neutron scattering and …fisica.mib.infn.it/local/dottorato/dottdirs/giorgia...neutron scattering...
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NEUTRON SCATTERING AND INSTRUMENTATIONS
Neutron Training School 2014 seminar
27/05/14 Giorgia Albani – NTC 2014 seminar 1
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Summary
1. Physics of neutron scattering
2. Neutron sources: ISIS and ILL
3. A diffraction experiment
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Physics of neutron scattering
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What is a scattering experiment?
� In a scattering experiment, a beam of radiation is incident on a sample
� The distribution of radiation scattered in a sample is measured
� This is determined by the interaction potential of the radiation and the sample
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Scattering experiments � Diffraction
� Assumes no energy transferred to/from the sample
� Measurements of crystal structure, atomic correlations in liquid/gases
� Inelastic scattering (spectroscopy) � Energy transferred to/from the sample
� Measurements of lattice vibrations (phonons), atomic diffusion
� Small angle scattering � Diffraction at very small angle
� Measuring large objects: proteins, nanoparticles, etc…
� Reflectometry � Diffraction from a source – specular or off-specular
� Measures depth profile of thin films
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Neutron interactions
Nuclear interactions
� electrons ignored
� V ÷ b
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Atom: 10-10m
Nucleus: 10-15m
Magnetic interactions
� Unpaired electrons
� V ÷ μ. Β
Neutrons scatter via:
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Neutrons are waves
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o Neutron are located somewhere in Δx o Heisenberg: must increase Δx to define λ better – or increase Δλ
to define x better o The longer the Δx, the larger the spatial and temporal coherence of
the neutron – more monochromatic o Neutrons are usually considered as infinite plane waves.
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So why neutrons?
� Neutrons have no electric charge:
Ø Very penetrating radiation
� Strong scattering from light nuclei (e.g. H)
� Strong magnetic interactions (S=1/2)
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λ=1,8 A
E=25 meV Thermal neutrons
λ~ interatomic spaces
E~ phonons excitations
INVESTIGATION OF MATTER
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Neutron sources
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Neutron sources Fission reactor
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Spallation sources
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Reactor sources (ILL)
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Institute Laue Langevin (ILL)
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Nuclear Fission
• Each fission of 235U releases 200 MeV!
• 2.35 neutrons produced!
• so 1.35 useful neutrons per fission!
• energies around 50-100 MeV per neutron
01n+ 92
235U→≈ 2.35n+ f +180MeV
• 1 n is needed to continue the reaction
• The others n are moderated Ø 1,35 n useful per fission
• Energies around 50-100 MeV per n
1.5x1015 neutrons per
second per cm2 are produced
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Spallation Sources (ISIS)
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Spallation process
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Proton Energy: 800 MeV Frequency: 50 Hz Current: 200 uA # neutrons: 15-20 n/p Flux: 1.4 X 1016 n/s
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ISIS
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Neutron moderators � Both fission and spallation sources produce high
energy neutrons (E~1MeV, λ~3x10-4A°)
� Neutron scattering requires “thermal” or “slow” neutrons (E~25meV, λ~1,8 A° at T=293K)
� Neutrons can be slowed down by elastic collision with light atoms (e.g. H, D, C)
� Moderators produce neutron beams with a near Maxwellian distributions of energies, at a characteristic temperature
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ILL and ISIS neutrons
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Diffraction experiments
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Bragg’s law
� λ= 2dsenϑ
� K=2π/λ
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2ϑ
A Bragg peak is obtained if the reflected radiation off different planes interferes constructively. This condition is satisfied by the Bragg’s law:
Radiation with λcomparable with the interatomic spaces
DIFFRACTION PATTERN
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Neutron Diffraction � Neutron diffraction is used to measure the
differential cross section � Crystalline solids � Liquids and amorphous materials � Large scale structures
� Depending on the scattering angle, structure on different length scales, d, is measured:
d=λ/2sinϑ
� For crystalline solids and liquids use wide angle diffraction. For large structures (proteins…) use small angle neutron scattering
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Neutron diffraction
� Assumes that ki=kf (true for Bragg diffraction)
� So only need to measure ki or kf
� Performed on polycrystals (powder diffraction), or single crystals or disordered material
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Powder diffraction
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2ϑ
All possible crystal orientation presented to the beam
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Reactor source method for fixed λwe measured d-spacing as function of 2ϑ
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λ= 2dsenϑ
source monochromator
detector
sample
2ϑ1
2ϑ2 2ϑ3
2ϑ4
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Example: D1B (ILL)
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Time of flight method
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for fixed ϑ we measured d-spacing as function of λ(t)=h/mv λ= 2dsenϑ
source
sample
detector
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Time of flight method for fixed ϑ we measured d-spacing as function of λ(t)=h/mv λ= 2dsenϑ
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Example: POLARIS
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Thank you for your attention!