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TRANSCRIPT
Loca
lA
rea
Net
Tec
hnol
ogie
sC
h.
13–1
7(p
artial
)
Chap
ter
17is
chop
ped
up
and
the
pie
ces
land
inva
riou
spla
ces.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
1
Pack
et
Sw
itch
ing
Inst
ead
ofin
div
idual
connec
tion
s,dat
ais
sent
insm
allpie
ces
called
pack
ets.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
2
Pack
ets
Lar
ger
tran
smis
sion
sar
ebro
ken
into
multip
lepac
kets
.
Aw
ayof
shar
ing
ach
annel
.
Sev
eralse
nder
sge
ner
ate
pack
ets.
When
the
channel
isava
ilabl
e,a
pack
etfrom
any
sender
may
go.
As
pack
ets
from
diff
eren
tse
nder
suse
the
channel
,th
ese
nder
ssh
are
the
channel
.
The
rece
iver
can
chec
kea
chpac
ket
for
corr
ect
tran
smis
sion
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
3
Netw
ork
Cla
ssifi
cations
LocalA
rea
Netw
ork
LA
NSin
gle
room
,buildin
g,or
cam
pus
Metr
opolita
nA
rea
Netw
ork
MA
NSpan
aci
ty
Wid
eA
rea
Netw
ork
WA
NIn
terc
ity
orw
orld
-wid
e
We’
rest
art
ing
with
WA
Ns
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
4
Sta
ndard
sB
odie
s
Spec
ialize
indiff
eren
tar
eas.
And
IET
Fis
quite
act
ive
attransp
ort
,also
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
5
IEEE
LA
NSta
ndard
s
802.
3C
SM
A/C
D(E
ther
net
)
802.
5Tok
enR
ing
802.
11W
irel
ess
LA
N
802.
16W
irel
ess
Bro
adban
d
Man
yot
her
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
6
IEEE
LA
NSta
ndard
s
Tw
opar
ts:
LLC
and
MA
C
LLC
:Logic
allink
contr
ol
Addre
ssin
gan
ddem
ultip
lexin
gD
emultip
lexi
ng
most
lym
eans
iden
tify
ing
whatea
chpa
cket
isfo
r.
MA
C:M
edia
Access
Contr
ol
How
hos
tssh
are
aco
mm
onm
ediu
mLots
ofhost
s,one
wire
or
freq
uen
cy.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
7
LA
NTopolo
gie
s
Apoi
nt-
to-p
oint
link
connec
tstw
oco
mpute
rs.
Poi
nt-
to-p
oint
links
bet
wee
nea
chco
mpute
rar
eto
oex
pen
sive
.
Connec
ting
nco
mpute
rsre
quires
n2−
n2
links
.
LA
Ns
use
dsh
ared
connec
tion
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
8
IEEE
MA
CA
ddre
ssin
g
Eac
had
dre
ssis
48bits.
Eac
hac
cess
card
ism
anufa
cture
dw
ith
auniq
ue
idad
dre
ss.
Hig
hbit
iden
tifies
spec
ialad
dre
sses
.
Top
thre
ebyte
sis
aco
de
for
the
man
ufa
cture
rA
ssig
ned
byIE
EE.
Top
bitis
zero
.
Org
aniz
atio
nal
lyU
niq
ue
ID(O
UI)
Eac
hor
ganiz
atio
nm
akes
the
bal
ance
uniq
ue
for
each
dev
ice
itse
lls.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
9
Delivery
The
shar
edm
ediu
mca
rrie
sea
chpac
ket
toea
chst
atio
n.
When
ast
atio
nge
tsa
pac
ket
addre
ssed
toA
:
Ifhig
hbit(A
)is
zero
,an
dit
mat
ches
my
addre
ss,ke
epit.
Els
eif
Ais
FF:F
F:F
F:F
F:F
F:F
F(t
he
bro
adca
stad
dre
ss),ke
epth
em
essa
ge.
Els
eif
hig
hbit(A
)is
one,
and
Am
atch
esa
multic
ast
addre
ssin
my
rece
ive
list
,ke
epth
em
essa
ge.
Els
edro
pth
em
essa
ge.
This
allo
ws
effici
ent
bro
adca
st,m
ultic
ast
and
poi
nt-
to-p
oint.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
10
LA
NTopolo
gie
s
The
dia
gram
des
cribes
elec
tricalco
nnec
tion,
notnec
essa
rily
appe
ara
nce
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
11
Fra
me
Form
at
Hea
der
conta
ins
addre
ssin
gan
der
ror
chec
kor
corr
ection
dat
a.
Hea
der
isusu
ally
atfr
ont,
may
be
atei
ther
end,
orm
ayev
enbe
split.
Pre
lude
and
pos
tlude
incl
ude
mar
kers
and
clock
synch
roniz
atio
n.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
12
Suppose
We
Use
AM
ark
er
Byte
Tw
odiff
eren
tch
arac
ters
are
safe
rth
ana
singl
em
arke
rin
case
ofco
rrupt
tran
smis
sion
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
13
Byte
Stu
ffing
When
you
nee
dto
send
am
arke
ras
dat
a.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
14
4B
/5B
Codin
g
An
alter
native
use
din
fibe
roptic
LA
Ns
4B/5
Bco
din
gsc
hem
ese
nds
dat
ain
5-bit
units.
Eac
hunit
repre
sents
eith
er:
•Fou
rbits
ofdat
a(o
ne
ofth
e16
4-bit
pat
tern
s).
•A
contr
olco
de.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
15
4B
/5B
Som
eofth
e4B/5B
codes
Code
Meanin
g
0110
1T
Con
trol
(Par
tof
end
del
imiter
)
0111
0D
ata
0110
0111
1D
ata
0111
1000
0U
nuse
d
1000
1K
Con
trol
(Par
tof
star
tdel
imiter
)
1001
0D
ata
1000
When
each
five
-bit
unit
arri
ve,it
isei
ther
four
byte
sof
dat
aor
aco
ntr
olco
de.
No
nee
dfo
res
cape
codes
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
16
IEEE
MA
CSubla
yer
Multi-A
ccess
Pro
tocols
Con
trol
led
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lsR
eser
vation
Pol
ling
Tok
enPas
sing
Ran
dom
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lsA
loha
CSM
A/C
DC
SM
A/C
A
Chan
nel
izat
ion
Pro
toco
lsFD
MA
TD
MA
CD
MA
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
17
Channelization
Pro
tocols
Thes
ear
eth
ety
pes
ofm
ultip
lexin
g,as
cove
red
earl
ier.
FD
MA
=Fre
quen
cy-D
ivis
ion
Multip
leA
cces
sT
DM
A=
Tim
e...
CD
MA
=C
ode.
..
Ass
ign
chan
nel
sw
ith
aco
ntr
olch
annel
and
centr
alar
biter
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
18
Contr
olled
Access
Pro
tocols
Thes
eare
all
form
softim
em
ultip
lexi
ng
Pollin
gA
contr
olst
atio
ns
gran
tsea
chre
gula
rst
atio
nper
mis
sion
tose
nd.
May
use
round-r
obin
orpri
ority
order
.
Rese
rvation
Sim
ilar
toro
und-r
obin
,ex
cept
stat
ions
ask
tobe
added
toth
ero
tation
when
the
hav
eso
met
hin
gto
send.
Typic
alfo
rsa
tellite
tran
smis
sion
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
19
Contr
olled
Access
Pro
tocols
(Cont)
Token
Pass
ing
Asi
ngl
eci
rcula
ting
toke
nre
pre
sents
per
mis
sion
tose
nd.
Pop
ula
ron
wir
edLA
Ns
inth
epas
t;ra
renow
.
Par
tof
FD
DI
for
optica
lLA
Ns.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
20
Random
Access
Pro
tocols
This
grou
pof
pro
toco
lsav
oid
the
nee
dfo
ran
yce
ntr
alco
ordin
atio
n.
The
gener
alru
leis
:go
ahea
dan
dtr
y.If
itfa
ils,
try
agai
nla
ter.
Coor
din
atio
nis
loca
l,dis
trib
ute
d,an
dof
ten
afte
r-th
e-fa
ct.
The
nam
ese
ems
tosign
ify
the
fact
thatse
nder
sst
art
sendin
gwhen
ever
they
wish.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
21
Alo
ha
The
histo
ric
pre
dec
esso
rofth
eoth
erRandom
Acc
ess
pro
toco
ls.
Only
the
centr
alto
wer
sends
onth
eou
tbou
nd
freq
uen
cy.
Itre
pea
tsm
essa
ges
from
outlyin
gst
atio
ns
for
all.
Any
stat
ion
can
send
toal
lw
ith
the
centr
alre
lay.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
22
Alo
ha
Outlyin
gst
atio
ns
send
when
ever
they
like
.
What
iftw
ose
nd
atth
esa
me
tim
e?C
ombin
atio
nm
essa
geis
garb
led.
Chec
ksu
mfa
ils.
Mes
sage
isdis
card
ed.
An
outlyin
gse
nder
list
ens
for
the
repea
tof
its
own
pac
ket.
Ifit
does
not
see
its
mes
sage
com
ing
bac
k,re
send.
Eac
hm
ust
wai
ta
diff
eren
tam
ount
oftim
ebef
ore
rese
ndin
g.O
ther
wis
e,an
other
collis
ion
They
each
choos
ea
random
amou
nt
oftim
eto
wai
t.A
lmos
tce
rtai
nly
willdiff
er.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
23
CSM
A/C
D(E
thern
et)
Car
rier
Sen
seon
Multip
leA
cces
sw
ith
Col
lisi
onD
etec
tion
•W
ait
for
sile
nce
bef
ore
sendin
ga
fram
e(C
arr
ier
sense
)
•W
hile
sendin
g,se
eth
atth
esi
gnal
onth
ebus
mat
ches
what
isbei
ng
sent.
(Collisio
nD
etec
tion)
•If
not
,st
op.
•Try
agai
na
random
tim
ela
ter.
•For
each
re-s
end
collis
ion,dou
ble
the
range
from
whic
hth
era
ndom
del
ayis
chos
en.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
24
Bin
ary
ExponentialB
ack
-off
The
random
del
ayis
chos
enfr
oma
range
.
On
each
repea
ted
collis
ion,th
era
nge
isdou
ble
d.
Dou
bling
the
range
each
tim
ehal
ves
the
pro
bab
ility
ofa
new
collis
ion.
Mor
eim
por
tantly,
itsl
ows
and
scat
ters
sender
sw
hen
the
net
isbusy
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
25
Wir
ele
ss
Con
sider
thre
eco
mpute
rsat
the
max
imum
dis
tance
:
Apac
ket
sent
ona
wir
eles
sLA
Nm
aynot
reac
hal
lst
atio
ns.
Com
pute
rs1
and
3m
ayse
nd
to2
atth
esa
me
tim
e.
Com
pute
r2
willse
ea
collis
ion
and
dis
card
.
Com
pute
rs1
and
3w
illth
ink
the
pac
ket
mad
eit.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
26
CSM
A/C
A
For
wirel
ess
CA
=C
ollisi
onA
void
ance
.
•Sen
da
contr
olm
essa
geto
the
inte
nded
reci
pie
nt.
Wai
tfo
ra
reply
.
•W
hen
are
ply
isre
ceiv
ed,se
nd
dat
a.
•In
case
ofa
collis
ion,th
ere
cipie
nt
willnot
answ
er.
•Sen
der
sw
illth
endel
ayan
dre
-sen
d,as
CSM
A/C
D.
Collisio
ns
are
det
ecte
dby
the
reci
pie
ntra
ther
than
the
sender
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
27
CSM
A/C
A
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
28
Eth
ern
et
CSM
A/C
Don
ash
ared
wir
e.
Pac
ket
form
at
Fie
ldsi
zes
are
inbyte
s.
Notice
thatth
ere
isa
min
imum
payl
oad
size
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
29
Eth
ern
et
Fra
me
Fie
lds
Eac
hst
atio
nhas
a6-
byte
IEE
EM
AC
addre
ss.
Sou
rce
and
des
tinat
ion
carr
ied
onea
chpac
ket.
Eac
hfr
ame
has
atw
o-byte
type
iden
tifier
.Tel
lsth
ere
ceiv
erhow
toin
terp
ret
the
pay
load
.
Pre
amble
isal
tern
atin
g1’
san
d0’
s,but
endin
gw
ith
11,to
synch
roniz
eth
ere
ceiv
er.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
30
Fra
me
Type
Exam
ple
s
Ther
ear
em
any.
Her
ear
ea
few
sam
ple
s.
0800
IP
6004
DE
CLA
T
805C
Sta
nfo
rdV
Ker
nel
80D
5IB
MSN
A
8137
-8N
ovel
lIP
X
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
31
IEEE
802.3
Abov
eis
the
mos
tco
mm
onfo
rmat
,E
ther
net
II.
IEE
Eex
pan
ded
itto
add
additio
nal
way
sof
iden
tify
ing
dat
a.
Ifth
ety
pe
is<
1500
,it
isa
pac
ket
lengt
h,an
dth
enex
t3
byte
sis
aLog
ical
Lin
kC
ontr
ol(L
LC
)hea
der
.
The
firs
ttw
oLLC
byte
sar
eD
SA
P(D
estinat
ion
Ser
vic
eA
cces
sPoi
nt)
and
SSA
P(S
ourc
eSA
P).
The
thir
dis
aLLC
type
code
(“co
ntr
olbyte
”).
The
CSA
Pan
dD
SA
Par
eju
stm
ore
type
codes
.T
hough
the
sourc
eand
des
tination
type
sca
ndiff
er.
For
inst
ance
,IP
isSA
Pco
de
06;N
ove
llis
E0
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
32
IEEE
802.3
(continued)
But,
wai
t!T
her
e’s
more
!
Ifth
eLLC
code
isA
AA
A03
,th
eLLC
isfo
llow
edby
a5-
byte
Sub-N
etw
ork
Att
achm
ent
Poi
nt
(SN
AP
)co
de.
SN
AP
isth
ree
byte
sof
orga
niz
atio
nco
de
(OU
I)an
da
two
byte
type
code.
This
allows
org
anizations
tosp
ecify
thei
rown
pro
pri
etary
type
codes
.
Extr
afiel
ds
subtr
act
from
the
max
imum
pay
load
size
,ke
epin
gth
em
axim
um
pac
ket
size
unch
ange
d.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
33
Netw
ork
Inte
rface
Contr
oller
Hard
ware
Inte
rnal
Bus
NIC
Net
wor
k
AN
ICtr
ansf
ers
pac
kets
bet
wee
nth
enet
wor
kan
dsy
stem
bus.
NIC
inte
rrupts
the
CP
Uw
hen
itnee
ds
topro
cess
apac
ket.
May
be
ase
par
ate
expan
sion
card
.N
owad
ays,
Mos
tP
Cm
other
boa
rds
inte
grat
ea
NIC
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
34
NIC
Continued
The
NIC
reliev
esth
eC
PU
ofse
vera
lta
sks.
Han
dle
sth
elo
w-lev
elpro
toto
clru
les
tose
nd
and
rece
ive.
Such
as
CSM
A/C
Dfo
rEth
ernet
.
Chec
ks
inbou
nd
addre
sses
and
dis
card
spac
kets
whic
har
enot
for
us.
Ver
ifies
CR
Cs
onin
bou
nd
pac
kets
and
com
pute
sth
emfo
rou
tbou
nd.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
35
Earl
yEth
ern
et
Thic
k-W
ire
(coa
x)
Thin
-Wir
e(c
oax)
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
36
Tw
iste
d-P
air
Eth
ern
et
Tw
iste
dpai
r.
Elect
rica
lly
abu
s,ev
enth
ough
itlo
oks
like
ahub
and
spoke
s.
When
ahos
tse
nds
am
essa
ge,th
ehub
repea
tsit
toth
eot
her
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
37
Eth
ern
et
Gets
Tw
iste
d
Ori
ginal
Eth
ernet
cable
had
asi
ngl
ech
annel
.C
able
sfo
rT
PE
ther
net
conta
inw
ires
enou
ghfo
rtw
o.
Cab
leis
only
connec
ted
ontw
oen
ds.
Eac
hen
dhas
one
chan
nel
toitse
lffo
rse
ndin
g.
Cap
acity
ispot
ential
lydou
ble
d.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
38
Bri
dges
Abri
dge
connec
tstw
oLA
Nse
gmen
tsan
dfo
rwar
ds
traffi
cea
chw
ay.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
39
Learn
ing
Bri
dges
Watc
htraffi
cto
see
wher
ehost
sare
.
Kee
ps
alist
ofhar
dw
are
addre
sses
,w
ith
the
segm
ent
each
ison
.T
his
list
isin
itia
lly
empty
.
When
any
pac
ket
isse
en,its
sourc
ead
dre
ssan
dth
ese
gmen
tth
epac
ket
arri
ved
onar
ead
ded
toth
eta
ble
.
When
apac
ket
des
tined
for
xar
rive
s:•
Ifx
isin
the
table
,fo
rwar
dor
not
asap
pro
pri
ate.
•If
xis
not
inth
eta
ble
,fo
rwar
dth
epac
ket.
Eve
ntu
ally
the
table
fills
up
and
unnec
essa
ryfo
rwar
din
gen
ds.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
40
Eth
ern
et
Sw
itch
es
Eth
ernet
hubs
hav
ela
rgel
ygi
ven
way
tosw
itch
es.
The
switch
acts
like
aco
llec
tion
ofle
arnin
gbri
dge
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
41
Eth
ern
et
Sw
itch
es
Sw
itch
esw
illnot
send
two
mes
sage
sto
the
sam
ehos
tat
atim
e.
Hos
tsw
on’t
see
mes
sage
sbou
nd
for
other
s.
When
switch
esre
pla
ceal
lhubs,
the
syst
emis
esse
ntial
lyco
llis
ion-fre
e.
Sec
uri
tyis
also
impro
ved
since
much
less
thir
d-p
arty
traffi
cis
acce
ssib
leto
snoop
ing
athos
ts.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
42
VLA
NSw
itch
es
Asi
ngl
esw
itch
whic
hca
nbeh
ave
asm
ultip
lesw
itch
es.
The
adm
inis
trat
orco
nfigu
res
itto
crea
teth
evir
tual
switch
es.
Eac
hvir
tual
switch
form
sa
vir
tual
LA
N.
Mai
npurp
ose
isto
crea
tein
tern
alfire
wal
ls.
Bro
adca
stand
multicast
traffi
cdoe
snotpa
ssbe
twee
nvi
rtual
switch
es.
The
vir
tual
LA
Ns
may
then
be
connec
ted
by
afire
wal
lto
contr
olex
chan
ge.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
43
Wir
ele
ss
LA
Ns,
MA
Ns
orW
AN
s
PA
Ns
Per
sonal
Are
aN
etw
orks
Syn
cing
dev
ices
Blu
etoot
hIn
fraR
edIS
Mw
irel
ess
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
44
ISM
Bands
Indust
rial
,Sci
entific,
Med
ical
Not
lice
nce
dto
spec
ific
use
rs.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
45
Wir
ele
ssSta
ndard
s
802.
112.
4G
Hz
1or
2M
bps
802.
11a
5.72
5G
Hz
6–54
Mbps
802.
11b
2.4
GH
z5.
5or
11M
bps
802.
11g
2.4
GH
z22
or54
Mbps
Man
yot
her
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
46
Wir
ele
ssN
etw
ork
Types
Ad
Hoc
Any
two
nod
esca
nco
mm
unicate
.R
arel
yuse
d
Infr
astr
uct
ure
Nod
esta
lkto
an
acc
ess
poin
t.Acc
ess
poin
tfo
rward
sall
com
munications.
The
nodes
anac
cess
poi
nt
com
munic
ates
with
isa
Bas
icSer
vic
eSet
(BSS).
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
47
Access
Poin
ts
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
48
Talk
ing
To
Your
Access
Poin
t
May
be
dea
dzo
nes
bet
wee
nac
cess
poi
nts
.
Am
obile
hos
tm
ayse
ese
vera
lac
cess
poi
nts
.
Inin
fras
truct
ure
mode,
hos
tsm
ust
ass
ocia
tew
ith
anac
cess
poi
nt.
Fir
stac
cess
poi
nts
had
com
ple
xhan
d-o
fffa
cilities
Lik
ece
llphone
tower
s.
Curr
ent
pra
ctic
eis
tole
tth
em
obile
hos
tw
orry
abou
tit.
Pro
toco
lal
low
sa
conte
ntion
-fre
em
ode
wher
eth
eA
Pas
sign
sdiff
eren
tfr
equen
cies
.Rare
lyuse
d
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
49
802.1
1Fra
me
Form
at
CT
Lin
cludes
pro
toco
lan
dfr
ame
type
codes
,an
dva
riou
sflag
s.
DU
Rhas
multip
leuse
sre
late
dto
tim
eout
sett
ing
and
gett
ing
mes
sage
sth
atar
rive
dw
hile
you
wer
eas
leep
.
SE
Qis
use
dto
iden
tify
duplica
tefr
ames
and
collec
tpar
tsof
afr
agm
ente
dfr
ame
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
50
WiM
AX
IEE
E80
2.16
Des
igned
topro
vid
ew
irel
ess
last
-mile
bro
adban
d.
Noten
tire
lyco
oke
dye
t.
Can
use
lice
nce
dor
non
-lic
ence
dfr
equen
cies
.P
rim
arily
lice
nce
d.
Pro
vid
estw
oty
pes
oflinks
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
51
WiM
AX
(cont)
Hig
h-b
andw
idth
tow
er-t
o-to
wer
line-
of-s
ight
back
haul
Use
shig
her
freq
uen
cies
Low
-ban
dw
idth
tow
erto
use
rN
otline-
of-s
ight;
pas
sth
rough
obst
acle
s.
Use
sfr
equen
cies
sim
ilar
toW
iFi.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
52
WiM
AX
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
53
Last
Lin
k
Bot
hfixed
and
mob
ile
vers
ions.
Fix
edve
rsio
nuse
sa
par
abol
ican
tenna
Mob
ile
vers
ion
has
tow
erhan
d-o
fflike
ace
llphon
e.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
54
Ort
hogonalFre
quency
Div
isio
nM
ultip
lexin
g
Use
multip
leca
rrie
rsto
get
mor
eban
dw
idth
.
Use
ban
ds
that
actu
ally
over
lap.
Inst
ead
ofgu
ard
ban
ds,
ort
hog
onalca
rrie
rsar
ech
osen
.
Ort
hog
onal
carr
iers
add
up
toze
ro.
This
mea
ns
cros
s-ch
annel
inte
rfer
ence
adds
up
toze
ro.
Pac
km
ore
chan
nel
sin
toa
give
nban
dw
idth
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
55
PA
NTech
nolo
gie
s
Blu
etoot
h,80
2.15
.1a
Rep
lace
men
tfo
rw
ire
connec
tion
s:m
ouse
,hea
dphon
es.
2.4G
Hz
5m72
1Kbps
Mas
ter
gran
tsper
mis
sion
tosl
ave
Ultra
Wid
eban
d,80
2.15
.3a
Multip
lefr
equen
cies
2–10
m50
0–11
0Mbps
Goes
thro
ugh
wal
lsN
osi
ngl
est
andar
d.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
56
PA
N,C
ont.
Zig
bee
,80
2.15
.4Sta
ndar
diz
ere
mot
eco
ntr
ols
Spee
dnot
apri
ority
868M
Hz,
915M
Hz,
2.4G
Hz
−→
20M
Hz,
40M
Hz,
250M
Hz
Low
pow
er
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
57
Oth
er
Short
-Dis
tance
IrD
A(I
nfr
ared
)Fam
ily
ofst
andar
ds
Few
met
ers
30-d
egre
eco
ne
2.4K
bps
or16
Mbps
RFID
Rad
ioFre
quen
cyId
entifica
tion
Ove
r14
0va
riou
sst
andar
ds
100M
Hz–
954M
Hz
Pas
sive
orac
tive
Inve
nto
ryco
ntr
olal
tern
ativ
eto
swip
eca
rds.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
58
Cellula
rSyst
em
s
Des
igned
for
voic
eD
ata
Wor
ks
fine
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
59
Cellula
rSyst
em
s
Fre
quen
cies
are
chos
enso
nei
ghbor
sal
way
sdiff
er.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
60
Genera
tions
1GA
nal
ogvo
ice
sign
al.
2GD
igital
sign
als
toca
rry
voic
e.
3GD
ata
dow
nlo
adfo
rbro
wsi
ng;
inte
roper
ability.
4GM
ultim
edia
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
61
Sate
llite
Ear
lygr
ound
stat
ions
nee
ded
larg
edis
ks.
For
hom
es,V
ery
Sm
allA
per
ture
Ter
min
al(V
SA
T)
Var
ious
freq
uen
cies
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
62
Cycle
sIn
The
Net
Abro
adca
stpac
ket
willgo
onfo
reve
r.
Lea
rnin
gpro
ble
ms:
IfB
1fo
rward
sa
pack
etfrom
segm
enta
tob,
then
B3
willth
ink
its
sourc
eis
on
segm
entb,
and
forw
ard
traffi
cunnec
essa
rily
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
63
Avoid
ing
The
Cycle
s
Dis
trib
ute
dSpan
nin
gTre
e
Com
pute
asu
bgr
aph
ofex
isting
connec
tion
sfo
rmin
ga
span
nin
gtr
ee.
Acy
clic
and
reach
esall
route
rs.
Must
wor
kev
enth
ough
no
one
know
show
the
net
isar
range
d.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
64
What
The
Alg
ori
thm
Dete
rmin
es
One
route
ris
des
ignat
edth
ero
ot.
Eac
hpor
ton
each
route
ris
clas
sified
root
,des
ignat
ed,or
blo
ckin
g.
The
root
por
tis
the
quic
kest
way
from
the
route
rto
the
root
.
Ades
ignat
edpor
tis
the
quic
kest
way
for
the
atta
ched
net
wor
kto
reac
hth
ero
ot.
Blo
ckin
gpor
tsar
enot
par
tof
the
tree
.
Tra
ffic
isfo
rwar
ded
thro
ugh
des
ignat
edan
dro
otpor
ts.
This
use
son
lyan
acycl
icsu
bse
tof
the
actu
alco
nnec
tion
s.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
65
Com
puting
The
Tre
e
The
root
issi
mply
the
route
rw
ith
the
low
est
MA
Cad
dre
ss.
Eac
hbri
dge
has
anid
eaof
who
the
root
is,th
eco
stto
get
ther
e,an
dw
hic
hpor
tto
send
on.
Initia
lly,
itis
us
with
zero
cost
.
The
bri
dge
per
iodic
ally
sends
this
info
rmat
ion
toits
nei
ghbor
s.
Eac
hpor
tke
eps
trac
kof
the
bes
tof
thes
em
essa
ges
ithas
seen
,an
dw
ho
sent
it.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
66
How
To
Get
There
best[p]is
the
bes
tm
essa
gese
enon
por
tp.
toroot
isth
ero
ot,co
st,an
dse
ndin
gpor
tfo
rth
ebes
tro
ute
toth
ero
ot.
Upon
rece
ipt
ofa
mes
sage
(root,
cost)
from
bri
dge
b
arri
vin
gon
por
tp:
If(r
oot,
cost)
<be
st[p],
then
best[p]:=
(root,
cost)
If[r
oot,
cost+
arc]
<(t
oroot.root,
toroot.co
st)
,th
en
toroot:=
(root,
cost+
arc,
p).
Wher
earc
isth
eco
stfo
rse
ndin
gto
b.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
67
Desi
gnate
dPort
s
Any
non
-root
por
tw
hos
eco
stis
hig
her
than
the
bri
dge
s’s
root
cost
isa
des
ignat
edpor
t.
This
ispo
ssib
lebe
cause
ofaddin
gth
elink
befo
rech
oosing
the
brid
ge’s
cost
.
This
isri
ghtbe
cause
itm
eans
this
port
offer
sa
chea
per
path
toth
ero
otth
an
any
ofth
eoth
erbr
idge
sattach
edher
e.
Tie
sare
broke
nby
com
pari
ng
our
route
rnum
ber
toth
eso
urc
eofth
em
atc
hin
gco
st.
Any
por
tot
her
than
root
ordes
ignat
edis
blo
cked
.M
essa
ges
are
not
forw
arded
thro
ugh
it.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
68
Additio
nalD
eta
ils
Alg
orithm
runs
continuou
sly
soth
enet
adap
tsto
chan
ges.
All
sort
sof
del
ays,
det
ailru
les
and
lim
its
toav
oid
tem
por
ary
cycl
es.
Adm
inis
trat
ors
can
modify
order
ing
with
wei
ghts
.D
eter
min
eth
ero
otby
wei
ghting
oth
erbo
xes.
Wei
ghta
port
todisco
ura
geits
use
.
Lin
kco
sts
are
set
by
adm
inis
trat
or.
Def
aults
bas
edon
link
spee
d.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
69
AC
ycling
Tri
p
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
70
Sourc
es
Com
er,C
om
pute
rN
etwork
sand
Inte
rnet
s(O
ur
belo
ved
text
book.
)
For
ouza
n,D
ata
Com
munications
and
Net
work
ing,
McG
raw
-Hill,
2001
.
Subnet
wor
kA
cces
sP
roto
colar
ticl
efr
omW
ikip
edia
htt
p:/
/ww
w.w
ildpac
kets
.com
/suppor
t/co
mpen
diu
m/-
ether
net
/fra
me
form
ats
htt
p:/
/ww
w.g
eoci
ties
.com
/Silic
onV
alle
y/H
aven
/-48
24/e
ther
net
.htm
l
htt
p:/
/wifi
.cs.
st-a
ndre
ws.
ac.u
k/w
ififr
ame.
htm
l
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·MississippiCollege
71
Sourc
es,
Cont.
htt
p:/
/tec
hnet
.mic
roso
ft.c
om/e
n-u
s/libra
ry/c
c757
419.
asp
x
htt
p:/
/ww
w.h
owst
uffw
orks.
com
/wim
ax1.h
tm
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
reat
e.ucs
b.e
du/A
TO
N/0
1.01
/OFD
M.p
df
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
is.tem
ple
.edu/
inga
r-gi
o/ol
d/c
is30
7f98
/rea
din
gs/b
ridge
.htm
l
htt
p:/
/ww
w.e
ther
man
age.
com
/eth
ernet
/100
quic
kre
f/-
ch13
qr
4.htm
l
htt
p:/
/com
pute
r.how
stuffw
orks.
com
/eth
ernet
15.h
tm
htt
p:/
/en.w
ikip
edia
.org
/wik
i/Span
nin
gtr
eepro
toco
l
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
72
Sourc
es,
Cont.
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
trlink.c
om/p
df/
abc7
Goo
ddiscu
ssio
nofth
esp
annin
gtree
.
CS 423 ·TWBennet
·
MississippiCollege
73