neurology update for 2013 - ucsf cme · neurology update for 2013 ... mri of the brain and cervical...

26
5/28/2013 1 Neurology Update for 2013 Vanja Douglas, MD Sara & Evan Williams Foundation Endowed Neurohospitalist Chair UCSF Department of Neurology Neurohospitalist Division Disclosures 2012: Received an honorarium for speaking about neurohospitalists for Grifols, Inc. (manufacturers of IVIG)

Upload: others

Post on 19-Aug-2020

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

1

Neurology Update for 2013

Vanja Douglas, MDSara & Evan Williams Foundation Endowed 

Neurohospitalist ChairUCSF Department of Neurology

Neurohospitalist Division

Disclosures

2012: Received an honorarium for speaking about neurohospitalists for Grifols, Inc. (manufacturers of IVIG)

Page 2: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

2

Learning Objectives

• Describe how to work up and treat dementia

• Understand effective delirium prevention and treatment measures

• List the new oral treatments for multiple sclerosis

• Initiate treatment of Parkinson disease

• Know several new options for prevention of migraine headache

Case 1

• A 74 y/o man is brought to you by his son because of concerns about his memory. He occasionally forgets the names of his grandchildren and will often forget to buy all the items he intended to at the grocery store. He still performs all his ADLs and balances his own checkbook.

• His mini mental status exam score is 27/30, with 2 points off for recall and one off for orientation.

Page 3: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

3

Question 1: What is the most likely diagnosis?

1. Frontotemporal dementia

2. Alzheimer dementia

3. Vascular dementia

4. Mild cognitive impairment

5. Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Mild Cognitive Impairment

• Concern regarding a change in cognition

• Impairment in one or more cognitive domains

– Objective impairment on bedside testing

• Preservation of independence in functional abilities

• Not demented

– No significant impairment in social or occupational functioning

Page 4: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

4

Dementia: Differential Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s Disease

Hippocampus

and posterior parietal

Amyloid plaques, 

tau tangles

Memory loss

FrontotemporalDementia (FTD)

Frontal and temporal lobes

Tau inclusions

TDP‐43

Apathy, behavior, anxiety

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

Brainstem Alpha‐synuclein Hallucinations, parkinsonism

Vascular Dementia

Diffuse or focal Gliosis Executive slowing

Name Anatomy                  Pathology               First Symptoms

Alzheimer Disease Staging

Braak and Braak, Acta Neuropathol 1991

Page 5: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

5

Dementia: Reversible Causes

• Depression

• B12 deficiency

• Hypothyroidism

• Structural disorders (subdural hematoma, hydrocephalus, slowly growing brain tumor)

• Syphilis

• HIV

• Delirium masquerading as dementia (liver disease, uremia, hypoparathyroidism)

Alzheimer Disease Treatment

Rogers et al., Neurology 1998

Page 6: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

6

Alzheimer Disease Treatment

• Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivas gmine, galantamine) → Mild to moderate dementia (MMSE score 10 – 26)– Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, bradycardia, syncope, and heart block

• Memantine→ Moderate to advanced dementia (MMSE score 3‐14)– Some studies show benefit with combination therapy

Tariot et al., JAMA 2004

Delirium

• You are called to the hospital because your 74 year‐old patient with MCI has been admitted with pneumonia. 

Page 7: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

7

Question 2: Which of the following is NOT an evidence‐based method to prevent his developing delirium in the 

hospital?

1. Early ambulation and bed exercises

2. Oral rehydration

3. Frequent re‐orientation 

4. Low‐dose haloperidol at bedtime

5. Avoiding naps and schedule adjustments to allow sleep at night

6. Portable amplifying devices and visual adaptive equipment

Model of Delirium

Risk Factors

Specific Insults

Delirium

Page 8: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

8

Risk Factors

• Age

• Pre‐existing cognitive dysfunction

• Functional impairment– Mobility, vision, hearing

• Malnutrition/dehydration

• Severe illness

• Depression

• Alcohol abuse

Images from Wikimedia Commons

Iatrogenic Precipitants

• Medications (3 or more)

• Sleep deprivation

• Restraints

• Urinary catheters

• Frequent procedures

• Surgery (thoracic, vascular, and hip)

• Untreated pain

Images from Wikimedia Commons

Page 9: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

9

Prevention: Non‐pharmacologicRisk factor for delirium Targeted intervention

Cognitive Impairment Board with names of care team members and day’s schedule

Frequent reorientation

Sleep Deprivation Bedtime routine, avoid napsUnit‐wide noise‐reduction strategiesSchedule adjustments to allow sleep

Immobility Early ambulation, bed exercisesMinimal use of catheters and restraints

Vision impairment < 20/70 Use of visual aidsAdaptive equipment

Hearing impairment Portable amplifying devicesEarwax disimpaction

Dehydration (BUN/Cr ratio >18) Oral rehydration

Inouye et al, NEJM 1999

Prevention: Non‐pharmacologicRisk factor for delirium Targeted intervention

Cognitive Impairment Board with names of care team members and day’s schedule

Frequent reorientation

Sleep Deprivation Bedtime routine, avoid napsUnit‐wide noise‐reduction strategiesSchedule adjustments to allow sleep

Immobility Early ambulation, bed exercisesMinimal use of catheters and restraints

Vision impairment < 20/70 Use of visual aidsAdaptive equipment

Hearing impairment Portable amplifying devicesEarwax disimpaction

Dehydration (BUN/Cr ratio >18) Oral rehydration

Inouye et al, NEJM 1999

• Reduced delirium incidence from 15% to 9.9% (p = 0.02)

• NNT = 20

• Total delirium days 105 vs. 161 (p = 0.02)

Page 10: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

10

Treatment

• Treat the underlying cause

• Remove unnecessary medications

• Remove bladder catheters

• Early mobilization

• Normalize sleep‐wake cycles

• Sitters instead of restraints

• Sedation should be used only when the patient poses a danger to him/herself or staff

Pharmacologic TreatmentMedication Initial Dosage Comments

Haloperidol 0.5 mg to 1 mg BID One placebo‐controlled RCT

Risperidone 0.5 mg BID Equivalent to haloperidol in one RCT

Olanzapine 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg daily

Better than placebo and equivalent to haloperidol in one RCT

Quetiapine 25 mg BID Better than placebo in the ICU in one RCT

Lonergan et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007

• Off label• Black box warning: increased risk of sudden death in dementia patients

Page 11: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

11

Case 2

• A 33 year‐old woman comes to see you because of two weeks of left arm and leg numbness and tingling.  The symptoms came on gradually over 2 days and have been stable since.  She kept putting off coming to the doctor thinking she just slept on her left side awkwardly.

• Her exam shows decreased sensation in the left arm and leg and slow finger and foot taps on that side.

Question 3: What is the most appropriate next diagnostic step? 

1. Bilateral carotid ultrasound

2. MRI of the brain

3. Non‐contrast CT of the brain

4. MRI of the brain and cervical spine

5. MRI of the cervical spine

6. Lumbar puncture

Page 12: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

12

Multiple Sclerosis: Workup

• MRI is the cornerstone of diagnosis

• Lumbar puncture is helpful but not always necessary if MRI is typical

• Labs: RPR/FTA‐abs, ANA, SSA/SSB, B12

• Consider: HIV, Lyme, antiphospholipidantibodies, RF, aquaporin‐4 antibodies, chest X‐ray

Multiple Sclerosis MRI

Axial T2: Cerebellar lesions Saggital T2: Spinal cord lesion

Page 13: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

13

Multiple Sclerosis MRI

Saggital FLAIR: Dawson’s fingers Axial T1 post‐gad: optic neuritis 

Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnostic Criteria

Clinical Presentation Additional Data Needed for MS Diagnosis*

2 or more clinical attacks2 or more objective lesions

none

2 or more clinical attacks1 objective lesion

Dissemination in space by MRIAdditional clinical attack

1 clinical attack1 objective lesion

Dissemination in time by MRINew lesions on later MRISecond clinical attack

Insidious progression from onset 1 year of progressionDissemination in space by MRI

Polman et al, Ann Neurol 2011

*No alternative diagnosis more likely 

Page 14: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

14

MS: Natural History

• Relapsing‐remitting MS

– On average, one attack every 9 months

– After 15 years, 80% have functional limitation and 30‐50% have SPMS and require assistance walking

– After 25 years, 80% will require assistance walking

Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

InterferonBeta‐1b

InterferonBeta‐1a

Glatiramer Natalizumab

Drug

Placebo

p<0.005 p<0.005 p=0.012 p<0.005

Neurology 1993; Lancet 1998; Comi et al, Ann Neurol 2001; Polman et al, NEJM 2006

Page 15: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

15

Multiple Sclerosis: Oral Treatment

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Fingolimod vInterferon

Teriflunomide vPlacebo

Fumarate vGlatiramer

Drug

Control

p<0.01 p<0.05p<0.001

Cohen et al, NEJM 2010; O’Connor et al, NEJM 2011; Fox et al, NEJM 2012

A Comparison of MS Drugs

Drug Route of Administration

Effect on Relapses

Adverse Events

Interferon beta IM or Sub‐Q Reduce by 1/3 DepressionFlu‐like symptoms

Glatiramer acetate Sub‐Q Reduce by 1/3 Injection site reactions

Natalizumab Monthly IV Reduce by 2/3 PML

Fingolimod Oral Reduce by 1/2 Symptomatic bradycardiaMacular edemaDisseminated VZV

Teriflunomide Oral Reduce by 1/3 Alopecia, NauseaNeutropeniaTransaminitis

Dimethyl Fumarate Oral Reduce by 1/2 FlushingAbdominal discomfortDiarrheaLymphopenia, transaminitis

Page 16: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

16

Case 2

• Six months later your patient presents to the ED with left arm and leg numbness and mild weakness.  She is afraid she is having a relapse of her multiple sclerosis and requests a course of steroids.

Question 4: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

1. Prescribe a one‐week course of oral steroids

2. Give three days of high dose IV steroids

3. Perform a thorough review of systems and check a urinalysis

4. Prescribe three days of high dose oral steroids

5. Make sure he is taking his interferon and has follow up with his neurologist

Page 17: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

17

MS: pearls for the primary care provider

• Treatment of exacerbations with steroids only speeds the pace of recovery but does not enhance the ultimate degree of recovery

• Pseudo‐exacerbations are a recapitulation of the symptoms of a prior attack

• Pseudo‐exacerbations can be caused by heat, stress, systemic illness or infection

• Pseudo‐exacerbations should not be treated with steroids

Case 3

• A 65 year‐old man comes to your clinic complaining of a tremor.  It bothers him the most when he is sitting in business meetings.  He also notes that he can’t keep up with his grandkids like he used to.  His exam shows a rest tremor on the right, with cogwheelingrigidity in the right arm, and a slightly shuffling gait.  

Page 18: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

18

Question 5: Which of the following exposures is LEAST important to ask about in this patient?

1. Metoclopramide

2. Prochlorperazine (compazine)

3. Promethazine (phenergan)

4. Risperidone or other second generation antipsychotics

5. Head trauma

6. Marijuana

Parkinson Disease

• Four cardinal signs– Bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, postural instability

• Differential diagnosis

– Secondary parkinsonism (e.g., medications, trauma)

– Other neurodegenerative diseases

– Structural lesions uncommon

• Brain imaging not necessary for diagnosis

Page 19: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

19

Question 6: With what medication would you initiate treatment?

1. Levodopa/carbidopa

2. Propranolol

3. Pramipexole

4. Gabapentin

5. Rasagiline

6. Entacapone

PD: Treatment

• L‐dopa vs. dopamine agonists:

– Well known that the longer one is exposed to L‐dopa, the higher the risk of motor complications (dyskinesias, wearing off, on‐off fluctuations, freezing)

– Often dopamine agonists are used first in order to delay the use of L‐dopa

Image from Wikipedia Commons

Page 20: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

20

Levodopa vs. Dopamine agonists

Years of follow‐up

Pramipexole Levodopa p

UPDRS (mean changefrom baseline)

2 ‐4.5 ‐9.2 <0.001

4 3.2 ‐2.0 0.003

6 2.4 0.5 0.11

First dopaminergicmotor complication

2 28% 51% <0.001

4 52% 74% <0.001

6 50% 78% 0.002

Quality of Life scores (mean change from baseline)

2 1 ‐1 0.006

4 ~4 ~4 NS

6 7.1 8.6 0.90

Parkinson Study Group, JAMA 2000, Arch Neurol 2004 and 2009

MAO‐B Inhibitors: Neuroprotective?

• Early vs. Delayed start rasagiline:

ADAGIO, NEJM 2009

Page 21: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

21

Treatment Options in PD

Image from Wikipedia Commons

Dopamine agonistsLevo‐DOPA 3‐MT

COMT Inhibitors(e.g. entacapone)

MAO‐B Inhibitors(e.g. rasagiline)

Other mechanisms:*Amantadine*Anticholinergics

PD: Treatment

• Starting levodopa:– Combine with carbidopa to prevent conversion to dopamine outside of the CNS

– Need at least 75 mg of carbidopa per day (e.g. Sinemet 25/100 TID)

– Can prescribe extra carbidopa

• Titrate up to 3 tablets TID before calling a patient unresponsive

• Taken on empty stomach

Page 22: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

22

PD: Treatment

• Carbidopa/Levodopa– Avoid use of CR formulation except at bedtime

• Dopamine agonists– Use with caution in the elderly (>70 years old):

• Daytime somnolence

• Hallucinations

• Obsessive behaviors (pathologic gambling)

– Use ropinerole or pramipexole; older ergot derived agonists such as pergolide can lead to cardiac valve fibrosis

PD: When to Refer

• To confirm or reconsider diagnosis:

– Patient not responding to L‐DOPA or agonist

– Rapid progression

• Significant off periods requiring more than TID dosing of L‐DOPA

• Significant dyskinesias or other dose‐limiting side effects of L‐DOPA

Page 23: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

23

Bonus Case

• A 34 year‐old woman has  a 5‐year history of headache.  The headaches occur 4 times per month and are severe.  They are throbbing, usually bitemporal, often associated with vomiting, and force her to lie in a dark room for 2‐3 days.  They are triggered by business travel.

Question 7: Which of the following medications has the LEAST evidence supporting its use for 

migraine prevention?

1. Propranolol

2. Atenolol

3. Verapamil

4. Topiramate

5. Gabapentin

6. Petasites (butterbur)

Page 24: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

24

Migraine Therapy: Prophylaxis

• Consider when >3 headaches/month

• Anti‐epileptics

– Valproic acid, topiramate

• Beta blockers

– Propranolol, metoprolol, timolol, atenolol, nadolol

• Antidepressants

– Amitriptyline, venlafaxine

Silberstein et al, Neurology 2012

Migraine Therapy: Alternatives 

• Level A evidence:

– Petasites (butterbur): 50‐75 mg BID

• Level B evidence:

– Magnesium

– MIG‐99 (feverfew)

– Riboflavin

Holland et al, Neurology 2012

Page 25: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

25

Migraine Therapy: Abortive

• Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, ASA, or Excedrin

• Triptans

• Antiemetics: metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine

• Ergots: cafergot, dihydroergotamine

• Acetaminophen/butalbital/caffeine (Fioricet)

• Acetaminophen/dichloralphenazone/ isometheptene (Midrin)

Silberstein et al, Neurology 2000

Chronic Migraine and Medication Overuse Headache

• At least 15 headache days per month

• Medication overuse: regular overuse (>2 

days/week) of a migraine abortive for >3 months

• Therapy:

– Chronic migraine: botulinum toxin

– Medication overuse: stop all analgesics

Page 26: Neurology Update for 2013 - UCSF CME · Neurology Update for 2013 ... MRI of the brain and cervical spine 5. MRI of the cervical spine 6. Lumbar puncture. 5/28/2013 12 ... – Other

5/28/2013

26

Botulinum Toxin

Episodic migraine

Chronic migraine

Probability of >50% reduction in headache days

Jackson et al, JAMA 2012

Summary

• Dementia

• Delirium

• Multiple Sclerosis

• Parkinson Disease

• Migraine Headache