netting research update - apal
TRANSCRIPT
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Netting Research Update
Lee Kalcsits, Associate Professor
WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center
Department of Horticulture
Wenatchee, WA
APAL Webinar
July 23, 2020
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Overview
Example: Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
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1% 3%
80%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Exclusion net Drape net Control
Fru
it d
amag
ed b
y h
ail (
%)
Treatment
Photo credit: S. Musacchi
• Protective netting also acts as a physical barrier against hail
• Hail damage reduced from 80% in the control to 3% and 1% under drape net and exclusion net respectively (Schmidt, 2014)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Reducing Hail Damage
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Reducing Hail Damage
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(Racsko and Schrader, 2012)
(Racsko and Schrader, 2012)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Apple Sunburn
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Apple Sunburn Management
• The largest contributor to fruit
losses in Washington State
• Approximately 10%
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Changes in Sunburn Risk
Days per year above 95°F
5 50 100 200
PNW = 25 -> 60NE = 2 -> 30
MW = 3 -> 46
SA = 7 -> 52
AUS = 11 -> 54
S. Europe = 0 -> 27
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Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
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Light Intensity(umol m-2 s-1)
Wind Speed (km h-1)
Control 1804 a 6.03 a
Blue 1404 b 3.76 b
Pearl 1459 b 3.96 b
Red 1355 b 3.64 b
Table 1. Mean light intensity and wind speed for Blue,
Pearl and Red netting compared to an uncovered
control (84 days). Letters indicate significant difference
determined by Tukey’s HSD test.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
10-May 29-Jun 18-Aug 7-Oct
Wn
id S
pe
ed
(km
h-1
)
Control
Pearl
Blue
Red
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Light Intensity and Wind Speed
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Light Scattering
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Diffuse Lighting
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Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
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RedBlue
Pearl Control
High Grade
Reduced-Grade Cull
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Sunburn (Honeycrisp) - 2015
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2015 2016
Control 231 a 366 a
Pearl 274 c 394 b
Blue 252 b 388 b
Red 260 bc 386 b
Average fruit size (g) for fruit harvested from under pearl, blue and pearl netting compared to an uncovered control
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Size
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SSC (°Brix)
Control 15.0 a
Pearl 14.7 ab
Blue 14.5 b
Red 14.5 b
• When fruit size is accounted for, there are more sugars per fruit netting compared to the uncovered control.
• Color development was better in 2015 compared to 2016. Uncovered trees had slightly better color in 2015 compared to netted trees.
2015 2016
Control 2.77 a 2.30 a
Netted 2.52 b 2.25 a
Fruit red color development in Honeycrisp apple in 2015 and 2016 under netting compared to an uncovered control. 2 = 50% red color.
Fruit red color development and soluble sugars content (Brix) in Honeycrisp apple under pearl, blue and red netting compared to an uncovered control. 2 = 50% red color.
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Fruit Quality
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Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
![Page 16: Netting Research Update - APAL](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012704/61a6632b533df15cee599536/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Physiology
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control Netting
Sho
ot
Gro
wth
(In
ches
)
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Improving canopy in-fill
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Qu
antu
m Y
ield
of
Ph
oto
syst
em II
(P
)
Honeycrisp
0
5
10
15
20
25
Net
CO
2Ex
chan
ge (
µm
olm
-2s-
1)
Honeycrisp
Light Use Efficiency Photosynthesis
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Sap Flow Under Netting
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0
5
10
15
28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug
Cu
mm
ula
tive
ev
apo
rati
on
(m
m d
-1)
Date
Control0
100
200
300
400
500
Tre
e W
ate
r U
se
(m
L H
2O
h
r-1)
Time of Day
Netting
Control
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Sap Flow Under Netting
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Overview
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Hail/Sunburn Environment Fruit Quality PhysiologyDesign
Considerations
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• Most common netting structure used by growers in WA
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Continuous Over-the-Top Structure
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Exclusion netting (both top and sides)
• Exclusion netting offers the most protection and can be used on sites where wind damage is a higher risk
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Exclusion Netting
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• Most effective in a north-south tree row orientation; protection to the west side of the tree that is exposed to damaging solar radiation in the afternoon
Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Louvre Netting
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Drape Netting
• Easiest to deploy
• Lowest cost
• Most difficult to work under
• No superstructure
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Considerations
• Labor for deployment and retraction• Post-bloom and post-harvest
• Design – Retrofit or in new orchards• Retrofitting is much more expensive
and labor intensive…plan ahead
• Engineering• Essential!
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Protective Netting in Fruit Production
Summary
Hail Protection
Reduced Sunburn
Increased Canopy Infill
Reduced water-use
Improve sizing and quality
Slight reductions in color development
Costs
Labor to deploy and retract
Disease pressure??
Positives Negatives
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Questions?
Kalcsits Lab Crew - 2018Back Row (L to R): Lee Kalcsits, Ryan Mullin, Jack Gavin, Giverson Mupambi, Chloe Smythman, Hector Camargo-Alvarez
Front row (L to R): Erica Casagrande Biasuz, Brenda Castaneda, Michelle Reid, Katie Mullin, Sumyya Waliullah, Nadia Valverdi, Raquel Gomez