nervous system (1/ 3) human physiologynemo.lf1.cuni.cz/.../07-ns1-pema-intro-0x-en-2020.pdf ·...
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Nervous system (1/ 3)
Petr Maršálek
lecture, v. EN
MF1 CUNI Prague, Department of pathological physiology
Human Physiology
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Osnova/ klíčové pojmy (1)1.Excitabilita, klidový potenciál a práh2.Neuron je funkční jednotka3.(Omezená) regenerace: centrální vs. vegetativní4.Nernstův potenciál, AP, EPSP, IPSP, neuro-modulace5.Průměr vlákna, myelinizace6.Molekulární popis excitace, Hodgkin-Huxley7.Práh, rheobáze, chronaxie8.Reflex, monosynaptický, polysynaptický9.Tzv. signální soustava, I.P.Pavlov10.Mediátory excitační a inhibiční:glu,GABA,Ach, DOPA,
peptidové mediátory11.Dualita elektrického a chemického přenosu12.Recruitment, integrace a funkce dendritů13.Multiplexing, experimenty, příklad:tonotopie14.Rate-level function, pozitivní stupnice
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Osnova/ klíčové pojmy (2)
15.Psychofyzika, úvod, definice16.Příklady psychofyzikálních experimentů17.Otevřené/ těžké otázky: subjektivita, vyšší nervová
činnost18.likvor19.Glie20.Další/ různé, zjednodušený popis motoriky
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Neuron jako stavební a funkční jednotka
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Nejjednodušší modelový organizmus: nezmar zelený (hydra)
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Nernstův rovnovážný potenciál
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Akční potenciál(je jednotkový impuls)
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Vedení AP po nervovém vlákně
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Šíření akčního potenciálu (AP)The use of action potential
Origin:
Propagation:
Axon departure from the neuronal body.
By local circuits or, in myelinated axons, by saltatory conduction from one Ranvier node (b) to another.
In axon terminals: presynaptic buttons (c).Termination:
Transmission: To postsynaptic membranes of another neurons (d), or to muscle cells (e), or to epithelial cells (f).
At the synapse, AP leads to secretion of neurotransmitters that bind to and modify the conductance of postsynaptic membrane channels.
Effect: Excitation or inhibition of postsynaptic neuron (d), initiation of muscle contraction (g), modulation of secretion/absorption (h)...
b neuronal activity:e.g. perception
cd
ba mechanical activity:posture & movement
ecAP
h g
chemical activity:e.g., secretionfc! Such a neuron does not exist!
In reality, every post-synaptic activity (on the right)
depends on its own specific pre-synaptic neuron !
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Excitační a inhibiční post-synaptické potenciály, EPSP, IPSP, (+ potenciál na nervosvalové ploténce)
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Synapse anervosvalová ploténka
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Postsynaptický potenciál na nervosvalové ploténce
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Metodika: patch clamp
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Myelinizované vs.nemyelinizované vlákno: (myelinizované vede rychleji). Tloušťka vlákna a synapse:(s větším průměrem vede rychleji).
Příklady: „obrovské“ synapse ribbon (stužkové), Heldovy, apod
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Vlákna periferního nervu
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Akční potenciál, popis Hodgkina a Huxleyho, v roce 1950 fenomenologický, nyní molekulární výklad elektrofyziologických jevů.
Experimenty na obřím axonu sépie.
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Mechanoreceptor current in response to mechanical
stimulationBA
[Walker et al, 2000]
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Molecular DevicesIn year 2010:
Most of the
molecular
structure of
mechanically
gated ion
channels
is unknown
[Gillespie and Walker, 2001]
[Howard and Bechstedt, 2004]
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Model: Introduction of Leaky Integrator (= RC circuit with threshold)
THfor 0)( VVdttV
L VVdt
dV
RC
IVVgdt
dVg )( LLL
1
L
Rg
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Model: Reordered Equations
THfor 0)( VVdttV
IVVxNpVVhgVVgdt
dVg ))(()()( Na0KALLL
)(SS Vhhdt
dhh
Fxkydt
dym MRC
ydt
dx
1. Although leaky integrator and spring equations are linear, threshold, adaptation and mechanoreceptor currents are nonlinear, making the whole DE set nonlinear.2. Spring equation is rewritten to its normal form to be fed into a custom written fixed step Runge-Kutta numerical DE solver (in Matlab).
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Pojmy: práh, rheobáze, chronaxie
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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936),Nobel prize in 1904, fourth year,…
Classic of physiology,Concept of 1st and 2nd signalsystem
…I.P.Pavlov marketed by soviettotalitarian regime infamous by
persecutions and famine
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Mediátory excitační a inhibiční: glu, GABA, ACh, dopamin,peptidy
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Neurotransmitter examples
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Vegetative nervous system - sympatikus a parasympatikus,
-receptory (alfa- a beta-adrenergní, nikotinové a
muskarinové cholinergní)
-mediátory (adrenalin, noradrenalin, acetylcholin)
-produkce (= biogenní aminy)
-rozklad (acetylcholin esteráza, mono-amino-oxidáza a
re-uptake)
-anatomické uspořádaní (hlava a trup, pregangliová a
postgangliová vlákna), močení, defekace, erekce, ejakulace,
-ostření oka = akomodace, clonění = adaptace,
-rovnováha mezi sympatikem a parasympatikem, atd.
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Clitocybe dealbata,Deadly poisonous mushroom,poison: muscarine,antidotum: atropineClitocybe odora,Edible mushroom
Nicotiana tabacum,Tobacco plant,Deadly poisonous plant
Amanita muscaria,Mildly poisonousmushroom, poison:muscimol
nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Plants and mushrooms with effect on the cholinergic synapse
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Dualita elektro-chemické signalizace.
(Ale v určitých neuronových okruzích jsou elektrické synapse.)
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Různé mechanismy iniciacestahu hladkého svalu
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Reflexní oblouk
Příklady monosynaptických reflexů (patelární) a polysynaptických
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Je možné vyšetřit objektivně, zda funguje smyslová dráha a jí zprostředkované smyslové vnímání?
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Pojem recruitmentu, otázka kódování
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Multiplexing kódování modalit,příklad: nízké a vysoké frekvence zvuku, tonotopie.
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Jemný úvod do problémů
psychofyziky
Psychofyzika aplikovaná v praxi,
aneb
o Scovillově
stupnici pálivosti papriček
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Golden age of psychophysics
Gustav Theodor Fechner,(see: Weber-Fechner law, Ernst Heinrich Weber, 1795–1878)*1801, Poland,+1887, Leipzig, Germany,1850 – one day G.T.F. arrived to an “instant enlightenment”
and knew, how to describe sensory perception in general. It took him another 10 year to formulate everything in a definitive book:
Elemente der Psychophysik (1860),1878 – definition of median (= this is the value, dividing the
cumulative distribution function in two halves)
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Response (R) is function of stimulus intensity (S), R=f(S),sense of touch as an example
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Design of Experiments to Measure
Hotness, Construction of the
Scoville Scale of Hot Chili
Peppers…
Wilbur Lincoln Scoville, american pharmacist, (1865 – 1942)
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Scoville ratings of chemicals substance examples(Scoville heat units)16,000,000,000 Resiniferatoxin5,300,000,000 Tinyatoxin 16,000,000 Capsaicin 15,000,000 Dihydrocapsaicin 9,200,000 Nonivamide9,100,000 Nordihydrocapsaicin8,600,000 Homocapsaicin160,000 Shogaol (dehydr. ginger oil)100,000 Piperine (black pepper alkaloid)60,000 Gingerol (ginger oil)16,000 Capsiate
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Scoville ratings of hot peppers examples3 000 000-6 000 000 Pepper spray2 000 000 Trinidad Moruga Scorpion1 850 000 Chocolate 7-Pot1 600 000 Dorset Naga1 450 000 Trinidad Scorpion Butch Taylor1 200 000 Naga Viper, Trinidad 7 Pot Jonah1 200 000 Satan's Strain Trinidad Scorpion Moruga1 100 000 Naga Morich, Infinity Chili1 050 000 Bhut Jolokia850 000 Trinidad 7 Pot CARDI Strain350 000 – 580 000 Red Savina Habanero100 000 – 350 000 Habanero50 000 – 100 000 Pepper Birds Eye, Piri Piri30 000 – 50 000 Tabasco pepper5 000 – 23 000 Serrano5 000 – 10 000 Chipotle2 500 – 8 000 Jalapeño, Tabasco sauce1 000 – 2 000 Poblano100 – 500 Pimento
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Psychophysics = describes, how subjectiveresponse depends on magnitude of physical,or chemical stimulation
R - (response) subjective intensityS - (stimulus) physical intensity
Examples:Chili pepper hotness: S... active or dry substance concentration,R... hotness
Pain: S… damage intensity (pain modality typology isbetter corresponding to R),R... pain
Various curves can be fitted to given datapoints(linear dependence, logarithm, power function, etc.)
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Exponents in the Stevens (power) law
R - (response) subjective intensityS - (stimulus) physical intensityS0 - threshold stimulus intensityA - constant of proportion N - exponent
NR 0S-SA
0/log SSAR
Weber – Fechner(logarithmic) law
Stevens(power) law
Psychophysical laws
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P = proporcionální sensorD = derivační (diferenční sensor)[D2 = akcelerační (sensor druhé diference)]I = integrační sensorPD , PDI, atd = smíšený sensor
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Otevřené/ těžké problémy: problém subjektivity, existence beriéry mezi subjektivním a objektivním popisem smyslového vnímání.Obecně: neuronový korelát procesů vyšší nervové činnosti
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Mozkomíšní mok (likvor) funkce.
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Neuroglie, funkce…
Metafora pro popis funkce glie: nezmar zelený (hydra)
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END
OF THE LECTURE
Thanks for your attention
First Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathological Physiology
Warning: neither the PDF, nor the PPT, PPTX, etc.versions of this presentation are official study materials.For internal use only. Do not distribute.
Contact: [email protected]
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Část 2: Lokomoce pomocí svalů
• Motors - hybné prvky
- Flexory a - Extensory
• Brakes - brzdy
• Springs - pružiny
• Struts - výztuže, péra
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Lokomoce, svaly člověka
Příklady
• Hybné prvky, motory - Flexory biceps fem. a – Extensory: quadriceps fem.
• Brakes – brzdy: biceps surae
• Springs – pružiny: ditto, Achillova šlacha
• Struts - výztuže, péra: posturální svalstvo
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Další obrázek
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