NETWORKING

NETWORKINGSubmitted By-:

What is Networking?A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.A computer network connects two or more devices together to share a nearly limitless range of information and services, including: Documents Email and messagingWebsites Databases Music Printers and faxes Telephony and videoconferencing

Networks consist of the computers, wiring, and other devices, such as hubs, switches and routers, that make up the network infrastructure. Some devices, such as network interface cards, serve as the computers connection to the network. Devices such as switches and routers provide traffic- control strategies for the network. All sorts of different technologies can actually be employed to move data from one place to another, including wires, radio waves, and even microwave technology

Three Network Topologies

Bus - Both ends of the network must be terminated with a terminator. A barrel connector can be used to extend it.Star - All devices revolve around a central hub, which is what controls the network communications, and can communicate with other hubs. Range limits are about 100 meters from the hub.

Ring - Devices are connected from one to another, as in a ring. A data token is used to grant permission for each computer to communicate.There are also hybrid networks including a star-bus hybrid, star-ring network, and mesh networks with connections between various computers on the network. Mesh networks ideally allow each computer to have a direct connection to each of the other computers. The topology this documentation deals with most is star topology since that is what ethernet networks use.

Basic Network TypesNetwork types are often defined by function or size. The two most common categories of networks are:

LANs (Local Area Networks)

WANs (Wide Area Networks)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link. Typically, connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building). Usually, the server has applications and data storage that are shared in common by multiple computer users. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for example, in a home network) or as many as thousands of users (for example, in an FDDI network).

A WAN can be defined one of two ways. The book definition of a WAN is a network that spans large geographical locations, usually to connect multiple LANs. This is a general definition, and not always accurate. A more practical definition of a WAN is a network that traverses a public or commercial carrier, using one of several WAN technologies. A WAN is often under the administrative control of several organizations (or providers), and does not necessarily need to span large geographical distances.

OSI MODEL

NETWORK DEVICESANetwork card(also called aNetwork AdapterorNetwork Interface Card, orNICfor short) acts as the interface between a computer and a network cable. The purpose of the network card is to prepare, send, and control data on the network.

A network card usually has two indicator lights (LEDs):The green LED shows that the card is receiving electricity;The orange (10 Mb/s) or red (100 Mb/s) LED indicates network activity (sending or receiving data).

HUBSA special type of network device called thehubcan be found in many home and small business networks. Though they've existed for many years, the popularity of hubs has exploded recently, especially among people relatively new to networking.

SWITCHESNetwork switches appear nearly identical tonetwork hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting datapacketsas they are received, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conservesnetwork bandwidthand offers generally better performance than a hub.

As with hubs,Ethernetimplementations of network switches are the most common. Mainstream Ethernet network switches support either 10/100MbpsFast Ethernet orGigabit Ethernet(10/100/1000) standardsHUB VS SWITCHhub:- It is a multiple-port repeater. any signals send via the hub is transmitted to all the the ports on the hubswitch:- It transmit data only to the destination port.hub: Each port of hub is collision domain&broadcast domainswitch: Each port of switch is collision domain & each vlan is broadcast domainhub: is layer 1 device which do not breaks collision domain.ie if more devices are added the bandwith will be shared.switch is layer 2 device which breaks collision domain.ie every device connected to the switch has the equal bandwidthROUTERA router is specializedcomputerconnected to more than onenetworkrunningsoftwarethat allows the router to move data from onenetworkto another. Routers operate at thenetworklayer (OSI Model'slayer 3). The primary function of a router is to connectnetworkstogether and keep certain kinds of broadcast traffic under control. There are several companies that make routers:Cisco (Linksys),Juniper,Nortel(BayNetworks),Redback,Lucent,3Com, andHPjust to name a few.Routers used in networks perform the following functions:Restrict broadcaststo the LANAct as thedefault gateway.Move (route) data between networksLearn and advertiseloop free paths

MAIN FUCTIONS OF ROUTERRoutingPacket SwitchingPacket ForwardingPacket Filtering

A SMALL COLLEGE NETWORK

SOFTWARE USEDCisco packet tracer-:Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows students to experiment with network behavior and ask what if questions. As an integral part of the Networking Academy comprehensive learning experience, Packet Tracer provides simulation, visualization, authoring, assessment, and collaboration capabilities and facilitates the teaching and learning of complex technology concepts.

Packet Tracer supplements physical equipment in the classroom by allowing students to create a network with an almost unlimited number of devices, encouraging practice, discovery, and troubleshooting. The simulation-based learning environment helps students develop 21st century skills such as decision making, creative and critical thinking, and problem solving. Packet Tracer complements the Networking Academy curricula, allowing instructors to easily teach and demonstrate complex technical concepts and networking systems design.

GNS(graphical network simulator)-:

GNS is a graphical network simulator that allows simulation of complex networks.

To provide complete and accurate simulations, GNS3 is strongly linked with:

Dynamips, a Cisco IOS emulator.

Dynagen, a text-based front end for Dynamips.

Qemu, a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizes.

Virtual Box, a free and powerful virtualization software.

GNS3 is an excellent complementary tool to real labs for network engineers, administrators and people wanting to study for certifications such as Cisco CCNA, CCNP, CCIP and CCIE as well as Juniper JNCIA, JNCIS and JNCIE.

It can also be used to experiment features of Cisco IOS, Juniper JunOS or to check configurations that need to be deployed later on real routers.EXPLANATION

COMMAND SNAPSHOT

Enabling RouterIpv6 addressing

Ip Routing(static)

IPv6 OSPF(open Shortest path first)

Tunneling

DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )

DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Encapsulation(PPP)

TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

BibliographyCCNA Study Guide v2.52 Aaron BalchunasThe CTDP Networking Guide - Mark AllenCCNA Study Guide Todd lammle

THANK YOU