Nematode Diseases of PerennialsNematode Diseases of PerennialsManagementManagement

Dr. James A. LaMondia Dr. James A. LaMondia

Plant Pathologist/NematologistPlant Pathologist/Nematologist

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley LaboratoryStation, Valley Laboratory

Windsor, CTWindsor, CT

Perennials: Nematode Perennials: Nematode ManagementManagement

• Thresholds lower than annualsThresholds lower than annuals

• Fewer chances for controlFewer chances for control• Host differences – perennial Host differences – perennial

rootsroots

Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management

• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best

• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection

• Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance

• Root pruningRoot pruning• Heat treatmentHeat treatment

Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management

Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection Host status evaluation :Host status evaluation :

Labor-intensive inspection can Labor-intensive inspection can focus on common susceptiblefocus on common susceptible

speciesspecies

M. haplaM. hapla – highly susceptible – highly susceptible

AcanthusAcanthus Aconitum Aconitum Ajuga AjugaAstilbe Astilbe Cimicifuga Cimicifuga Coreopsis CoreopsisClematis Clematis GeraniumGeranium Heliopsis HeliopsisIris Iris Ligularia Ligularia Lobelia LobeliaSalviaSalvia StachysStachys Veronica Veronica

M. haplaM. hapla – resistant – resistant

AchilleaAchillea Asclepias Asclepias AsterAsterDigitalisDigitalis EchinaceaEchinacea GaillardiaGaillardiaIrisIris Liatris Liatris LiriopeLiriopeMonardaMonarda Papaver Papaver PenstemonPenstemonPhloxPhlox PrimulaPrimula RudbeckiaRudbeckia

Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management

Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance

Can non-host plants reduceCan non-host plants reduce

root-knot populations in soil ?root-knot populations in soil ?

Greenhouse resistance screenGreenhouse resistance screen

Rate for galls after two months Rate for galls after two months

98 spp in 85 genera98 spp in 85 genera

29 resistant (no galls); 29 resistant (no galls); 46 susceptible (> 11 galls)46 susceptible (> 11 galls)

remainder intermediateremainder intermediate

Effect of Resistance on Effect of Resistance on Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla

• Inoculate with 10,000 eggs/potInoculate with 10,000 eggs/pot

• 2 -6 months growth, bioassay2 -6 months growth, bioassay

• Evaluate root galling and egg Evaluate root galling and egg production.production.

Effect of Resistance on Effect of Resistance on M. haplaM. hapla

GenusGenus Galls/plantGalls/plant Galls/g rootGalls/g rootAsterAster 0 0 0 0CoreopsisCoreopsis 321 321 1818LobeliaLobelia 2576 2576 8787Rudbeckia 0Rudbeckia 0 0 0

Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management

Root pruningRoot pruning

M. haplaM. hapla J2 typically infects J2 typically infects

at or near root tips. Can at or near root tips. Can pruning reduce infection? pruning reduce infection?

Effect of Root Pruning on Effect of Root Pruning on Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla

• Inoculate with 10,000 eggs/potInoculate with 10,000 eggs/pot

• Three months growth, root Three months growth, root prune, two months growthprune, two months growth

• Evaluate root galling and egg Evaluate root galling and egg production.production.

Effect of Root Pruning on M. haplaEffect of Root Pruning on M. haplaGeraniumGeranium

% Fine roots pruned% Fine roots pruned # #GallsGalls #Eggs#Eggs

00 40.3 40.3 10,411 10,411

5050 18.7 18.7 2,228 2,228

7575 21.4 21.4 4,460 4,460

100 100 2.9 43 2.9 43

Effect of Root Pruning on Effect of Root Pruning on M. haplaM. hapla

#Galls/g root#Galls/g root#Eggs/g root#Eggs/g root

GenusGenus PrunedPruned NotNot PrunedPruned NotNotAconitum 0.0 8.5 Aconitum 0.0 8.5 0.0 404 0.0 404AjugaAjuga 0.0 15.9 0.0 15.9 0.0 361 0.0 361Anemone 0.0 71.7Anemone 0.0 71.7 0.0 13,902 0.0 13,902TrolliusTrollius 0.2 1.8 0.2 1.8 0.0 790 0.0 790

Hot Water treatment: Hot Water treatment: M. haplaM. hapla

• Large tank submersionLarge tank submersion• Temp variation +/- 0.5 CTemp variation +/- 0.5 C• Cool in 15-17 C after treatment Cool in 15-17 C after treatment • Astilbe and Hosta: 45 C 60 min; Astilbe and Hosta: 45 C 60 min;

and 47 C for 30 min effectiveand 47 C for 30 min effective• 49 C for 30 min - plant death 49 C for 30 min - plant death

Root-Knot ManagementRoot-Knot Management

• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best

• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection

• Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance

• Root pruning/Heat treatmentRoot pruning/Heat treatment

• Plant Breeding/SelectionPlant Breeding/Selection

Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes

DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

Foliar Nematode Management with Foliar Nematode Management with InsecticidesInsecticides

• Avid 0.15 EC (abamectin)Avid 0.15 EC (abamectin)

spider mites: 4 fl oz/100 galspider mites: 4 fl oz/100 gal

leafminer rate: 8 fl oz/100 galleafminer rate: 8 fl oz/100 gal

• Diazinon AG500 1.5 oz/3 galDiazinon AG500 1.5 oz/3 gal

• Spray to complete coverageSpray to complete coverage

TreatmentTreatment ppm aippm ai sprayssprays A. fragariaeA. fragariae

ControlControl 0.0 0.0 - - 35.735.7Avid Avid 5.6 5.6 1 1 6.7 6.7AvidAvid 5.6 5.6 2 2 1.9 1.9AvidAvid 11.211.2 1 1 19.519.5

AvidAvid 11.211.2 2 2 0.0 0.0• P = 0.04P = 0.04

DitylenchusDitylenchus per g leaf tissue per g leaf tissueTreatmentTreatment ppm aippm ai 1-4 sprays1-4 sprays 5-65-6

ControlControl 0.0 0.0 482 482 215215Avid Avid 5.6 5.6 257 257 693693AvidAvid 11.2 11.2 485 485 164164DiazinonDiazinon 5.6 5.6 187 187 2 2

DiazinonDiazinon 11.211.2 226 226 5 5

Foliar Nematode Management Foliar Nematode Management with Peroxideswith Peroxides

ZeroTol or OxidateZeroTol or Oxidate

27% hydrogen peroxide27% hydrogen peroxide

Evaluate toxicity in vitroEvaluate toxicity in vitro

Evaluate efficacy in vivoEvaluate efficacy in vivo

ZeroTol: Efficacy vs ZeroTol: Efficacy vs AphelenchoidesAphelenchoidesin vitro evaluationin vitro evaluation

DilutionDilution Viable (24 hr)Viable (24 hr) (48 hr)(48 hr)controlcontrol 94 % 94 % 76 % 76 %1:2001:200 1 1 0 01:1001:100 0 0 0 01:501:50 0 0 0 0

ZeroTol: Efficacy vs ZeroTol: Efficacy vs AphelenchoidesAphelenchoidesA. fragariaeA. fragariae per g Anemone leaf per g Anemone leaf

DilutionDilution 11 22 33

controlcontrol 113 113 113 113 150 150

1:1001:100 639 639 1208 8721208 872

1:501:50 1657 3988 780 1657 3988 780

Foliar Nematode Management Foliar Nematode Management with Insecticides/miticideswith Insecticides/miticides

Pylon: new miticidePylon: new miticide for ornamentals for ornamentals

21.4% chlorfenapyr21.4% chlorfenapyr

Label for foliar Label for foliar Aphelenchoides Aphelenchoides

Efficacy similar to AvidEfficacy similar to Avid

Foliar Nematode ManagementFoliar Nematode Management

• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection• Reduce overhead wateringReduce overhead watering• Insecticide treatments Insecticide treatments

•Suppression of nematodesSuppression of nematodes

Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes

DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

Lesion Nematode ManagementLesion Nematode Management

• Primarily field-grown problem Primarily field-grown problem

• Pre-plant samplingPre-plant sampling

• Rotation - suppressive plantsRotation - suppressive plants

Lesion Nematode ManagementLesion Nematode Management

• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best

• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection

• Rotation with suppressive plantsRotation with suppressive plants Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirta; Polynema marigold; Polynema marigold

• Fumigation Fumigation