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Dr. Moch. Bahrudin, Dr. Moch. Bahrudin, Sp.S Sp.S Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

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Page 1: NEUROANATOMI 1

Dr. Moch. Bahrudin, Sp.SDr. Moch. Bahrudin, Sp.S

Functional Organization

of Nervous Tissue

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The Nervous System

• Components– Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

• Responsible for– Sensory perceptions, mental activities,

stimulating muscle movements, secretions of many glands

• Subdivisions– Central nervous system (CNS)– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Central Nervous System

• Consists of– Brain

• Located in cranial vault of skull

– Spinal cord• Located in vertebral

canal

• Brain and spinal cord– Continuous with each

other at foramen magnum

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Peripheral Nervous System

• Two subcategories– Sensory or afferent– Motor or efferent

• Divisions– Somatic nervous

system– Autonomic nervous

system (ANS)» Sympathetic » Parasympathetic» Enteric

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Nervous System Organization

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Cells of Nervous System

• Neurons or nerve cells– Receive stimuli and

transmit action potentials

– Organization• Cell body or soma• Dendrites: Input• Axons: Output

• Neuroglia or glial cells– Support and protect

neurons

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Types of Neurons• Functional classification

– Sensory or afferent: Action potentials toward CNS– Motor or efferent: Action potentials away from CNS– Interneurons or association neurons: Within CNS from one

neuron to another• Structural classification

– Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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Functional classification

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1.Anaksonic Neurons b. Bipolar Neuron c. Pseudounipolar Neuron d. Multipolar Neuron

Structural classification

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NEUROGLIA

SSPSST

Sel ependymal

Jalur ventrikel dan canalis sentralis. Berperan

dalam produksi,

sirkulasi dan pengawasan

cairan serebrospinal

mikroglia

Membuang sel-sel mati dan kuman dengan cara fagositosit

oligodendrosit

Akson bermyelin yang ada pada SSP ,

dan merupakan jaringan yang berstruktur

Astrosit

Memelihara BBB,

memberikan dukungan terstruktur,

pengaturan ion, nutrisi dan

konsentrasi gas terlarut,

mengabsorbsi dan mendaur

ulang neurotransmiter

Sel satelit

Sel schwan

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Neuroglia of CNS

• Astrocytes– Regulate extracellular brain fluid composition– Promote tight junctions to form blood-brain barrier

• Ependymal Cells– Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal– Help form choroid plexuses that secrete CSF

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Neuroglia of CNS

• Microglia– Specialized macrophages

• Oligodendrocytes– Form myelin sheaths if surround axon

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Neuroglia of PNS

• Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes– Wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath

• Satellite cells– Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients

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Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons

• Myelinated axons– Myelin protects and

insulates axons from one another

– Not continuous• Nodes of Ranvier

• Unmyelinated axons

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Electrical Signals

• Cells produce electrical signals called action potentials

• Transfer of information from one part of body to another

• Electrical properties result from ionic concentration differences across plasma membrane and permeability of membrane

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Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

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Membrane Permeability

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Ion Channels• Nongated or leak channels

– Always open and responsible for permeability

– Specific for one type of ion although not absolute

• Gated ion channels– Ligand-gated

• Open or close in response to ligand binding to receptor as ACh

– Voltage-gated• Open or close in response

to small voltage changes

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Resting Membrane Potential• Characteristics

– Number of charged molecules and ions inside and outside cell nearly equal

– Concentration of K+ higher inside than outside cell, Na+ higher outside than inside

– At equilibrium there is very little movement of K+ or other ions across plasma membrane

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Changes in Resting Membrane Potential

• K+ concentration gradient alterations• K+ membrane permeability changes

– Depolarization or hyperpolarization: Potential difference across membrane becomes smaller or less polar

– Hyperpolarization: Potential difference becomes greater or more polar

• Na+ membrane permeability changes• Changes in Extracellular Ca2+ concentrations 11-22

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Local Potentials• Result from

– Ligands binding to receptors– Changes in charge across

membrane– Mechanical stimulation– Temperature or changes– Spontaneous change in

permeability

• Graded– Magnitude varies from small to

large depending on stimulus strength or frequency

• Can summate or add onto each other

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Action Potentials• Series of permeability

changes when a local potential causes depolarization of membrane

• Phases– Depolarization

• More positive– Repolarization

• More negative

• All-or-none principle– Camera flash system

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Action Potential

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Refractory Period

• Sensitivity of area to further stimulation decreases for a time

• Parts– Absolute

• Complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus

• From beginning of action potential until near end of repolarization

– Relative• A stronger-than-threshold

stimulus can initiate another action potential

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Action Potential Frequency

• Number of potentials produced per unit of time to a stimulus

• Threshold stimulus– Cause an action

potential• Maximal stimulus• Submaximal stimulus• Supramaximal stimulus

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Inser

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Action Potential Propagation

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Saltatory Conduction

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The Synapse

• Junction between two cells

• Site where action potentials in one cell cause action potentials in another cell

• Types– Presynaptic– Postsynaptic

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Chemical Synapses

• Components– Presynaptic terminal– Synaptic cleft– Postsynaptic membrane

• Neurotransmitters released by action potentials in presynaptic terminal– Synaptic vesicles– Diffusion– Postsynaptic membrane

• Neurotransmitter removal

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Neurotransmitter Removal

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Mekanisme Regenerasi Neuron pada SST

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wallerian degeneration

Kerusakan di sel neuron memutus axon

Ujung proximal Ujung distal

Makrofag memfagositosis axon yg rusak

Schwan cell di area yang putus membentuk jaringan padat memanjang yang menyambung pada bagian axon Axon tersambung oleh sel schwann

Tunas axon terbentuk

Axon tersambung

Sel normal kembali

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SUSUNAN SOMESTESIAPerasaan yang dirasa oleh bagian tubuh baik dari kulit, jaringan ikat, tulang maupun otot dikenal sebagai somestesia.Terdiri :

• Eksteroseptif Eksteroseptif (rasa nyeri, rasa suhu dan rasa raba).(rasa nyeri, rasa suhu dan rasa raba).

• Proprioseptif Proprioseptif ((rasa nyeri dalam, rasa getar, rasa tekan, rasa gerak dan rasa sikap).rasa nyeri dalam, rasa getar, rasa tekan, rasa gerak dan rasa sikap).

• Fungsi luhurFungsi luhur ( Diskriminatif & demensional 3)( Diskriminatif & demensional 3)

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1.Rangsangan raba disalurkan melalui traktus spinotalamikus anterior

2. rangsangan nyeri dan suhu melalui traktus spinotalamikus lateralis

3.Rangsangan proprioseptif disalurkan melalui kolumna dorsalis medula spinalis dan lemniskus medialis

Talamus sisi kontralateral. Pada akhirnya, dari talamus, impuls sensorik tersebut diteruskan ke korteks sensorik di otak (lobus PARIETALIS)

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SUSUNAN EKSTEROSEPTIF

• Disalurkan melalui traktus spinotalamikustraktus spinotalamikus LAT /ANT.

• Menghantar rasa nyeri, suhu & raba halusrasa nyeri, suhu & raba halus• Reseptor : nyerinyeri

panas panas Ruffini Ruffini dingin dingin Krause Krause rasa raba rasa raba Golgi Mansoni Golgi Mansoni

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Impuls-impuls diterima oleh Impuls-impuls diterima oleh reseptor reseptor radiks posterior radiks posterior kornuposterior kornuposterior nukleus nukleus proprius dan proprius dan langsung langsung menyilangmenyilang melewati linea melewati linea mediana mediana traktus traktus spinotalamikus spinotalamikus ke rostral ke rostral melalui medula oblongata melalui medula oblongata pons & mesensefalon pons & mesensefalon nukleus ventroposterior nukleus ventroposterior lateralis talami berakhir pada lateralis talami berakhir pada girus post sentralis lobus girus post sentralis lobus parietalis area 312 ( korteks parietalis area 312 ( korteks asosiasi).asosiasi).

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Susunan Proprioseptif

• Disalurkan melalui : * Funnikulus DorsalisFunnikulus Dorsalis ~ girus post.sentralis ~ serebellum

* Traktus spinoserebellaris Traktus spinoserebellaris dorsalis & ventralisdorsalis & ventralis

• Menghantar impuls : rasa tekan (vater pacini/ogan Golgi/muscle spindle)

rasa getar rasa getar rasa gerakrasa gerak

rasa sikaprasa sikap rasa diskriminatifrasa diskriminatif

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• Impuls proprioseptif melalui radiks posterior kemudian disalurkan melalui funikulus dorsalis tidak langsung menyilang tapi naik keatas menuju Goll dan Burdach menyilang pada nukleus Gracilis & Cuneatus di medula oblongata lemniskus medialis berakhir pada nukleus ventropost.lat. talami korteks sensorik (lobus parietalis) serebellum

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Susunan Saraf SOMATOMOTORIK

I. Terdiri dari susunan piramidalis – Sel motoris di korteks motorik– Traktus kortikobulber– Traktus kortiko spinalis– Menyalurkan impuls motorik pada sel-sel motorik batang

otak dan medula spinalis.– Traktus kortiko bulber mempersarafi sel-sel motorik batang

otak secara bilateral, kecuali nervus VII & XII.

Berfungsi untuk menyalurkan impuls motorik untuk gerak Berfungsi untuk menyalurkan impuls motorik untuk gerak

otot tangkasotot tangkas. .

Membentuk traktus piramidalis

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UMN :

Dari kortek motorik di otak, bersama-sama traktus kortikobulbaris, setelah tiba di batang otak, menuju piramid medula oblongata, menyilang garis tengah (dekusasio piramidalis), berada di kolumna lateralis medula spinalis, sampai ke inti-inti motorik di kornu anterior medula spinalis (disebut traktus kortikospinalis lateralis).Sebagian kecil (kira0kira 10%) tidak menyilang melalui dekusasio piramidalis, tetapi langsung menuju kolumna anterior medula spinalis (ipsilateral) dan pada akhrnya menyilang di tingkat cervical medula spinalis menuju inti-inti motorik di kornu anterior disebut traktus kortikospinalis anterior)

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Gangguan Traktus PiramidalisTraktus Piramidalis memberikan kelumpuhan tipe UMNUMN yang ditandai :

» parese/paralisis parese/paralisis » spastisspastis» HipertoniHipertoni» hiperrefleksi hiperrefleksi » klonusklonus» refleks patologis positifrefleks patologis positif» tak ada atrofitak ada atrofi

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Kelainan Traktus PiramidalisTraktus Piramidalis setinggi :

– Hemisfer : hemiparesi tipikahemiparesi tipika

– Setinggi batang otak : hemiparese alternans.hemiparese alternans.

– Setinggi medulla spinalis cervicalis : tetraparesetetraparese

– Setinggi medulla spinalis thorakalis : parapareseparaparese

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1. TRAKTUS KORTIKOBULBARIS

UMN (UPPER MOTOR NEURON ATAU NEURON MOTORIK BAGIAN ATAS)Dari kortek motorik di otak, menuju ekstremitas psterior kapsula interna bagian medial krus serebri, sampai ke inti-inti motorik saraf-saraf kranial di batang otak

LMN (LOWER MOTOR NEURON ATAU NEURON MOTORIK BAWAH :Dari inti-inti motorik saraf-saraf kranial di batang otak, mengikuti perjalanan saraf-saraf kranial tersebut.

Fungsi :Gerakan otot-otot kepala (wajah, pengunyah, lidah dll)

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2. Traktus kortiko spinalis

berasal dari area presetralis lobus frontalis:

Kornu anterior medulla spinalis

Saraf Spinalis

Fungsi :Gerakan otot-otot Tangan dan kaki

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Dari inti-inti motorik di kornu anterior medula spinalis, menuju radiks anterior, saraf-saraf spinal, mengikuti perjalanan saraf-saraf tepi, menuju ke otot-otot tubuh dan anggota gerak.

LMNLMN

1.1. Cornu ant Cornu ant 2.2. The peripheral nerve, (ventral and dorsal nerve roots i.e., The peripheral nerve, (ventral and dorsal nerve roots i.e.,

radiculopathy or nerve i.e., neuropathy) saraf.radiculopathy or nerve i.e., neuropathy) saraf.3.3. Neuromuscular junction Neuromuscular junction 4.4. The muscle The muscle

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Gangguan pada LMNLMN ditandai :

• Lumpuh Lumpuh / Parese Parese • Arefleksi Arefleksi • Tak ada refleks patologisTak ada refleks patologis• AtrofiAtrofi

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Myoneural Junction

Lesi pada myneural junction dapat mengakibatkan paralisis atau paresis, seperti yang dijumpai pada lesi LMN.

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Otot skeletalSeberkas otot terdiri dari beberapa serabut otot. Tiap

serabut otot terdiri dari serabut – serabut halus (disebut miofibril), terutama berupa protein (aktin, miosin, tropomiosin dan troponin) yang dapat berkontraksi dengan cara memendekkan diri, sehingga terjadi suatu gerakan

Depolarisasi pada motor end plate akan menyebar ke serabut otot dan terjadi pelepasan ion kalsium di dalam sarkoplasma, sehingga dengan perantara tropomiosin dan troponin, terjadi interaksi miosin dan aktin. Terjadlah kontraksi otot.Kerusakan serabut otot akan mengakibatkan hlangnya kontraktilitas otot, sehingga terjadi kelumpuhan miogen. Berbeda dengan kelumpuan neurogen kelumpuan karena lesi pada saraf motorik, UMN atau LMN), pada kelumpuan miogen seringkal didapatkan peningkatan kadar ensim CPK (creatine phsphokinase) dalam serum.

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miotom

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Traktus ekstrapiramidal :

semua traktus, inti dan sirkuit yang mempengaruhi aktifitas somatomotorik, selain lintasan piramidal.

Terdiri dari : Korteks motorik, Basal ganglia, Inti-inti talamus dan subtalamus, Nukleus ruber dan substansia nigra (mesensefalon), Inti-inti di formasio retikularis (pons dan Medula oblongata), Sirkuit feedback, traktus dan lintasannya (tektospinalis, Kortikoretikulo-spinalis dan vestibulospinalis).

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TAKE HOME MESSAGETAKE HOME MESSAGE

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ANS vs. somatic motor system• ANS has 2 neuron pathway

– Preganglionic neurons• In spinal cord and brainstem• Myelinated axon

– Postganglionic neurons• In ANS ganglion• Unmyelinated axon• Axon terminal to smooth & cardiac muscle, and glands

(15.2)

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ANS vs. somatic motor system• Somatic system has one neuron pathway

– LMN (lower motor neuron)– Cell body in ventral horn– Myelinated axon to skeletal muscle– Axon forms NMJ

(15.2)

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ANS divisions

• Sympathetic division• Parasympathetic division• Dual innervation – many

organs receive opposing inputs from both divisions

• Only sympathetic innervation to blood vessels, arrector pili, and sweat glands

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Sympathetic activation

• “flight, fight, or fright” response• heart rate• blood pressure• increased respiration• Dilated pupil• Clammy skin• digestion• urinary motility

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Parasympathetic activation

• “resting and digesting,” conserves energy• heart rate• respiration• digestive activity• Constricted pupil

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Sympathetic location

• Thoracolum-bar division

• Preganglionic cell bodies at T1-L2

(15.3)

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Parasympath.location

• Craniosacral division

• Preganglionic cell bodies – Brainstem– Sacral spinal

cord

(15.3)

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Sympathetic pathways• Short preganglionic axon

– Myelinated– Many branches

• Postganglionic nerve cell body in prevertebral and sympathetic chain ganglia

• Long postganglionic axon– Unmyelinated

(15.3,15.4a)

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Sympathetic pathways

15.7

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Parasympathetic pathway• Long preganglionic axon

– Myelinated– Few branches

• Postganglionic nerve cell body close to target organ

• Short postganglionic axon– Unmyelinated

(15.3,15.4b)

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Parasympathetic pathways

15.5

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Sympathetic neurotransmitters• ACh at pre-postganglionic synapse

– Cholinergic fiber

• NE at postganglionic axon terminal on effector organ– Adrenergic fiber

(15.4a)

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Parasympathetic neurotransmitters• ACh at pre-postganglionic synapse

– Cholinergic fiber

• ACh at postganglionic axon terminal on effector organ– Cholinergic fiber

(15.4b)

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Adrenal medulla• Develops from neural crest• Sympathetic preganglionic

innervation• Adrenal medulla cells secrete

– Norepinephrine (same as postganglionic sympathetics)

– Epinephrine (adrenaline)• Sympathomimetic – activates

sympathetic target organs

(15.14)

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CNS input to ANS

• Inputs to preganglionic neurons from:

• Reticular formation of brainstem– Cardiac center– Respiratory center– Vasomotor center

(13.24)

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CNS input to ANS

• Inputs to preganglionic neurons

• Hypothalamus– Controls heart rate,

blood pressure, body temperature, digestion

(13.15)

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CNS control of the ANS

15.17

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CNS control of the ANS

15.17

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PRE TEST (Sistem somatomotorik)

1. Sebutkan jaras yang terpenting pada sistem saraf somato motorik

2. Jelaskan perjalanan jaras tersebut dengan ringkas

3. Apakah yang dimasud dengan UMN dan jaras ini berjalan dari mana, sampai mana ?

4. Apakah yang dimasud dengan LMN dan jaras ini berjalan dari mana, sampai mana ?

5. Jelaskan bagaimana otot dapat bergerak

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PRE TEST (Sistem somatosensorik)

1. Jelaskan ada berapa macam sensorik ?2. Sebutkan jaras – jara pada sistem saraf

somato sensorik3. Jelaskan perjalanan jaras tersebut dengan

ringkas4. Jelaskan bagaimana system sensorik itu

bekerja.

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