new chromosome counts in three eriocaulon species from india
TRANSCRIPT
Cytologia 86(1): 97-99 (2021)Rohit N. Mane*, Manoj M. Lekhak and
Shrirang R. Yadav Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of
Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416004, Maharashtra,
India
Received December 1, 2020; accepted December 30, 2020
Summary Eriocaulon dalzellii, E. sharmae and E. ramnadense are endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Chromosome numbers for these species have been reported for the first time. E. dalzellii and E. sharmae are tet- raploid with 2n=4x=32 chromosomes whereas E. ramnadense is a triploid with 2n=3x=24 chromosomes.
Keywords Chromosome number, Endemic, Endangered, Eriocaulon, India.
Eriocaulaceae known by about 1,223 species belong- ing to seven genera is distributed widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and America, with centers of species richness in the tropics. Most species of Eriocaulon grow in wetlands although some inhabit shallow riv- ers and streams with an apparent adaptive morphology of elongated submerged stems (Larridon et al. 2019). The genus Eriocaulon is the largest widespread genus documented by about 482 species worldwide (Govaerts 2019). Despite large genus, chromosome studies have been reported for only 23 species as shown in Table 1. Ansari and Balakrishnan (2009) reported 85 species of
Eriocaulon including five taxa of doubtful occurrence in India (Ansari and Balakrishnan 2009). However, this work does exclude three taxa previously described or recorded by different authors (Myrthong et al. 1983). Since then, 22 taxa have been added (Francis et al. 2020) accounting for about 110 species for the country. Of the 110 Eriocaulon species, about 60% are endemic to India, but there is very little cytological information available. This paper is an attempt to extend chromo- some information.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.97
Table 1. Previously reported chromosome numbers for Eriocaulon.
No. Species 2n/n References
1 E. achiton Körn. 30 Larsen (1966) 2 E. alpestre Hook. f. & Thomson ex Körn. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 3 E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce 32 Hanson et al. (2003) 4 E. chinorossicum Kom. 24 Sokolovskaya and Probatova (1985) 5 E. cinereum R. Br. 32, n=9 Erlandsson (1942), Mehra and Sachdeva (1971) 6 E. compressum Lam. n=20 Cave (1967) 7 # E. dalzellii Körn. 32 Present study 8 E. decemflorum Maxim. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 9 E. henryanum Ruhland c. 56 Larsen (1966)
10 E. hondoense Satake 24 Nishikawa (1993) 11 E. kusiroense Miyabe & Kudô ex Satake 24 Nishikawa (1993) 12 E. parkeri B. L. Rob. c. 48 Love and Love (1958) 13 E. miquelianum Körn. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 14 E. monococcon Nakai 48 Nishikawa (1993) 15 E. oryzetorum Mart. c. 60, 90 Larsen (1966) 16 # E. ramnadense R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. 24 Present study 17 E. sachalinense Miyabe & Nakai 24 Nishikawa (1993) 18 E. robustobrownianum Ruhland c.110 Larsen (1966) 19 E. scariosum Sm. 36, 64 Briggs (1966), Larsen (1966) 20 # E. sharmae R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. 32 Present study 21 E. schimperi Korn. ex Engl. c. 80 Hedberg and Hedberg (1977) 22 E. sexangulare L. 36 Erlandsson (1942), Larsen (1966) 23 E. truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart. 30, 32 Erlandsson (1942), Larsen (1966)
#Represents taxa endemic to India.
98 R. N. Mane et al. Cytologia 86(1)
Materials and methods
The studied Eriocaulon samples were collected from Suleran, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India (Table 2). Ten in- dividuals of each species were investigated. The voucher specimens of the species are deposited in the Herbarium,
Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (SUK). Mitosis was studied from the secondary root tips of mature plants. Root tips of 4–8 mm length were pre-treated with 2 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline for 6±2°C for 2–3 h. The root tips were hydrolyzed with 1M hydro- chloric acid at about 60–70°C for 1 min. Then the root
Table 2. Localities of three Eriocaulon species investigated.
No. Species Locality, altitude, and collection date Voucher
1 E. dalzellii Körn. (Fig. 1A) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 688 m, 23.08.2020
RNM 205 (SUK)
2 E. ramnadense R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. (Fig. 1C) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 689 m, 23.08.2020
RNM 206 (SUK)
3 E. sharmae R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. (Fig. 1E) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 688 m, 20.09.2020
RNM 207 (SUK)
Fig. 1. E. dalzellii: A. Habit, B. Somatic chromosome plate; E. ramnadense: C. Habit, D. Somatic chromosome plate; E. shar- mae: E. Habit, F. Somatic chromosome plate. Scale bars=10 µm.
2021 New Chromosome Counts in Three Eriocaulon Species from India 99
tips were squashed in 2% propionic orcein. Five somatic chromosome plates were photographed with a Carl Zeiss Axio Imager.
Results and discussion
The chromosome sets of E. dalzellii and E. sharmae were composed of 2n=4x=32 chromosomes (Fig. 1B, F). This is the first report for both species. In E. ram- nadense the chromosome number was determined to be 2n=3x=24 (Fig. 1D). The chromosome number of this species was also reported for the first time here. In the Eriocaulaceae family, the chromosome numbers are significantly different among the taxa (Table 1). In this study, all species have the basic x=8 chromosome number, E. ramnadense have triploid chromosomes. E. dalzellii and E. sharmae are tetraploid.
The basic chromosome numbers (x) of 8 and 9 are known for Eriocaulon (Darlington 1955, Love and Love 1958, Raven 1975). The most common diploid chromo- some number (2n) for Eriocaulon is 2n=24 (eight spe- cies, Table 1) and 2n=32 (five species, Table 1). In genus Eriocaulon range of chromosome number are 2n=24, 32, 48, 56, 64, 80. Some chromosome numbers reported n= 20, 2n=30, 90, c. 60, c. 110 may need reconfirmation.
This family remains very poorly known cytologically with only the genus Eriocaulon previously known. Ra- ven (1975) suggested a base number x=8 for Eriocaulon, although numbers based on x=9 and 10 have also been reported for four species (Davidse 1981). For under- standing the interrelationship amongst different Eriocau- lon species chromosome studies are needed.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing laboratory facilities. Rohit N. Mane is grateful to Rajiv Gandhi Sci- ence and Technology Commission (RGSTC), Govern- ment of Maharashtra for financial assistance (RGSTC/ File-2007/DPP-054/CR-028).
References
Ansari, R. and Balakrishnan, N. P. 2009. The Family Eriocaulaceae in India. Revised Edn. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Briggs, B. G. 1966. Chromosome numbers of some Australian mono- cotyledons. Contr. N. S. Wales Natl. Herb. 4: 24–34.
Cave, M. S. 1967. In documented chromosome numbers of plants. Modrono 19: 134–136.
Darlington, C. D. and Wylie A. P. 1955. Chromosome atlas of flower- ing plants. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London.
Davidse, G. 1981. Chromosome numbers of miscellaneous angio- sperms. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 68: 222–224.
Erlandsson, S. 1942. The chromosome numbers of three Eriocaulon species. Arkiv. Bot. 30: 1–4.
Francis, D., Mohan, V., Venugopal, D. K. and Nampy, S. 2020. A new species of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) from the Southern West- ern Ghats of Kerala, India. Edinb. J. Bot. 77: 281–290.
Govaerts, R., Bernet, P., Kratochvil, K., Gerlach, G., Carr, G., Alrich, P., Pridgeon, A. M., Pfahl, J., Campacci, M. A., Holland Baptista, D., Tigges, H., Shaw, J., Cribb, P., Kreuz, K. and Wood, J. 2019. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet: http:// apps.kew.org/wcsp/.
Hanson, L., Brown, R. L. A., Boyd, A., Johnson, M. A. T. and Ben- nett, M. D. 2003. First nuclear DNA C-values for 28 angiosperm genera. Ann. Bot. 91: 31–38.
Hedberg, I. and Hedberg, O. 1977. Chromosome numbers of afroal- pine and afromontane angiosperms. Bot. Not. 130: 1–24.
Larridon, I. et al. 2019. First molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae, Poales). J. Plant Res. 132: 589–600.
Larsen, K. 1966. Studies in the flora of Thailand. 40. Cytology of vas- cular plants. II. Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 375–399.
Love, A. and Love, D. 1958. The American element in the flora of the British Isles. Bot. Notiser 111: 376–388.
Mehra, P. N. and Sachdeva, S. K. 1971. In: Marhold, K. (ed.). IOPB chromosome reports XXXIII. Taxon 20: 609–614.
Myrthong, S., Kumar, Y. and Rao, R. 1983. Eriocaulon echinulatum Mart. (Eriocaulaceae)A new record for India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80: 667–668.
Nishikawa, T. 1993. Chromosome numbers of seven Japanese Erio- caulon species. J. Jpn. Bot. 68: 88–93.
Raven, P. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Cytology. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 62: 724–764.
Sokolovskaya, A. P. and Probatova, N. S. 1985. Chromosome numbers in the vascular plants fromthe Primorye territory, Kamchatka region, Amur valley and SakhaIin. Bot. Zhurn. 70: 997–999. (in Russian)
Received December 1, 2020; accepted December 30, 2020
Summary Eriocaulon dalzellii, E. sharmae and E. ramnadense are endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Chromosome numbers for these species have been reported for the first time. E. dalzellii and E. sharmae are tet- raploid with 2n=4x=32 chromosomes whereas E. ramnadense is a triploid with 2n=3x=24 chromosomes.
Keywords Chromosome number, Endemic, Endangered, Eriocaulon, India.
Eriocaulaceae known by about 1,223 species belong- ing to seven genera is distributed widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and America, with centers of species richness in the tropics. Most species of Eriocaulon grow in wetlands although some inhabit shallow riv- ers and streams with an apparent adaptive morphology of elongated submerged stems (Larridon et al. 2019). The genus Eriocaulon is the largest widespread genus documented by about 482 species worldwide (Govaerts 2019). Despite large genus, chromosome studies have been reported for only 23 species as shown in Table 1. Ansari and Balakrishnan (2009) reported 85 species of
Eriocaulon including five taxa of doubtful occurrence in India (Ansari and Balakrishnan 2009). However, this work does exclude three taxa previously described or recorded by different authors (Myrthong et al. 1983). Since then, 22 taxa have been added (Francis et al. 2020) accounting for about 110 species for the country. Of the 110 Eriocaulon species, about 60% are endemic to India, but there is very little cytological information available. This paper is an attempt to extend chromo- some information.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.97
Table 1. Previously reported chromosome numbers for Eriocaulon.
No. Species 2n/n References
1 E. achiton Körn. 30 Larsen (1966) 2 E. alpestre Hook. f. & Thomson ex Körn. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 3 E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce 32 Hanson et al. (2003) 4 E. chinorossicum Kom. 24 Sokolovskaya and Probatova (1985) 5 E. cinereum R. Br. 32, n=9 Erlandsson (1942), Mehra and Sachdeva (1971) 6 E. compressum Lam. n=20 Cave (1967) 7 # E. dalzellii Körn. 32 Present study 8 E. decemflorum Maxim. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 9 E. henryanum Ruhland c. 56 Larsen (1966)
10 E. hondoense Satake 24 Nishikawa (1993) 11 E. kusiroense Miyabe & Kudô ex Satake 24 Nishikawa (1993) 12 E. parkeri B. L. Rob. c. 48 Love and Love (1958) 13 E. miquelianum Körn. 24 Nishikawa (1993) 14 E. monococcon Nakai 48 Nishikawa (1993) 15 E. oryzetorum Mart. c. 60, 90 Larsen (1966) 16 # E. ramnadense R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. 24 Present study 17 E. sachalinense Miyabe & Nakai 24 Nishikawa (1993) 18 E. robustobrownianum Ruhland c.110 Larsen (1966) 19 E. scariosum Sm. 36, 64 Briggs (1966), Larsen (1966) 20 # E. sharmae R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. 32 Present study 21 E. schimperi Korn. ex Engl. c. 80 Hedberg and Hedberg (1977) 22 E. sexangulare L. 36 Erlandsson (1942), Larsen (1966) 23 E. truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart. 30, 32 Erlandsson (1942), Larsen (1966)
#Represents taxa endemic to India.
98 R. N. Mane et al. Cytologia 86(1)
Materials and methods
The studied Eriocaulon samples were collected from Suleran, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India (Table 2). Ten in- dividuals of each species were investigated. The voucher specimens of the species are deposited in the Herbarium,
Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (SUK). Mitosis was studied from the secondary root tips of mature plants. Root tips of 4–8 mm length were pre-treated with 2 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline for 6±2°C for 2–3 h. The root tips were hydrolyzed with 1M hydro- chloric acid at about 60–70°C for 1 min. Then the root
Table 2. Localities of three Eriocaulon species investigated.
No. Species Locality, altitude, and collection date Voucher
1 E. dalzellii Körn. (Fig. 1A) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 688 m, 23.08.2020
RNM 205 (SUK)
2 E. ramnadense R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. (Fig. 1C) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 689 m, 23.08.2020
RNM 206 (SUK)
3 E. sharmae R. Ansari & N. P. Balakr. (Fig. 1E) India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Suleran, 688 m, 20.09.2020
RNM 207 (SUK)
Fig. 1. E. dalzellii: A. Habit, B. Somatic chromosome plate; E. ramnadense: C. Habit, D. Somatic chromosome plate; E. shar- mae: E. Habit, F. Somatic chromosome plate. Scale bars=10 µm.
2021 New Chromosome Counts in Three Eriocaulon Species from India 99
tips were squashed in 2% propionic orcein. Five somatic chromosome plates were photographed with a Carl Zeiss Axio Imager.
Results and discussion
The chromosome sets of E. dalzellii and E. sharmae were composed of 2n=4x=32 chromosomes (Fig. 1B, F). This is the first report for both species. In E. ram- nadense the chromosome number was determined to be 2n=3x=24 (Fig. 1D). The chromosome number of this species was also reported for the first time here. In the Eriocaulaceae family, the chromosome numbers are significantly different among the taxa (Table 1). In this study, all species have the basic x=8 chromosome number, E. ramnadense have triploid chromosomes. E. dalzellii and E. sharmae are tetraploid.
The basic chromosome numbers (x) of 8 and 9 are known for Eriocaulon (Darlington 1955, Love and Love 1958, Raven 1975). The most common diploid chromo- some number (2n) for Eriocaulon is 2n=24 (eight spe- cies, Table 1) and 2n=32 (five species, Table 1). In genus Eriocaulon range of chromosome number are 2n=24, 32, 48, 56, 64, 80. Some chromosome numbers reported n= 20, 2n=30, 90, c. 60, c. 110 may need reconfirmation.
This family remains very poorly known cytologically with only the genus Eriocaulon previously known. Ra- ven (1975) suggested a base number x=8 for Eriocaulon, although numbers based on x=9 and 10 have also been reported for four species (Davidse 1981). For under- standing the interrelationship amongst different Eriocau- lon species chromosome studies are needed.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing laboratory facilities. Rohit N. Mane is grateful to Rajiv Gandhi Sci- ence and Technology Commission (RGSTC), Govern- ment of Maharashtra for financial assistance (RGSTC/ File-2007/DPP-054/CR-028).
References
Ansari, R. and Balakrishnan, N. P. 2009. The Family Eriocaulaceae in India. Revised Edn. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Briggs, B. G. 1966. Chromosome numbers of some Australian mono- cotyledons. Contr. N. S. Wales Natl. Herb. 4: 24–34.
Cave, M. S. 1967. In documented chromosome numbers of plants. Modrono 19: 134–136.
Darlington, C. D. and Wylie A. P. 1955. Chromosome atlas of flower- ing plants. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London.
Davidse, G. 1981. Chromosome numbers of miscellaneous angio- sperms. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 68: 222–224.
Erlandsson, S. 1942. The chromosome numbers of three Eriocaulon species. Arkiv. Bot. 30: 1–4.
Francis, D., Mohan, V., Venugopal, D. K. and Nampy, S. 2020. A new species of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) from the Southern West- ern Ghats of Kerala, India. Edinb. J. Bot. 77: 281–290.
Govaerts, R., Bernet, P., Kratochvil, K., Gerlach, G., Carr, G., Alrich, P., Pridgeon, A. M., Pfahl, J., Campacci, M. A., Holland Baptista, D., Tigges, H., Shaw, J., Cribb, P., Kreuz, K. and Wood, J. 2019. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet: http:// apps.kew.org/wcsp/.
Hanson, L., Brown, R. L. A., Boyd, A., Johnson, M. A. T. and Ben- nett, M. D. 2003. First nuclear DNA C-values for 28 angiosperm genera. Ann. Bot. 91: 31–38.
Hedberg, I. and Hedberg, O. 1977. Chromosome numbers of afroal- pine and afromontane angiosperms. Bot. Not. 130: 1–24.
Larridon, I. et al. 2019. First molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae, Poales). J. Plant Res. 132: 589–600.
Larsen, K. 1966. Studies in the flora of Thailand. 40. Cytology of vas- cular plants. II. Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 375–399.
Love, A. and Love, D. 1958. The American element in the flora of the British Isles. Bot. Notiser 111: 376–388.
Mehra, P. N. and Sachdeva, S. K. 1971. In: Marhold, K. (ed.). IOPB chromosome reports XXXIII. Taxon 20: 609–614.
Myrthong, S., Kumar, Y. and Rao, R. 1983. Eriocaulon echinulatum Mart. (Eriocaulaceae)A new record for India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80: 667–668.
Nishikawa, T. 1993. Chromosome numbers of seven Japanese Erio- caulon species. J. Jpn. Bot. 68: 88–93.
Raven, P. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Cytology. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 62: 724–764.
Sokolovskaya, A. P. and Probatova, N. S. 1985. Chromosome numbers in the vascular plants fromthe Primorye territory, Kamchatka region, Amur valley and SakhaIin. Bot. Zhurn. 70: 997–999. (in Russian)