neuro physiology 10(cbr)20081212

8/6/2019 Neuro Physiology 10(CBR)20081212

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Chang-kai SUN (Sun C.K./Sun CK/Sun C)MD, PhD, Prof., Directors/Chairmams

Basic Principles ofBasic Principles of thetheFunctionsFunctions ofofNervousNervous SystemSystem

T 0411-86110136(AM)/86110289(Noon)

M 13500777607

E [email protected]

Functions ofCerebrum andthe Structural Organizations


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106The senses; sensation, perception, detecting features of the external & internalenvironments:Olfaction (smell)

Sight (vision)Touch

Hearing (auditory)

Taste

Pain

207Basic integrated postural and locomotormovement sequences:Diversity and complexity ofmusculature, and the structure and importance of the skeleton and its

components

324Basic instincts and emotions:HungerLove, lust and sex

Anger, hate & fear

Territoriality, possessiveness

Dominance/submissiveness; Irritability and serenity

Sociality, parenting & family ties

Growth of emotions during ontogeny

448Cognitive capabilities:

Arousal, Attention, Thinking, Evaluating, Insight, Abstraction, Creativity, Choice, Purpose, Seeking,Planning, Generalization, Judgement, Introspection, Programming, Interest, Preference, Discrimination,

Learning, Habituation, Memory, recognition, retention, Knowledge

555Basic Behavioral repertoire/behavioral sequencesReflexes

Basic action sequences

Instincts; integrated action sequences

Learned and experientially modified percepts and action sequences

Play

Exploratory behaviorGoal Directed behaviors

Cerebrum:Cerebrum: thethe Great BrainGreat Brain withwith diversediverse functionsfunctionsplaysplays centralcentral of roles in the mammal bodyof roles in the mammal body

All the terms listed refer to brainfunctions expressable by the circuitry

of the cerebrum ofany mammals.

NPHY


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Cerebrum is the most important brain subdivision

with higherfunctions to deal with information forfor

Integration & ControlIntegration & Control of the whole mammal bodyof the whole mammal body

Senses information: to detect changes in homeostasis and formsensory data

Process information: to generate, transmit and issue an order

such as motor commands, usually in the form of a chemical

messenger, to target cells, tissues, organs, etc.

Responds to information: higher functions of the brain to watch forresponse, usually negative feedback, sometimes positive feedback

( 1 ) r e g u l a t e s & i n t e g r a t e s a c t i v i t i es o f a l l t h e b o d y;

(2)balances internal (changes in homeostasis) & external

(stimuli) enviroments in the body for the benefit of the organism

as a whole with: sensations

complex movements (gross motor control)

mental activities

conscious thoughts (cognition, not consciousness)

intellect

memory


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HierarchyHierarchy of theof the FunctionalFunctional StructuresStructuresOrganism

mammals (human and other common mammals)

Organ Systemsnervous system (CNS and PNS)

Organs

brain (subdivisions)

Tissues

cerebral cortex (outer/surface gray matter)

subcortical tracts (deeperwhite matter)

subcortical nuclei (innergray matter)

Cells

neuron (nerve cell)glia (nerve glue)

Organelles

vesicles

Organic Molecules

neurotrasmitters


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BrainStructural classificationCerebrum

Thalamus

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Brainstem (midbrain, pon, medulla ob.)Also classify by developmental region in embryology

At early consists of

Forebrain (cerebrum, thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)

Midbrain

Hindbrain (cerebellum, pon, medulla ob.)

Their further differentiation occurs into five brain vesicles assomething-cephalon:

Telencephalon (cerebrum)

Diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Metencephalon (cerebellum, pon)

Myelencephalon (medulla ob.)


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afferent

(nerves

carry to)

efferent

(nerves

bring out)

sensory

receptors

motor

Cerebrum

(CNS)

somatic autonomic

(PNS)


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MethodsMethods of studying the brainof studying the brain

Animal models

Stereotaxic methods

Natural ablation studies, surgery

Psychopharmacology

Imaging techniques CT, MRI, PET scans

Recording methods: EEG and MEG


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NeuroanatomicalNeuroanatomical directionsdirections

Rostral vs.

caudal

Dorsal vs.ventral

Medial vs.

lateral

Superior

vs.

inferior


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NeuroanatomicalNeuroanatomical planesplanes


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NPHY


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PNS CNS

Again the Great Brain for Human Cerebrum:

No. 1 in function (Most important in the nervous system)

No. 1 in size (Most enlarged) andThe No. 1 is Top 1 in the CNS!


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Cephalization = clustering of neurons in brain at front (anterior)end of bilaterally symmetrical animals

Cephalization = clustering of neurons in brain at front (anterior)end of bilaterally symmetrical animals

The No. 1 is Top 1:The No. 1 is Top 1: A Result ofA Result of

CephalizationCephalization inin EvolutionEvolution of the Animalsof the Animals

Cnidarian

nervenet

Simplest

nervous system

no control of

complex actions

Simplest

nervous system

no control of

complex actions

More organization

but still based on nerve

nets; supports more

complex movement

More organization

but still based on nerve

nets; supports more

complex movement

FlatwormPlatyhelminthes

nerve cords

associativeneurons

Simplest, defined

central nervous system

more complex muscle

control

Simplest, defined


more complex muscle

control

Echinoderm

radialnervenerve

ribs

pp where sense organs are

NPHY


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Mollusk

brain

giantaxon brain

ventralnerve

cords

Arthropod

Further brain

development

ganglia = neuron

clusters along

CNS

Further brain

development

ganglia = neuron

clusters along

CNS

increase in interneurons in brain region increase in interneurons in brain region

Earthworm


peripheralnerves

More complex brains

connected to all other

parts of body by

peripheral nerves

More complex brains

connected to all other

parts of body by

peripheral nerves

More complex brains

in predators

most sophisticated

invertebrate nervous

system

More complex brains

in predators

most sophisticated

invertebrate nervous

system

CephalizationCephalization = Brain evolution= Brain evolution

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Brain Landmark: Evolution of the Cerebrum

Spinal Cord

Bird

Reptile

Fish

Amphibian

Shark

Lamprey

Mammal

Cerebrum

TectumCerebellum

Olfactory Bulb Basic Plan of Brain NPHY


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VertebrateVertebrate CerebrumCerebrum

Shark

Frog

Cat

Bird

HumanSpinal cord

Hind: Medulla oblongata

Optic tectumHind: Cerebellum

Midbrain

Fore: Cerebrum

Olfactory tract

Crocodile

hindbrain

oforebrain

ooforebrain

oooforebraindominant cerebrum

NPHY

neuro physiology 10(cbr)20081212

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