neoplasia lecture 2 abdulmalik alsheikh, md, frcpc maha arafah, mbbs, ksfp abdulmalik alsheikh, md,...
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NeoplasiaLecture 2
Abdulmalik Alsheikh, MD, FRCPCMaha Arafah, MBBS, KSFP
Abdulmalik Alsheikh, MD, FRCPCMaha Arafah, MBBS, KSFP
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMSEPIDEMIOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMSEPIDEMIOLOGY
Foundation block 2013Pathology
Foundation block 2013Pathology
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ObjectivesObjectives• Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors with respect to:
– demarcation from surrounding tissue (capsule, local invasiveness)– rate of growth– degree of differentiation (Explain the meaning of differentiation).– distant spread (metastases).
• Describe the morphologic changes associated with poorly differentiated tumors; define and understand the usage of the terms anaplasia, pleomorphism, nuclear atypia, abnormal mitoses and tumor giant cells.
• Understand the clinical significance of invasiveness and metastasis.• Describe the anatomic pathways utilized by tumors in metastatic spread.
Know which pathways are commonly used by carcinomas versus sarcomas.• List some common sites of distant metastases. • Recognize the epidemiologic data of cancer distribution in regard to age,
race, geographic factors, and genetic backgrounds.
• List some inherited syndromes with a genetic predisposition to cancer.
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Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
• Differentiation and anaplasia• Rate of growth• Local invasion• Metastasis
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Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
• Differentiation means : the extent to which the parenchymal cells of the tumor resemble their normal counterparts morphologically and functionally
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• well differentiated = closely resemble their normal counterparts
• Moderately differentiated• Poorly differentiated• Undifferentiated ( Anaplasia )
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
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• Benign tumors = well differentiated• Malignant tumors = well differentiated -----> anaplastic
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
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• In the histological examination of a tumor you should look for :– Pleomorphism : variation in size– High nuclear/ cytoplasm ratio ( N/C ratio)– Hyperchrmasia ( dark cell )– Mitosis ….?abnormal one
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
1. Differentiation and anaplasia
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Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
• Differentiation and anaplasia
• Rate of growth• Local invasion• Metastasis
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– Benign tumors: • grows slowly • are affected by blood supply, hormonal effects ,
location
– Malignant tumors : • grows faster • Correlate with the level of differentiation
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Rate of growth
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Rate of growth
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Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
• Differentiation and anaplasia• Rate of growth• Local invasion• Metastasis
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– Benign tumors : • Remain localized• Cannot invade• Usually capsulated
– Malignant tumors : • Progressive invasion• Destruction• Usually not capsulated
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Local invasion
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Local invasion
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Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
• Differentiation and anaplasia• Rate of growth• Local invasion• Metastasis
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– Definition : the development of secondary
implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, possibly in remote tissues
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
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– Cancers have different ability to metastasize– Approximately 30% patients present with clinically
evident metastases.– Generally, the more anaplastic and the larger the
primary tumor, the more likely is metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
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• Metastasis : three pathways – Lymphatic spread :– Hematogenous spread : – Seeding of the body cavities: pleural, peritoneal
cavities and cerebral ventricles
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
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• Lymphatic spread :– favored by carcinomas– Breast carcinoma axillary lymph nodes– Lung carcinomas bronchial lymph nodes
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
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• Hematogenous spread : – favored by sarcomas– Also used by carcinomas– Veins are more commonly invaded– The liver and lungs are the most frequently
involved secondary sites
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Metastasis
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Neoplasia
• In the histological examination of a tumor you should look for :– Pleomorphism : variation in size– High nuclear/ cytoplasm ratio ( N/C ratio)– Hyperchrmasia ( dark cell )– Mitosis ….?abnormal one
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Dysplasia
– Definiton: a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells and a loss in their architectural orientation.
– Non-neoplastic– Occurs mainly in the epithelia– Dysplastic cells shows a degree of : pleomorphism,
hyperchrmasia, increased mitosis and loss of polarity.
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Neoplasia
• Dysplasia does not mean cancer• Dyplasia does not necessarily progress to
cancer• Dysplasia may be reversible• If dysplastic changes involve the entire
thickness of the epithelium it is called : CARCINOMA IN-SITU
Dysplasia
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Dysplasia
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Neoplasia
• Carcinoma in-situ– Definition: an intraepithelial malignancy in which
malignant cells involve the entire thickness of the epithelium without penetration of the basement membrane.
– Applicable only to epithelial neoplasms.
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Dysplasia
• Increased rate of multiplication.
• Disordered maturation.
• Nuclear abnormality– Increased N/C ratio– Irregular nuclear membrane– Increased chromatin content
• Cytoplasmic abnormalities due to failure of normal maturation
Dysplasia: Features
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Dysplasia
Mild Dysplasia
Sever Dysplasia
DysplasiaUterine cervix
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Dysplasia (cervical pap smear)
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Dysplasia
• Clinical significance:– It is a premalignant condition.– The risk of invasive cancer varies with:
grade of dysplasia (mild, moderate, sever) duration of dysplasia site of dysplasia
Dysplasia
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Dysplasia
• Differences between dysplasia and cancer. lack of invasiveness. Reversibility
Dysplasia
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• A true neoplasm with all of the features of malignant neoplasm except invasiveness
• Displays the cytological features of malignancy without invasion of the basement membrane.
Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ
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Squamous cell Carcinoma Uterine Cervix
Dysplasia
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Epidemiology of Neoplasia
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Epidemiology of Neoplasia
– Will help to discover aetiology– Planning of preventive measures– To know what is common and what is rare.– Development of screening methods for early
diagnosis
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Epidemiology
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• Factors affecting incidence of cancer– Geographic and Environmental– Age– Heredity– Aquired preneoplastic disorders
Epidemiology
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– Rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan is seven times the rate in North America and Europe.
– Breast carcinoma is five times higher in North America comparing to Japan
– Liver cell carcinoma is more common in African populations
EpidemiologyGeographic and Environmental
factors:
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Neoplasia
– Asbestos : mesothelioma– Smoking : lung cancer– Multiple sexual partners: cervical cancer– Fatty diets : colonic cancer
Please see table 5-2 page 171 for occupational cancers
EpidemiologyGeographic and Environmental
factors:
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• Factors affecting incidence of cancer– Geographic and Environmental
– Age– Heredity– Aquired preneoplastic disorders
Epidemiology
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Neoplasia
– Generally, the frequency of cancer increases with age.
– Most cancer mortality occurs between 55 and 75. – Cancer mortality is also increased during
childhood– Most common tumors of children: Leukemia,
tumors of CNS, Lymphomas, soft tissue and bone sarcomas.
Epidemiology: Age
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• Factors affecting incidence of cancer– Geographic and Environmental– Age
– Heredity– Aquired preneoplastic disorders
Epidemiology
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– Autosomal dominant cancer syndromes – Autosomal Recessive Syndromes of Defective
DNA Repair– Familial Cancers of Uncertain Inheritance
Epidemiology: Heredity
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• Autosomal dominant cancer syndromes – Inheritance of a single mutant gene greatly
increases the risk of developing neoplasm– E.g. Retinoblastoma in children :
• 40% of Retinoblastomas are familial• carriers of the gene have 10000 fold increase in the risk
of developing Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology: Heredity
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GeneInherited Predisposition
RBRetinoblastoma
TP53Li-Fraumeni syndrome (various tumors)p16INK4AMelanoma
APCFamilial adenomatous polyposis/colon cancer
BRCA1, BRCA2Breast and ovarian tumorsMEN1, RETMultiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2
Epidemiology: HeredityAquired preneoplastic disorders:
Examples of Autosomal Dominant Cancer SyndromesAquired preneoplastic disorders:
Examples of Autosomal Dominant Cancer Syndromes
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Heredity
– Autosomal Recessive Syndromes of Defective DNA Repairir :
• Small group of autosomal recessive disorders• Characterized by DNA instability• E.g. xeroderma pigmentosum
Epidemiology: Heredity
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Heredity
• Familial Cancers of Uncertain Inheritance– All common types of cancers occur in familial form– E.g. breast, colon, ovary, brain– Familial cancers usually have unique features:
• Start at early age• Multiple or bilateral• Two or more relatives
Epidemiology: Heredity
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• Factors affecting incidence of cancer– Geographic and Environmental– Age
– Heredity– Aquired preneoplastic disorders
Epidemiology
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Neoplasia
– Some Clinical conditions that predispose to cancer• Dysplastic bronchial mucosa in smokers
lung carcinoma• Liver cirrhosis liver cell carcinoma • Margins of chronic skin fistula Squamous
cell carcinoma
Epidemiology :Acquired preneoplastic disorders
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Summary of Epidemiology of Cancer
• The incidence of cancer varies with age (most common at the two extremes of age), race, geographic factors (results mostly from different environmental exposures), and genetic backgrounds.
• Most cancers are sporadic, but some are familial. Predisposition to hereditary cancers may be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.
• Familial cancers tend to be bilateral and arise earlier in life than their sporadic counterparts.
• Some acquired diseases (preneoplastic disorders) are known to be associated with an increased risk for development of cancer.