nematodes treatment part2

8/17/2019 Nematodes Treatment Part2

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Necator americanus


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Necator americanus

Common Name: Human Hookworm/New world Hookworm

Disease: Hookworms which may lead to anemia, may also cause growth stun

children.

Portal of Entry: Skin

ransmission: !nfecti"e lar"ae, de"elo# from eggs e$creted in feces and #enet

skin, usually %y the dorsum of the %are feet or %etween the toes& "ertical trans

from mother to child is #ossi%le

Diagnosis: he standard method for diagnosing the #resence of hookworm is identifying hookworm eggs in a stool sam#le using a microsco#e. 'ecause eg

%e difficult to find in light infections, a concentration #rocedure is recommend


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Necator americanus

Pre"ention: Do not walk %arefoot in areas where

hookworm is common and where there

may %e fecal contamination of the soil. ("oid other skin)to)soil contact and a"oid

ingesting such soil. *ecal contamination occurs when #eo#le

defecate outdoors or use human feces as

fertili+er.

he infection of others can %e #re"ented %y not defecating outdoors or using

human feces as fertili+er, and %y effecti"e

sewage dis#osal systems.

Signs and Sym#toms: itching and a local

a%dominal #ain diarrhea loss of a##etite weight loss fatigue anemia he #hysical an

growth of childaffected.


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Necator americanus

reatment: (l%enda+ole take -- mg orally once e%enda+ole take -- mg orally twice a day for

0 days or 1-- mg orally once Pyrantel #amoate take mg/kg 2u# to a

ma$imum of g3 orally daily for 0 days


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Ancylostoma duodenale


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Common Name: Human Hookworm/ 4ld 5orld HookwormDisease: Hookworm infection which may lead to anemia.


ransmission: !nfecti"e lar"ae, de"elo# from eggs e$creted in feces and

#enetrate the skin, usually %y the dorsum of the %are feet or %etween the toes

"ertical transmission from mother to child is #ossi%le

Diagnosis: he standard method for diagnosing the #resence of hookworm isidentifying hookworm eggs in a stool sam#le using a microsco#e. 'ecause eg

may %e difficult to find in light infections, a concentration #rocedure is

recommended.


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Pre"ention:

Do not defecate in the o#en, %ut rather intoilets.

Do not use untreated human e$creta or raw

sewage as fertili+er in agriculture Do not walk %arefoot in known infected areas.

Signs and Sym#toms:

itchiness and a small rasan allergic reaction

diarrhea as the hookwor

your intestine a%dominal #ain colic 2cram#ing and e$ce

in infants3 intestinal cram#s

nausea fe"er %lood in your stool a##etite loss


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reatment: (l%enda+ole take -- mg orally once e%enda+ole take -- mg orally twice a day for 0 days or 1-- mg orally

once Pyrantel #amoate take mg/kg 2u# to a ma$imum of g3 orally daily

for 0 days he treatments for this ty#e of hookworm is similar to Necator

americanus.


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Dracunculus medinensis


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Common Name: 6uinea worm, medina worm, ser#ent worm

Disease: 6uinea worm disease, also called 2dracunculiasis or dracontiasis3Portal of Entry: 6astrointestinal ract

ransmission: he #arasite is transmitted to man %y drinking raw water

containing infected cyclo#ses.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis of 65D is made %y "isual identification of the female

6uinea worm #rotruding from a skin lesion.

icrosco#ic identification of lar"ae is also a method of diagnosis.


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Pre"ention:

control of water fleas and earlydetection of cases

a"aila%ility of clean drinking water

is filtration of water to remo"e

infected water fleas from sus#ect

water sources treatment of contaminated water

su##lies with #esticides to kill thefleas.

Signs and Sym#toms:

se"ere itching nausea "omiting diarrhea di++iness formation of %listers


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reatment:

here is no s#ecific drug treatment for guinea worm disease. Soaking the site of the %lister in a container of water encourages

emerge. 4nce it has %roken through the skin, gentle traction is a##lied

s#eeding its emergence, which may take se"eral days or weeks. he wo

wra##ed around a #iece of gau+e or a stick to maintain tension and

worm from retracting into the %ody. o#ical anti%iotics often are a##lied to the site of the wound to #re"

with another organism during the e$traction #eriod. (s#irin or i%u#rofen may %e administered to relie"e #ain and reduce inf


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Brugia malayi


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Brugia malayi

Common Name: alayan *ilaria

Disease: alayan *ilariasis 2lym#hatic filariasis3

Portal of Entry: Skinransmission: he infection s#reads from #erson to #erson %y mos7uito %ites

Diagnosis:he standard method for diagnosing acti"e infection is the

identification of microfilariae in a %lood smear %y microsco#ic e$amination

and a thick smear should %e made and stained with 6iemsa or hemato$ylin an

eosin.

*or increased sensiti"ity, concentration techni7ues can %e used.


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Brugia malayi

Pre"ention: slee# under a mos7uito net

wear long slee"es and trousers use mos7uito re#ellent on

e$#osed skin %etween dusk and

dawn

Signs and Sym#toms: swelling and the decrea

the lym#h system hardening and thickenin

which is called ele#hanti cough shortness of %reath whee+ing


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Brugia malayi

reatment:

Diethylcar%ama+ine 2DEC3 is the drug registered for use inthis disease, howe"er it is associated with many side effects

!"ermectin and DEC a##ears to %e effecti"e com%ination as

they act synergistically etracycline anti%iotics to kill 5ol%achia %acteria Se"erely damaged e$tremities may undergo surgical

decom#ression of the lym#hatic system


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Onchocerca volvulus


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Onchocerca volvulus

Common Name: (frican 8i"er%lindness nematodesDisease: 8i"er 'lindness 24nchocerciasis3


ransmission: !t is transmitted through re#eated %ites %y %lackflies

of the genus Simulium.

Diagnosis: Definiti"e diagnosis is sim#ly done %y seeing adult

worms in e$cised skin nodules, eye lesions, or %y finding

microfilariae in skin sha"ings or #unch %io#sies of the skin


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Onchocerca volvulus

Pre"ention: 5earing insect re#ellant such as N,N)

Diethyl)meta)toluamide 2DEE3 on

e$#osed skin 5earing long slee"es and long #ants

during the day when %lackflies %ite 5earing #ermethrin) treated clothing.

Signs and Sym#toms: Skin inflammation that is "ery

#a#uleson the skin

nodules in the skin 2su%cutaneousaggy, or droo#ing areas of skin,

#atchy skin de#igmentation 2leo#ar lym#h node inflammation 2lym#ha eye 2ocular3 lesions, "isual #ro%lems 2#artial or com#let eosino#hilia 2unusually high le"e

the %lood3,

9Sowda9 is a term used to descri%and skin discoloration 2darkeni

confined to one lim%.


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Onchocerca volvulus reatment: reatment is done %y gi"ing the #atient i"ermectin, an anti#arasitic dru

once or twice #er year for a%out -)1 years 2the life s#an of aduworms3. his drug is effecti"e in killing the microfilariae %ut does n

kill the adult worms. ost clinicians recommend that su%cutaneous nodules should %

e$cised, if #ossi%le, there%y remo"ing the adult worms. Do$ycycline damages and kills 5ol%achia%acteria that are inside th

microfilariae and adult worms, resulting in the death of microfilaria

and ineffecti"e microfilariae #roduced %y the sur"i"ing adult worms. he use of diethylcar%ama+ine 2a treatment used %efore i"ermectin

%ecame a"aila%le3 is contraindicated. !t may cause se"ere or fatal #atien

reactions in indi"iduals with onchocerciasis.

nematodes treatment part2

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