neoplasia i: tumor nomenclature · 2020. 6. 24. · tumor nomenclature lecture objectives •...
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Neoplasia I: Tumor Nomenclature
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Objectives
• Define neoplasia, and explain what makes a neoplastic cell different from a non-neoplastic cell.• List several characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.• Describe the one feature that can always be used to tell
apart benign and malignant tumors.• Explain how benign tumors are named.• Explain how malignant tumors are named.• List some malignant tumors that sound benign, and define
hamartoma and choristoma.• Memorize (sorry!) the tumor names in the chart at the end
of this lecture.
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• To understand patients better• To understand oral neoplasms better• To nail the neoplasia questions on boards• This lecture covers:
• the nature of benign and malignant neoplasms• how neoplasms start and grow
• Later lectures will cover:• the nature of specific neoplasms• how these neoplasms affect the patient
Why do we need a lecture about neoplasia?
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Neoplasia Outline
I. Tumor nomenclature
II. Tumor characteristics
III. Epidemiology
IV. Genetic factors
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
• Benign tumors
• Malignant tumors
• Mixed tumors
• Confusing terms
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
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Neoplasm = new (neo-) growth (-plasm)
• Excessive, autonomous cell growth• Caused by genetic mutations
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• Small• Slow-growing• Non-invasive• Well-differentiated• Stay localized
• Large• Fast-growing• Invasive• Poorly-differentiated• Metastasize
Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors
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Cancer = Latin for “crab”
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The only indisputable quality of malignancy is
Benign tumors CANNOT metastasize; malignant tumors CAN.
metastasis!
If it is metastatic, it MUST BE malignant.
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Benign vs. Malignant
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
• Benign Tumors
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Dr. Rosenpenis
“He has melanoma…carcinoma…some kind of noma.”
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Benign Tumors
Usually designated by adding “-oma” to cell type• adenoma: benign tumor of glandular cells• leiomyoma: benign tumor of smooth muscle cells• chondroma: benign tumor of chondrocytes
Other benign tumor names• papilloma: has finger-like projections• polyp: projects upward, forming a lump• cystadenoma: has hollow spaces (cysts) inside
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Thyroid adenoma
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Thyroid adenoma
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Thyroid adenoma Normal thyroid tissue
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Leiomyoma
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Chondroma
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Papilloma
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Polyp
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Cystadenoma
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Cystadenoma
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
• Benign tumors
• Malignant tumors
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Malignant Tumors
Carcinomas arise in epithelial tissue• adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor of glandular cells• squamous cell carcinoma: malignant tumor of
squamous cells
Sarcomas arise in mesenchymal tissue• chondrosarcoma: malignant tumor of chondrocytes• angiosarcoma: malignant tumor of blood vessels• rhabdomyosarcoma: malignant tumor of skeletal
muscle cells
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Adenocarcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Chondrosarcoma
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Angiosarcoma
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
• Benign tumors
• Malignant tumors
• Mixed tumors
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Mixed Tumors
• pleomorphic adenoma: glands + fibromyxoid stroma• fibroadenoma: glands + fibrous tissue
Mixed tumors contain two or more different types of cells.
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Pleomorphic adenoma
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Tumor Nomenclature Lecture Outline
• Definitions
• Benign tumors
• Malignant tumors
• Mixed tumors
• Confusing terms
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Confusing Terms
Malignant tumors that sound benign• lymphoma• mesothelioma• melanoma• seminoma
Non-tumors that sound like tumors• hamartoma: mass of disorganized indigenous tissue• choristoma: heterotopic rest of cells
Names that seem to come out of nowhere• nevus• leukemia• hydatidiform mole
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Neoplasm
Benign Malignant
Carcinoma Sarcoma
Summary
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Neoplasm
Benign Malignant
Carcinoma Sarcoma
adenomaangioma
rhabdomyoma
Summary
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Neoplasm
Benign Malignant
Carcinoma Sarcoma
squamous cell carcinomaadenocarcinoma
Nomenclature
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Neoplasm
Benign Malignant
Carcinoma Sarcoma
angiosarcomarhabdomyosarcoma
Nomenclature
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Tissue of origin Benign Malignant
Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
Fat Lipoma Liposarcoma
Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
Bone Osteoma Osteogenic sarcoma
Blood vessels Hemangioma Angiosarcoma
Mesothelium Mesothelioma
Hematopoietic cells Leukemia
Lymphoid cells Lymphoma
Squamous epithelium Squamous cell papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
Papilloma Papillary adenocarcinoma
Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma
Smooth muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
Melanocytes Nevus Melanoma
Know these tumor names!
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Sample board question
Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle?
A. LeiomyomaB. PapillomaC. RhabdomyomaD. LeiomyosarcomaE. Rhabdomyosarcoma