neutron(no charge)

Hydrogen

1 Proton1 Electron

Oxygen

8 Protons8 Neutrons8 Electrons

a.

b.

proton(positive charge)

electron(negative charge)

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1

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons

6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons

6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons

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2

x

y z

One spherical orbital (1s)

a.

One spherical orbital (2s)

b.

c.

x

z

y

Neon

Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital

EnergyLevel K

Corresponding Electron OrbitalsElectron Shell Diagram

Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals

Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p)

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Energylevel L

3

N

M

L

K

K

LM

N

absorbedEnergy

Nucleus

Energyreleased

Nucleus

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4

1

H

3

Li4

Be

19

K

12

Mg

93

Np94

Pu95

Am96

Cm97

Bk98

Cf99

Es100

Fm101

Md102

No103

Lr

37

Rb38

Sr39

Y42

Mo45

Rh46

Pd47

Ag48

Cd49

In50

Sn51

Sb52

Te53

I54

Xe

21

Sc40

Zr

22

Ti23

V24

Cr

25

Mn27

Co28

Ni29

Cu30

Zn36

Kr

5

B6 C

8

O 2

He

55

Cs56

Ba72

Hf73

Ta74

W75

Re76

Os77

Ir78

Pt79

Au80

Hg81

Tl82

Pb83

Bi84

Po85

At86

Rn87

Fr88

Ra

57

La89

Ac104 105 106 107 108 109

58

Ce59

Pr60

Nd61

Pm62

Sm63

Eu64

Gd65

Tb66

Dy67

Ho68

Er69

Tm70

Yb71

Lu

90

Th91

Pa92

U

(Lanthanide series)

(Actinide series)

11

Na

20

Ca

41

Nb43

Tu44

Ru

26

Fe

13

Al

31

Ga32

Ge

14

Si

7

N15

P

33

As

16

S

35

Br34

Se

9

F

18

Ar

10

Ne17

Cl

110

Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds

111 112 113 114 115 116 117

Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh

118

Key

1

H

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Calcium (Ca)

Sulfur (S)

Sodium (Na)

Chlorine (Cl)

Mg

Fe

S

K

P

Ca

Cl

Na

N

H

C

a. b.

O Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Iron (Fe)

Magnesium (Mg)

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atomic number

chemical symbol

5

Helium

KK

L

2+ 7+

Nonreactive Reactive

2 protons2 neutrons2 electrons

7 protons7 neutrons7 electrons

Nitrogen

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6

7

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Sodium atom

Cl

Chlorine atom

a.

Sodium ion (+)

Cl–

Chloride ion (–)

b. NaCl crystal

Cl– Cl–

Cl– Cl–

Cl–

Na+Na+NaNa

Na+Na+

Na+Na+ Na+Na+

Na+Na+

8

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NN

N2N N

H H

O2O O

H2

O O

Single covalent bondHydrogen gas

covalent bond

Double covalent bondoxygen gas

Triple covalent bondNitrogen gas

H H

9

10

11

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+

–

+

+

104.5

a. b.

c.

Bohr Model

Space-Filling Model

8p

Ball-and-Stick Model

8n

–

+

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

12

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+

a.

b.

Water moleculeHydrogen atom

–Hydrogen bond

Oxygen atom

Hydrogen atom

Hydrogen bond +

–

An organic molecule

Oxygen atom 13

14

15

16

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Hydration shells

Water molecules

Salt crystal

Cl–

Na+

Cl–

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

Na+

17

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10–1

Acidic

Basic

10–2

10–3

10–4

10–5

10–6 Urine

10–7

10–8

10–9 Baking soda

10–10

10–11 Household ammonia

10–12

10–13

10–14

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Hydrogen IonConcentration [H+] pH Value Examples of Solutions

100

Hydrochloric acid

Stomach acid, lemon juice

Vinegar, cola, beer

Tomatoes

Black coffee

Pure water

Seawater

Great Salt Lake

Household bleach

Sodium hydroxide

18

1X0 3X 4X 5X2X

pH

9

876543210

Amount of base added

Buffering range

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19

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+Bicarbonate

ion(HCO3

–)+

++

–

+

Water(H2O)

Carbondioxide(CO2)

Carbonicacid

(H2CO3)

Hydrogenion(H+)

20