by Bao Nguyen, Henrik Nilsen, Yoonjin Kim (Information Technology Department NNK Investment &Banking).3. White Paper –“Palm Vein Authentication”. 2006 Fujitsu Computer Products for America, Inc,4. “Analysis of Palm Vein Biometric System” by Kenneth Wong, Thomson Lai,Bosco Lee, Frankie Shum.5. “BIOMETRICS” by Alvaro E. Escobar.6. “Vascular Pattern Analysis towards Pervasive Palm Vein Authentication” byDebnath Bhattacharyya (Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India ),Poulami Das (Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India), Tai-hoon Kim(Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea), Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay (Universityof Calcutta, Kolkata, India).7. “A New Palm Vein Matching Method Based on ICP Algorithm “Haifen ChenGuangming Lu Rui Wang Bio-Computing Research Centre, HIT ShenzhenGraduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, China8. “Did I Do That? A Current Analysis of Biometric Technologies” by Jalaynea A.Cooper.9. Report on “Fingerprint Recognition” by NTSC (National Science and TechnologyCouncil).10. “Emerging Biometric Technologies” fromwww.indiasafe.com/image/pdf-mar10/64.pdf 13. Report on “Vascular Pattern Recognition” by NTSC (National Science andTechnology Council).14. Fast ICP algorithms for shape registration Timothée Jost and Heinz Hügli PatternRecognition Group, Institute of Micro technology, University of Neuchâtel,Breguet, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switze


new copy of palm vein technology

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