neuronal evolution and the origins of language: towards a simulation platform
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Neuronal evolution and the origins of language: Towards a simulation platform. Eörs Szathmáry. Collegium Budapest. Eötvös University. The group. Zoltán Szatmáry programming, neuro Péter Ittzés programming, bio Máté Vargaprogramming, elect. eng. Ferenc Huszárinformatics - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Neuronal evolution and the origins of language: Towards a simulation platformEörs Szathmáry
Eötvös University Collegium Budapest
The group• Zoltán SzatmáryZoltán Szatmáry programming, neuroprogramming, neuro• Péter IttzésPéter Ittzés programming, bioprogramming, bio• Máté VargaMáté Varga programming, elect. eng.programming, elect. eng.• Ferenc HuszárFerenc Huszár informaticsinformatics• Anna FedorAnna Fedor bio, etholbio, ethol• István ZacharIstván Zachar bio, evolbio, evol• Gergő OrbánGergő Orbán biophys, Bayesian learnbiophys, Bayesian learn• Máté LengyelMáté Lengyel neuroneuro• Szabolcs SzámadóSzabolcs Számadóbio, evolbio, evol
SUPPORTED BY ECAGENTSSUPPORTED BY ECAGENTS
It all started with JMS…
• „You know Eörs, we have to consider language seriously in the book”
• The origin of language remains the primary motivation behind this work
The major transitions (JMS & ES, 1995)
***
*
* These transitions are regarded to be ‘difficult’
Some general lessons drawn
• Emergence of novel inheritance system
• Holistic digital BEWARE!
• Limited heredity unlimited heredity
• Solution of the cooperation problem is needed
• Unlimited heredity allows CUMULATIVE selection
Unique transitions are difficult
– Genetic code– Eukaryotic cell– Eukaryotic sex– Language
• Objective and subjective difficulty
• Limitation by selection
• Limitation by genetic variation
Recruitment (predaptation) is fine, except it is unlikely to give optimal
solutions
Initial engulfment of bacteria, BUT…
Hundreds of mutations must have gone to fixation!!!
The ‘momentum’ of evolution
• IF a trait is useful (functional)
• AND IF there is genetic variation for it
• AND IF it is not perfect to start with,
• THEN we can expect (some) improvement through evolution by natural selection!
Three interwoven processes
• Note the different time-scales involved• Cultural transmission: language transmits itself as
well as other things• A novel inheritance system
Trends Ecol. Evol. (2006)
A critical examination of ideas
Theories/Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6
Language as a mental tool (Jerison, 1991; Burling, 1993) + + - + - -Grooming hypothesis (Dunbar, 1998) - + - - - -Gossip (Power, 1998) + - - + - -Tool making (Greenfield, 1991) + + + + + -Mating contract (Deacon, 1997) - - - - - -Sexual selection (Miller, 2000) + - - - - -Status for information (Dessalles, 2000) + - - + - -Song hypothesis (Vaneechoutte & Skoyles, 1998) - - - - - +Group bonding/ ritual (Knight, 1998) - + - - - -Gestural theory (Hewes, 1973) + - + + - -Hunting theories (Washburn & Lanchester, 1968) + + + + - -
(1) selective advantage (2) honesty (3) grounded in reality (4) power of generalisations (5) cognitive abilities (6) uniqueness
An educated guess
• The origin of language had to do possibly with a combination of – Language as a mental tool – Gesturing– Tool making– Hunting
The coevolutionary ladder
cooperation language
The evolutionary approachgenes
development
behaviour
selection
learning
environmentImpact of evolution on the developmental genetics of the brain!
The genetics of complex behaviour is not easy…
• Pleiotropy: one gene affecting different traits• Epistasis: effects from different genes do not combine
independently• Intermediate phenotypes must be identified!
One method of finding out (within ECAgents)
• Simulated dynamics of interacting agents• Agents have a “nervous system”• It is under partial genetic control• Selection is based on learning performance
for symbolic and syntactical tasks• If successful, look and reverse engineer the
emerging architectures• HOW GENES RIG THE NETWORKS??
The most important precedent
„the purpose of this paper is to explore how genes could specify the actual neuronal network functional architectures found in the mammalian brain, such as those found in the cerebral cortex. Indeed, this paper takes examples of some of the actual architectures and prototypical networks found in the cerebral cortex, and explores how these architectures could be specified by genes which allow the networks when built to implement some of the prototypical computational problems that must be solved by neuronal networks in the brain”
Highly indirect genetic encoding
• There are special results with direct genetic encoding (one gene per neuron or per synapse)
• THIS IS NOT WHAT WE WANT• There are around 35 thousand genes• Only a fraction of them can deal with the
brain• Billions of neurons, many more synapses
Summary of our efforts
In: Nehaniv, C., Cangelosi, A & Lyon, C. (2006) Origin of Communication, in press. Springer-Verlag
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Software architecture
519 classes
99267 lines of C++ code
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Population dynamics and agent lifecycle
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Ontogenesis of a neuronal network
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
A note on the importance of topographicity
• For each tropographical net, one can construct an equivalent topological net
• The nature of variation is very different for the two options
• Genes obviously affect topographical networks
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Parameter values
Population dynamics and games• Population size: 100. • Time steps: 500 (200 for the cloning test). • Number of games played per time step per agent:
100. • Death process: least fit (5). • Mating process: roulette wheel. • Number of offspring: Poisson with Lambda=5.
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Parameter values 2
Neurobiological parameters• Number of layers: randomly chosen from the range [1,3]
(mutation rate: 0.008). • Number of neuron classes: randomly chosen from the range
[1,3] (mutation rate: 0.2). • Number of neurons: randomly chosen from the range [10,30]
(mutation rate: 0.2). • Number of projections: randomly chosen from the range [1,3]
(mutation rate: 0.02). • Rate coding with linear transfer function [-1 , 1]. • Hebbian learning rules. • Reward matrix is same as the pay-off matrix of the given game
(below). • Brain update: 10 (same for listener and speaker).
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
There are:• two kinds of environments, E={-1,1},• three types of cost-free signals S=[-1, 1, else],• three types of possible decisions D=[-1, 1],
where values other than –1 or 1 mean no signal and no response respectively.
Task: A two-person game
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
-1/1
Population
Environment
A Coordination Game
Speaker Listener
Decision
Signal
Decision
Different types of gameDifferent types of game
Coodination game (Coop)Coodination game (Coop) Division of Labour (Div)Division of Labour (Div) Prisoners’ dilemma (PD)Prisoners’ dilemma (PD) Hawk- Dove game (SD)Hawk- Dove game (SD)
Environment -1 Environment 1
Coop (-1) Coop (1)
Div Div
PD (-1) PD (1)
SD (-1) SD (1)
PD (-1) Coop (-1)
PD (-1) CoopRev (1)
SD (-1) Coop (-1)
SD (-1) CoopRev (1)
D(1) D(-1)
D(1) 1 5
D(-1) 0 3
D(1) D(-1)
D(1) -1 5
D(-1) 0 3
D(1) D(-1)
D(1) 0 5
D(-1) 5 0
D(1) D(-1)
D(1) 5 1
D(-1) 0 0
Coodination gameCoodination game Division of LabourDivision of Labour Prisoners’ dilemmaPrisoners’ dilemma Hawk - Dove gameHawk - Dove game
Div/Div
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other-reporting signals self-reporting signals
dishonest signals uninformative signals
no signal
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Why is there communication in SD/SD?
• There is conflict of interest in the game, BUT:• There is mixed ESS: it pays to be the reverse of
the opponent!• Speaker sees the environment, chooses the selfish
strategy and informs the listener about it in the „hope” that the other behaves complementarily. The other has no real choice but to „believe” in it.
• Mixed ESS AND changing environments AND informational asymmetry RESULT IN communication
other-reporting signals self-reporting signals
dishonest signals uninformative signals
no signal
PD/Coop
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S:[1] E:[1] DL:[1];DS:[1]
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Early brains (t:10) Scenario: E1: complementary, E-1:same
Visual input
Audio input
Const input or unconnected
Mixed colours indicate input mixing.
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Advanced brain (t:750)
Scenario: E1: complementary, E-1:same
Visual input
Audio input
Constants input or unconnected
Mixed colours indicate input mixing
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Is there inheritance, despite highly indirect genetic encoding?
• Scatter plots for AudioIn, AudioOut, Const, Vision and Decision neurons
• Experiments on clones
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
The central issue with indirect encoding is whether one can find heritability of the simulated, evolved neuronal networks. If our biomimetic, indirect encoding is successful; this should be the case.
Measuring the Heritability of Neural Connections
in ENGA-Generated Communicating Agents
Input/output neuron
h2
AudioIn 0.8689
AudioOut 0.8708
Const 0.8696
Decision 0.8123
Vision 0.8428
Estimated heritability values (h2) of the number of connections of the given input/output neurons (right).
This is a proof that ENGA works as we hoped: despite indirect encoding, there is hereditary variation between indivudal phenotypes on which simulated natural selection can act.
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Is there inheritance, or only council of the elders?
• The increase with age of time• The code of individuals in time• Green lines: individual living still the end of the simulation• Red: birth events
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Details of learning/heritability experiment
• Individuals are taken from an equilibrated Coop game• All are newborn, no close relatives• Smart and stupid individuals are included• Individuals were educated in a testbed• You see the average of the reward received in 1010
turns• Convention carved into pieces: two environments x
two types of input (audio and visual), measure the signal or the decision
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
A minimalist version of the naming game
• 2 objects• Agents have two individual „concepts” (bit strings of
length 2) • One agent signals the other if shown an object • Success of communication is measured in terms of
fitness• Learning is indispensable
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
Flow chart of the naming game
Mother nature
Concept
Speaker visual
Signal ouput
Listener ouput
Decision
Concept?
ECAgents: project founded by the Future and Emerging Technologies program (IST-FET) of the European Community under EU R&D contract IST1940.
What is ENGA good for?
• To test (some) ideas about language evolutionary scenarios
• Are certain suggested preadaptation ideas better than others?
• Can you select for recursion? How?• Put the networks into robots!• A USER-FRIENDLY PLATFORM IS TO BE
RELEASED