network model(osi & tcpip)
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Network Models
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2.1 LAYERED TASKS2.1 LAYERED TASKS
WeWe useuse thethe conceptconcept ofoflayerslayers inin ourour dailydaily lifelife.. AsAs anan example,example,
letlet usus considerconsider twotwo friendsfriends whowho communicatecommunicate throughthrough postalpostal
mailmail. . TheThe processprocess ofof sendingsending aa letterletter toto aa friend friend wouldwould bebe
complexcomplex ifif therethere werewere nono servicesservices availableavailable from from thethe postpost
officeoffice..
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
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Layered TasksLayered Tasks
Sender, Receiverand Carrier
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Layered TasksLayered Tasks
Hierarchy
HigherLayer
Middle Layer
LowerLayer
Services
The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately
below it.
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2.2 THE OSI MODEL2.2 THE OSI MODEL
Established
Established inin 1947 1947, , thethe International International StandardsStandards
OrganizationOrganization ((ISOISO) ) isis aa multinationalmultinational bodybody dedicateddedicated toto
worldwideworldwide agreementagreement onon internationalinternational standardsstandards. . An An ISOISO
standardstandard thatthat coverscovers allall aspectsaspects ofof networknetwork communicationscommunications isis
thethe OpenOpen Systems Systems InterconnectionInterconnection ((OSIOSI) ) modelmodel.. ItIt waswas firstfirst
introducedintroduced inin thethe latelate 19701970ss..
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
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Layered ArchitectureLayered Architecture
The OSI model is composed of seven layers ;
Physical (layer1), Data link (layer2), Network (layer3)
Transport (layer4), Session (layer5), Presentation (layer6)
Application (layer7)
Layer
Designer identified which networking functions had related
uses and collected those functions into discrete groups that
became the layers.
The OSI model allows complete interoperability betweenotherwise incompatible systems.
The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately
below it.
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Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
Layered Architecture (contd)Layered Architecture (contd)
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PeerPeer--tt -- eerPr essespeerPr esses
Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x onanother machine - called Peer-to-Peer Processes.
Interfaces between Layers
Each interface defines what information and services a layer
must provide for the layerabove it.Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularityto a network
Organizations of the layers
Network support layers : Layers 1, 2, 3
User support layer : Layer 5, 6, 7
It allows interoperabilityamong unrelated software systems
Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two subgroups
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Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
PeerPeer--toto--peer Processes (contd)peer Processes (contd)
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Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
The data portion ofa packet at level N-1 carries the whole packet
from level N. The concept is called encapsulation.
PeerPeer--toto--peer Processes (contd)peer Processes (contd)
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2.3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL2.3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
InIn thisthis sectionsection wewe brieflybriefly describedescribe thethe functionsfunctions ofof eacheach layerlayerinin thethe OSIOSI modelmodel..
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
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Physical LayerPhysical Layer
Physical layer coordinates the functions required totransmit a bit stream overa physical medium.
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
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Physical LayerPhysical Layer
Physical layer is concerned with the following:
(deal with the mechanical and electrical specification of
the primary connections: cable, connector)
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Representation of bits
Data rate : transmission rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
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DataLink LayerDataLink Layer
The data link layer is responsible for movingframes from one hop (node) to the next.
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DataLink LayerDataLink Layer
Major duties
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
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DataLink LayerDataLink Layer
Hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery
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Network LayerNetwork Layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
individual packets from the source host to the destination
host.
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Network LayerNetwork Layer
Logical addressing
Routing
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Transport LayerTransport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
ofa message from one process to another.
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Transport LayerTransport Layer
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Transport LayerTransport Layer
Service port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
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Session LayerSession Layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
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Presentation LayerPresentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,compression, and encryption
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Application LayerApplication Layer
The application layer is responsible for providingservices to the user.
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Application LayerApplication Layer
The major duties of the application Network virtual terminal
File transfer, access, and management
Mail services
Directory services
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Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
Summary ofLayersSummary ofLayers
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2.4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE2.4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TheThe layerslayers inin thethe TCP/IPTCP/IP protocolprotocol suitesuite dodo notnot exactlyexactly matchmatchthosethose inin thethe OSIOSI modelmodel.. TheThe originaloriginal TCP/IPTCP/IP protocolprotocol suitesuite
waswas defineddefined asas havinghaving fourfour layerslayers:: hosthost--toto--network,network, internetinternet,,
transport,transport, andand applicationapplication.. However, However, whenwhen TCP/IPTCP/IP isis
comparedcompared toto OSI,OSI, wewe cancan saysay thatthat thethe TCP/IPTCP/IP protocolprotocol suitesuite isismademade ofof fivefive layerslayers:: physical,physical, datadata link,link, network,network, transporttransport,,
andandapplicationapplication..
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
TCP/IP Protocol SuiteTCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Physical and DataLink LayersPhysical and DataLink Layers
At the physical and data link layers, TCP/
IP does not
define any specific protocol.
It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols.
A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area
network ora wide-area network.
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Network LayerNetwork Layer
TCP/
IP supports the
Internetworking Protocol.
IP uses four supporting protocols : ARP, RARP, ICMP,
and IGMP.
IP (Internetworking Protocol)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol)
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Transport LayerTransport Layer
The transport layer was represented in TCP/
IP by two
protocols : TCP and UDP.
IP is a host-to-host protocol
TCP and UDP are transport level protocols
responsible for delivery ofa message from aprocess to another process.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
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Application LayerApplication Layer
The application layer in TCP/
IP is equivalent to the
combined session, presentation, and application layers
in the OSI model.
Many protocols are defined at this layer.
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22--5 ADDRESSING5 ADDRESSING
FourFour levelslevels ofof addressesaddresses areare usedused inin anan internetinternet employingemploying thetheTCP/IPTCP/IP protocolsprotocols:: physicalphysical,, logicallogical,, portport,, andandspecificspecific..
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port AddressesSpecific Addresses
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Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
AddressesAddresses
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Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical AddressesPhysical Addresses
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Physical AddressesPhysical Addresses
The physical address, also known as the link address,is the address ofa node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.
The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN
or WAN).
The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the
network.
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In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame
to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows,
the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87is the receiver.
Example 2.1
Physical Addresses (contd)Physical Addresses (contd)
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Figure 2.19 Physical addresses
Physical Addresses (contd)Physical Addresses (contd)
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As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks use a
48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal
digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by acolon, as shown below:
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Physical Addresses (contd)Physical Addresses (contd)
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Logical AddressesLogical Addresses
Logical addresses are necessary for universalcommunications that are independent of underlying
physical networks.
Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork
environment where different networks can have different
address formats.
A universal addressing system is needed in which host can be
identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical
network.
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Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs.E
ach device (computer or router) hasa pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each
connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only
one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each
router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are
shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each connection.
Example 2.3
Logical Addresses (contd)Logical Addresses (contd)
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Figure 2.20 IP addresses
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
Logical Addresses (contd)Logical Addresses (contd)
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Port AddressesPort Addresses
The
IP and the physical address are necessary fora
quantity of data to travel from a source to the
destination host.
The end object ofInternet communication is a process
communicating with another process.
For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we
need a method to label assigned to a process is called
a port address.
A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
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Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at
this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receivingcomputer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note
that although physical addresses change from hop to hop,
logical and port addresses remain the same from the source
to destination.
Example 2.4
Port Addresses (contd)Port Addresses (contd)
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Figure 2.21 Port addresses
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
Port Addresses (contd)Port Addresses (contd)
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Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bitaddress represented by one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address representedas one single number.
Port Addresses (contd)Port Addresses (contd)
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Specific AddressesSpecific Addresses
Some applications have user-friendlyaddresses that
are designed for that specific address.
E-mail address
URL (Universal Resource Locator)
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Q & AQ & A