nerve injuries of the lower extremity stacy rudnicki, md associate professor of neurology
TRANSCRIPT
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NERVE INJURIES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
STACY RUDNICKI, MD
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF NEUROLOGY
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Dermatomes of the Leg
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Root Innervation of the Leg
• Hip Flexion– L 1, 2, 3
• Knee Extension– L 2, 3, 4
• Foot Dorsiflexion– L 4,5
• Foot Plantar Flexion– S1, 2
• Knee Flexion– L5, S1, S2
• Hip Extension– L5, S1, S2
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Clinical Principles
• Detecting subtle weakness– Get up from squat
• Quadriceps– Stand on tip toes
• Gastrocnemius/Soleus– Stand on heels
• Tibialis Anterior
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Reflexes
• Knee Jerks - evaluates– Quadriceps muscle– Femoral Nerve– Primarily L4 nerve root (also L2, L3)
• Ankle Jerk - evaluates– Gastrocnemius muscle– Tibial Nerve– Primarily the S1 nerve root (also S2)
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CASE 1
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History
• 20 yo college student involved in an MVA• She suffers multiple pelvic fractures• She complains of weakness and numbness of
the right leg
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Exam
• She has weakness of:– Foot dorsiflexion
– Foot eversion
– Toe extension
• Strength is normal in:– Foot plantar flexion
– Foot inversion
– Toe flexion
• There is just a hint of weakness in knee flexion
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SENSORY LOSS
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Localization
Finding Muscle Nerve Root
Ft Dorsiflex TIB ANT PER (FIB) L4,5
Grt toe ext EHL PER (FIB) L5
Toe ext EDL, EDB PER (FIB) L4,5
Foot eversion PER L, B PER (FIB) L4,5
Foot plant flex GASTROC, TIB S1,2
SOLEUS
Toe flex FDL/FDB TIB L5,S1
Foot inv POST TIB TIB L4,5
Knee flex MULTTIB/PER L5S1S2
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Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
Common Fib
Deep Fib
Superficial Fib
Per Longus Tib Ant
Per Brevis EHL
Per Tertius
EDB
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SENSORY LOSS IN A DEEP PERONEAL (FIBULAR) NEUROPATHY
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Final Diagnosis
Sciatic neuropathy with selective involvement of the fibular (peroneal) nerve fibers at the level of the pelvis
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CASE 2
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History
• The patient is a 45 yo man who complains of burning pain in his right lateral thigh
• He is otherwise healthy, though over the last 2 years, he has gained 30 pounds because he can’t find time to exercise
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Exam
• He has normal strength in all muscles of his leg• Reflexes are normal
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SENSORY LOSS
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Localization
Finding Muscle Nerve Root
Sens loss - - Lat fem <<L2
cut
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Final diagnosis
Lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy
(AKA: Meralgia Parasthetica)
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CASE 3
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History
• A 27 yo man is shot at multiple sites in the thigh, popliteal fossa, and foot
• He complains of burning pain in the foot and weakness of the foot
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Exam
• He has weakness of:– Foot plantar flexion– Foot inversion– Toe flexion
• Strength is normal in:– Knee flexion– Foot dorsiflexion– Foot eversion
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SENSORY LOSS
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Exam
Finding Muscle PN RootFt plant flex GASTROC TIB S1, S2
Toe flex FDL, FDB TIB L5, S1, S2
Foot inv POST TIB TIB L4, L5
Sens loss ---- MP+LP
Ft dorsiflex TIB ANT FIB (per) L4,5
Foot ever FIB L, B, T FIB (Per) L5S1
Knee flex MULT SCIATIC L5, S1, S2
(Tib and Fib)
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Sciatic Nerve in Thigh/ Tibial Nerve in LegSciatic Nerve
Semitendonous Biceps Long Hd
Semi Membranous Biceps Short HD
Add Magnus
Tibial Nerve Common Fib Nv
Gastroc, Med Popliteus
Soleus Gastroc, lat
Tibialis Post
FDL FHL
Med Plantar Lateral Plantar
AH, FDB, FHB ADM, FDM, AH, Int
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Final Diagnosis
Tibial neuropathy at the popliteal fossa
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CASE 4
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History
• An 81 yo man with diabetes mellitus complains of onset of deep aching pain in his right thigh that evolved over a few weeks
• He is having trouble walking because his knee “gives out”
• He complains of numbness on the top of his leg
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Exam
• He has weakness of:– Hip flexion
– Knee extension
• He has normal strength of:– Hip adduction
– Hip abduction
– Foot dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
• His knee jerk is absent, his ankle jerk is preserved
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SENSORY LOSS
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Localization
Finding Muscle PN Root
Hip flex IP/Iliacus Fem L1,2,3
Knee Ext Quads Fem L2,3,4
Sens Loss --- Fem L2-4
Hip Add ADD L, B, M Obt L2,3,4
Add M Sciatic L5, S1
Hip Abd Gl Med/Min Sup Glut L5, S1, S2
Foot DF Tib ant Fib (Per) L4,5
Foot PF Gastroc/sol Tibial S1,S2
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Femoral nerve
Psoas
Iliacus
Sartorius Pectinius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lat
Vastus inter
Vastus Med
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Final Diagnosis
Femoral Neuropathy Related to Diabetes Mellitus
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CASE 5
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History
• A 27 yo body builder complains of a 4 week history of low back and leg pain
• Pain travels down the back of the leg and into the sole of the
• He is unaware of weakness and he continues to lift weights
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Exam
• His routine strength exam is normal• He can stand on his heels with ease• He can stand on his tiptoes on the right but not
on the left • His left ankle jerk is absent, right is normal• Sensory exam
– Decreased sensation of the sole of the foot, lateral distal leg, and lateral dorsum of the foot
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Localization
Finding Muscle PN RootStand toes GASTROC/SOL TIB S1,2
Abs AJ GASTROC/SOL TIB S1,2
Sens --- MP, LP, SU S1
Stand Heels TIB ANT FIB L4,5
Foot Inv POST TIB TIB L4,5
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Final diagnosis
S1 radiculopathy related to a herniated disc
(“Sciatica”)
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Final Comments• Overall, nerves in the leg are less liable to chronic
compression/entrapment compared to those in the arms
• Most common entrapment in the leg is a fibular (peroneal) palsy at the fibular head– May get the common, superficial, or fibular (peroneal)
nerve
• Traumatic nerve injuries related to penetrating injury / bony trauma (hip / pelvic fxs) are seen
• Femoral neuropathy - – Nerve adjacent to artery– Spontaneous