neighbourhood europeanization through enp. the case of ukraine

8/22/2019 Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP. The Case of Ukraine

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Nhbuhd Euz tuh ENPThe Case of Ukraine

Andrea Gawrich, Inna Melnykovska R Scwc

Nr. 3 | August 2009

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 3 | August 2009

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tmv Pw E

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ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

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Neighbourhood Europeanization Through ENP - The Case of Ukraine | 3

Neighbourhood Europeanization Trough ENP

The Case of Ukraine

A Gwc, I Mlyv R Scwc

Uvy D-E / C-Alc-Uv Kl

Ac

W c l E S y c c N

E. B m Mm Elm E, w vl

m cc N E E N Plcy

(ENP) wll lc mcl cv. W l c m m N E mlm lycl mw c

U. O ly clly m l ymm ENP U c

m w c mccy m, cmc c, Jc Hm A, wc

clly c ccy ENP cc, -w ml EU cm

w w cly. Hwv, ly w U w c

lc mm cv, l m U mv

E m. Eclly, w l-mcm wl llw

vcm ENP ccy mv cv N E.

Cnts

1. Ic - T Exl Dm E 52. N E C W Cly W? 6

3. E ENP I Sc Cc 9

3.1 Dimension of ENP Policies 93.2 Level ofCompliance and Determinants of Europeanizaon 11

4. E U Fm Em Bc Rly? 13

4.1 Democracy Promoon - Slightly Used Although Highly Potenal? 144.2 Economic Cooperaon: Huge Asymmetry of Preferences

and Time Horizons 16

4.3 Jusce and Home Aairs: the EUs Primary Interest? 174.4 Answering the Dependent Variable: the Level of

Europeanizaon in Ukraine 185. Ccl 19

L 21


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T A

R Scwc c llw Rc G C Kl

I Wl Ecmy. H l mccmc , l

, l m m cm. H

c IW w EU-jc ENEPO. H c w c

vlm l mc EU NATO l

cy cv.

I Mlyv c c I Plcl Scc, C-

Alc-Uv Kl. S PD O-S-I Plcl

Scc, F Uv Bl. H c cc m

l c vc E E. I cl, ly

mc l (xl m)

(l m) lcl m -Sv c.

A Gwc c cmv lc Uvy D-

E. S w mccy m E EU, OSCE

Ccl E. S l c E Cl E

E. A Kl Uvy, Plcl Scc ENEPO (EU

E N Ecmc Pl F Dvlm) c jc

Kl I Wl Ecmy.


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1. Ic - T Exl Dm E1

Tcl mcl c lc y wll l

E. T cc E w c ly 1990 , y w,

cm ly wly ly c l m cl m Il

Rl, E S Cmv Gvm l ( .. Ax l. 2007).

Hwv, ll lvly y c l, ly c 1990

cv c EU (Slm 2006: 4). W vw ly w

y l m ly 1990 y, l y c

cqly m E c, w c w m w

v :

Membership Europeanizaon , wc l mc E U (EU) x EU

mm ,

Enlargement Europeanizaon , wc l cc c c w cl EU-

mm cv, , m vly, w w wl ll

Neighbourhood Europeanizaon , wc c EU , w

mm cc cv.

As regards Enlargement Europeanizaon, EU l y c ml

m mv l l c y (Scmml/Slm 2005). Hwv,

E N Plcy (ENP) cv my lm mc v

l m (Mlyv/Scwc 2008; V S l. 2006). T c x

E ly w EU c (A 2005; Em 2004; Em

2004; Em 2004c; Em 2005; G 2006; Scmml 2007; Scmml/Slm

2004; Scmml/Slm 2005) vl . Hwv, ll lc c

E N Plc (ENP) c Neighbourhood Europeanizaon based on

c lycl mw.

I w y ly ll y v c y U. T c U m

l cc c y c, cc mlcl c c

y H/H (1998), w c U crucial case m ENP c wc llw

v cy cc wll m l . W U v c ccl mm ENP, c wll c m qly wll

cm EU mm. A U m m ccl c, w llw

most-likely (G/B 2005) clly c E

ENP.

I vl c y, Sc 2 c c lll

w y E m v, vl m cc

1 A vw v w wll l Jl Cmm M S 2009/

2010. T ENEPO (EU E N: Ecmc Pl F Dvlm) jc c y EU Sx Fmw Pm. W l

ll cmm m Aj F, M K Jcm K..


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ofNeighbourhood Europeanizaon ENP wll lc mcl

cv. I Sc 3, w m m Neighbourhood Europeanizaon.

A vw v w wll l Jl Cmm M S

2009/ 2010. T ENEPO (EU E N: Ecmc

Pl F Dvlm) jc c y EU Sx Fmw Pm. W

l ll cmm m Aj F, M K Jcm K.

Sc 4 mlm lycl mw c U y xl l w

E m. Sc 5 mm w ccl.

2. N E C W Cly W?

ConcerningEnlargement Europeanizaon, m mcl vc m xl cv

ml wc xl ccl l c c. Acc

l xl cv ml, wc EU-v, EU cm

cly w (c l ), l EU cly c

vy lw m m mll w . Rw

c EU l y wll v xc mc c. Nvl,

ml, cc mcy c, w, cly

cly (Scmml/Slm 2004: 664; Scmml/Slm 2005: 9). Alv

ml l cl l l w v l m m

vl E w c mly v (Scmml

2007). Acc cl l ml, wc ccv m, lv

c l vl E, y m l cv cmm E

y. Flly, l w ml m -c m l

lc c c j E cv my ly mc

lcy cll.

T m lm l ml ccl cll Neighbourhood

Europeanizaon, c EU lv cv m vly lm lc

cv cv. E w cly ml l-m l

m E m vl. Sc c l c c-mxm,

m cl l l. I l w -c , EU

m l x lv c m l, wc , cc Lvy

Wy (2006) y cy c c USA, EU

w-l mlll . (W) lv (-W) vm

vlly xl .

Hc,Neighbourhood Europeanizaon q m Membership Europeanizaon.

Cwl l. (2001) c . Ty xl mc cl c

adaptaonal pressures, wc w m w E mc

lc, c . I w []ly E lc, /

c cly m mc lvl, y mm

( cc c) c (Bl/R 2007: 490). Hwv, v ENP c m,


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wc w m m, c m mly l jm within EU. I

lv c, Rll (2003) E m cv

w-wy c l -wy c Bl. T m vly ccv c

E lc l m mc m w

m clcl l E, wc m m

enlargement dimension c .2

T c m E mm Tl 1 wc w x

mw Ax l. (2007). A l w, Neighbourhood Europeanizaon m

v ccy. I ml Enlargement Europeanizaon ly wy ymmc

-w . B ll cmm w l cm E,

c mm (m m mcm E)

lvl cly. L Membership Europeanizaon w cly wl

q l l w , m mly, llw w-wy c.

Table 1 Three Stages of Europeanizaon - Parallels and Dierences

Mm

E

Acc

E

N

E

C

E

Pc cm E

S cm E

W cm E

Cm

or designing

E?

Tw wy :T-w Bm-

O-wy (mly)Aymmc down

O-wy Aymmc -down

Mcm

E

L vy c cmc

Pmly cmc

Pmly cmc

Cly

H(.. l E C )

Vy - mm

Weak

- mm

IcvE.. vl y EU C

EU mm

Cl cw EU m ll mm

Rl

C lclchange, deeply

R lclc wxv c

C lclc, cmlycl

Sc: B Ax l. (2007: 144); w x.

2 Acc ll m E m w --l c, l xml Scm/C l. Kll/Lml ( , F-

2003: 15 .).


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Gv lc c lcy y, ENP m c

l ccm ( .. Lvx 2004; Scl 2005). Lvx Scmml (2006)

ENP lcy wc ml y cc vl cx lm

m l cc llm m v cly

w cc m, c c l, c m l ,

w lc m. (Lvx/Scmml 2006: 143). Fm

c clcl. A E lm, EU l w v l

E c (OCll 2008: 116) wc l v cvc w

w E .

T c lm ENP m cc w cv cl cv. I cly

w vy lw lvl, cv EU-mm cc

m ( .. J 2007; L 2007; Km 2007; L 2007; ODll/Wm 2007; R

2007; Klly 2006: 30). I c v y c cm w ENP (Lvx/Scmml 2006). Ocl EU c wly l mm

cv mc c. I mmc c W E, Rm P

cc m ly m w. Al cc l cc

cly m wl ml m w c , l , wy l m

l [l] v m c? (P 2002).3 A m , ENP m cc mx

lc c, , v cv c wl, ,

vly llw mly EU cy cmc ( xml lcy).

Emcl ENP lc c . I c mcl c

Enlargement Europeanizaon, ly w ly mc EU l c y

m m lw mm cv. Pv c l EU my c

v vy cl: m mcc m c, lcl cv l

( vm ), mc w lc v mcc lc,

m mcc vc cv lc m m (P-

Elc 2007). Hc, mccy m y cm lcl cly w c

lcl cmc cv. D Tmm l. (2007), mlm x l qly

m EBRD, cm v mc c m qly

c.

O w mcl l w Ax Tl A1 m ccl. F l 25

3 T l m ENP c , c, l m w EU cq cmm-

. W , wv, xc c lvl xm ( Lvx l. 2007). Y cl

c m . W m cl cly, c ENP lcy mw

w l lcy ( .. V 2007). O , EU Cmm F

Scy Plcy (CFSP) l w m y mm (

Cmm xc c xl , vlm m lcy) ll q

c. O , ENP l x Cmm cv

lcy l lm. T ENP lly ccl w DG Elm. Oly cly

w Exl Rl DG. T c w Mc Ol [-l]

[] m c l, wc v (Klly 2006: 31). Hwv, ENP ccc EU l lvl (cmm) lvl (ml

ccl), wc my c lcy.


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c w Wl B Gvc Ic (WBGI) wc, vw, v m

cmv m l qly. I l wc cc c-cy

wll m- c, w c cm v mc EU l

qly. F P C Am (PCA) wc ,

mvm c c wl l 0.2 wc, v

v 1 x, m l. Hwv, w y

w c x w c, ly c c v m (l clm),

v mc EU I mvm l qly v m

w c l mc mm l c y c

EU m. Ily, y cc c N Alc Ty O

(NATO) c c v m, c clly mv l qly.4

T c c l cy cmc c. T c NATO

cc m v v c, wc m cml mc EU cc ( ..

Scmml 2007; P-Elc 2007). Hc, m c EU m can providev cv vc, mcl c mc vw w,

cy m ly c l cv Neighbourhood Europeanizaon. All

ll, v ccl ccy cc ENP c v m lly

w cv wll- cv c mc vc ENP

c.

3. E ENP I Sc Cc

I cv ENP lc c, w vl cc

qlv ly wc w ly c U. F, w w m

ENP lc v . Sc, w m vl,

E ENP, vl wc m xl vl.

Al c U, wll vl x wc vl c l

E cv ENP.

3.1 Dimensions of ENP Policies

A v, ENP lc ll llw lm l wc w

mccy m cl c (Scmml/Slm 2004: 669). I c

cmv cl c lm, ENP cc cc

wc EU l m v cy-cc Ac Pl

(AP) (Em 2004). W c m ENP lc wc l mc

qly E U (Dmccy Pm, Jc Hm A)

EU c (Ecmc C, clly ) ( .. Mc 2008):

4 NATO mm lm l cv ll w c l mc

qly c. A w c NATO mc m cmc -

c l cy ( .. Sl/Hly 1999; A/Tc 2005) mccy m( .. By 2004; B 2007; E 2005). A Mm Ac Pl (MAP) w v NATO

W Smm 1999, m mmm l .


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Democracy Promoon: T EU ENP mc l (F-Wl 2006). A

m m, EU mccy m v cv ly ccm ly

c (Cw 2000), llw ---ll-c (Bl/R 2004),

w EU vw (B/J-N 2008: 91). Glly, cc

ll m- , m m, c -w (.. Fc/Mjl 2006). T-w

m lcl l cl m. T EU mv l y c m

l mm, cmm m (K 2006). A l l

xc w l ml xl lcy (Pm 1999;

Vcv 2005: 83; Ny 2004; Pm 2000; Lvy/Wy 2006). I m v, cl m

c y lm m (M/Scmml 2007, c Sm

2001, .. Zl 2001). T y v m: EU m l

lmy lc ENP , l cmm l l lw (clly c),

w lm m w w cll cross-checking, cmm l

m y l l OSCE Ccl E.

Bm- l - c , l lvl

lc, cvl cy, c ym, m. Cc cvl cy

c ym, ENP cl TACIS/EIDHR TEMPUS cvly. Wl

TACIS cl l EIDHR m- mccy m, TEMPUS

l w c m, l--l-cc m E ,

, l w E W ( .. Ccl Dc 1999). T l-m

mm llw cm ENP cv w -ENP . Flly, m m

l mccy c. I c OSCE, EU

y ly l m vw m m cl

l mccy m ( .. v Fq 2008). Clly, c c

vl mlc l m m.

Economic Cooperaon: T c l EU ENP c cmc c

xc lcl m (Vc 2007: 117). Hwv, cmc m ENP m

v. T Ac Pl v ly l v l lvl vl

cvm (Ncv/Em 2007: 91). D EU lm Bl lc, ENP

vlm cm cly ll ( .. c ENP --ml

Hmm 2005), wc cc c cmc .5

There is a huge

ml cmc w ENP mm EU. T c

5 Rcly, EU c l v E N EU - E P -

cl Aj, Bl, G, Mlv U. T E P -

l lvl lcl m, cl c w Ac

Am, -c EU cmy, vl EU c v

cy qm m, c y cy m ll cc, c-

cl c. T EU mc m v y y m

w Cmv I Bl m, w mlll m wc wll

cmm cll. T P cl w m

cl cmc vlm x c, v v wll v vy ccvc EU (EU P Rl R 2008). F S , U M-

w (Ecv 2008).


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ml m ll mlll ml m

cmm m, w m (my xcl m l). F m ,

cmc m ll m wc c cm cc

c cm EU ENP c. Glly, c

l ll l w c cc

(L 2007; M/H 2007; Vc 2007; Lvx l. 2007).

Jusce and Home Aairs (JHA): I c lm c, w JHA v ly

cv l, lm Ac Pl w ENP m , wc m

c mc cy c. T m m c JHA

m lcy, cm cm c jcl lc

c (Occ 2007). Plcy l l JHA vl cc ccc.

F, m mly m EU l cy ( xml

cm, lll m, cy l ylm lcy, EU Sc m). Sc,JHA -m cy y l-m v vc, mccy

c-cmc m. T vly l cc ( .. Wcm 2007).

A JHA c v lm EU , EU cqly w, l v

cl m ylm . T, vy mc vy-v lcy

. T, l m cc lcy c c c c l lcy

lc c. Flly, m JHA clly l w ccc mcc vl,

wc v , w EU c cc w cmlc l, xml,

jcy (Kl 2007: 91).

3.2. Level of Compliance and Determinants of Europeanizaon

Dependent variable: O vl E. T w l

vl U cmlc w EU m. W E mc

EU m , cl ccy l mc mv (

.. F 2003). O c, w w w c ly v v l ENP

ll y c. F v lc vw cmlc, w c

U 2008 (EU P R U 2008) wll c U y

mlm (Rmv C 2008). A ENP c ly m y , w

m lvl c wc w PCA ly m-1990.

Independent variables: Fllw cl lm, E ENP mm

cqc wll v c m EU mc c c wll

l l-m mm m l cl, Sv . T, w m

E c l xl c y EU l ,

lcl c xl c. Exl c, , l y EU m,

w, c , l. W v vl m EU

lm ly. I c ly c m ll l

w ENP ml vy mc E Elm (ll c,


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, c ). Ev l cly, w

cly- lcy m (Wcm 2007), clly m cc

cc Il M Jc Hm A. T w lcl c, v v

vl wc m E ENP c. Ty wll vl w

c m ENP lc wc lv U v :

I Vl

C cly EU m

Icv w

Dc cl y EU

Fm l

Lcl c m w

Content and clarity of EUs demands: W m cmlc, l ,

m lly, w l cl ml l (Scmml/Slm 2004: 664;

Jcy/Cc 2002). Rl cly clly m ENP, ml cm

m, c Elm E, wc acquis communautaire. A

Acon Plans c cm ENP-EU l v vl cmm w

w ENP EU, y mly m cc ( .. Scl 2005) v vy mc wll xm m ENP .

Incenves and rewards: I w lm c, c cv mm

cv (G 2001 cll cv -, c lw/

cc c), wc m ENP. Fllw c ENP, w m

l l c xm m cv w. F xml cmc

c w my m cc Il M , lw lvl, ll. I

JHP, c, my v cl (Slm 2007). M cv l mccy

m cc mm m cl y, wc w wll w c y.

Direct nancial support by EU: T cl cl mm cl v

cl ENP (.. TACIS, EIDHR, TEMPUS). T v cl c 2007

E N P Im (ENPI), cl cl m ENP.

I y w y vl c cl c ENP c c

PCA.

Forms and degree of linkage: Gv w c my lm ENP,

l y c- w w cl cy []

EU (Lvy/Wy 2006: 383) my ly m l m xl c. T

l lm m l mv ccy l, c ,

m vl w EU ENP mm cl. I c, EU Cmm


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c ly ENP c l 20 EU-c 17

Cmmy mm (Em l. 2007).6

Local percepon of demands and rewards: Dmc lc y mc EU m

v. W ml EU cl cclly l cvc, ly yly wll-c cv l l c cc

l v-ly c cvc (Mlyv/Scwc 2008). Al w Lvx l.

(2007) w m c l c y wc m

c l vy, xml Jc Hm A.

4. E U Fm Em Bc Rly?

T O Rvl 2004 clly c U (Mlyv/Scwc

2008). Cy P Kcm, w cl U w j EU wy

lm y W E7, m c U l m

l clv. Accly, U w m EU

AP (Wlc 2008) wc llw PCA m 1998.

I mm, lwm wlcm m EU (Em 2008; Ayv l. cm)

m l m cly. T -y EU-U AP l 2004

w ly w c O Rvl Fy 2005 ll c. N

New Enhanced Agreement lc PCA, Ac Am, F T A

(FTA) ll (Ell 2008; Vlvy 2008).

T ENP l l c EU direct nancial support U l w. F

2007-10, ENP cl m (ENPI) llc 494 mll (123.5 mll y v)

U. W -ENP PCA (1999-2003), EU c U m 697.9 mll

(xmly 140 mll y v).8 R cl ,

2007 JHA m c ( Py A) m, w 40 c l

ENPI my (l x my cl jc9), w Dmccy Pm ( Py

A) Ecmc C (c Py A) ly cv 30 c c.

6 T w vlv ENP mc l EU w v m

v . Pl c Ml Ml I, wc c v

Ccl EP (M/H 2007), Ac My Sly, wc wl q

w cmm w EU ENP mm (L 2007).

7 T l c c w EU cl l lm Kcm cy

l lvl (K 2006).

8 T v vl mvm cm EU c PCA (1991-98: 288.3, x.

160 mll y v).

9 M mm x my FRONTEX (E Acy M-

m Ol C Exl B); mm m T- : EU B Ac M Mlv U (EUBAM) .T c m

m, vl v JHA y m EU (Wcm 2007).


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T l mw EU-U c, l ll l mm,

c ccl, ml c cmm cl -cmm, w l

ly -ENP . D c New Enhanced Agreement, w

lly x , vll, lly c m EU lm (Gm l. 2005; Bcl

2007). Acc l cc EU, l c m vy mc

c w xcv. T lw w U lm l

wl ll wll lm m ll w EU .

I U, l c ENP lc mx. Dmc l E

Cc, y m U mm EU c

mc m cv E. T lcl l mm m vlv

w l cy m. Fm, lc w

c cl . T mjy l (48-55 c) v EU

c ly 16 c (U M 2005, c Wlc 2008). Hwv, lc l ENP my mcm U

EU mm. T v , wv, m c .10 Therefore,

EU cv l v cl v c mc E,

wll-. Hwv, llw c vl, m ccm

mm c.

4.1 Democracy Promoon - Slightly Used Although Highly Potenal?

Tmly cc w mcc (McFl/Al 2006), EU ENP AP

U, wc m m mccy m PCA cm . D

PCA, wc lm mccy m lcl l cl vc

cl mccy, ENP AP c y lcl c

ly cv mccy

l lw m .11 Fm, AP v m cc m, w

mcm m mccy U, c l l mcm. 12

Acc cm, w v m l -w m- -m.

I m -w mccy m, AP vy cl m U cmlc

w mcc , mcc cc l lmy

lc U ccc w OSCE , l xm U ll,

m w EU, c jcy vlm

10 T vy w c lcy w cy. T

EU lly w (75 c ) cl (57 c) l

(37 c) (34 c) (Rmv C 2008: 48).

11 I c AP ENP c, Cy Sy EU-U AP vl w

U m c cv, clly m-

ccy (Bcl 2007).

12 N v j -cmm l w mccy.


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mv cc. T determinacy of demands and level of demands w cly xml

w xc lc 2006 2007 EU

FTA (Ecv 2007).

T EU vlvm 2006-07 lmy lc, v lm w w cll c-cc, cv OSCE/ODIHR lc v m (w lwy m

EP-mm c) cl m w OSCE-lc

(Sl 2007). B c electoral standards U, l rule of law-support

EU cv. F , EU mly v m Ccl E Vc Cmm, wc

cly m c cc lc w w (EU P R U

2008). T EU l j c mm w Ccl E j

m x (EU P R U 2008). T m

l w w lv l l lw. Uwll l

cl (McFl 2005; K 2006), EU c ly vl l lw

( xml c cl Tym-vm 2005 lcl

Cl C) c U l w y m.13

I l lw, EU mm cv wl vy ll. Y, EU

reward c l . T New Enhanced Agreemently EU-

Associaon, wc l cv mv l lw. Ul Ccl E, EU

l w l mcm c cl vy .

Cc m- mccy m, EU l cl demands. I

vl cvl cy, c m l m, m m mv ym c. T c lcl w l

cm direct nancial support TACIS, EDIHR, Tm cl.14 Bm-

E c cvl cy c jy domesc support(Gm l.

2005).

13 Sl (2007), xml, U lcl c y, lly

mm m lc cly c l lcl l lc cc--lc,

v lm lcl l c.

14 I 2004-06, TACIS cl jc m- mccy m cl c

w l vm w 10 mll cvl cy, m mccy. EIDHR

m cvl cy m ; mc jc-m l w

c vlvm l vm cl cvl cy. Al U c

l m w Iv, EDIHR c lm: m 1999 2006 llc

ly 5.95 mll U NGO. W ENP, EU l l--l mm,

xc w U EU c. T m c c.

T l Tm m c 1993 vly EU- l c. T EU l

cc x jc m mccy m- wy. I 2004, EU lc lc jc cm NGO, c m m w 1 mll (EU

Dl U 2004).


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4.2 Economic Cooperaon: Huge Asymmetry of Preferences and Time Horizons

T ENP l PCA economic demands m U ll cmlc w

qm Sl E M Wl T O (WTO). T EU cly

l WTO mm y targeng m GATT cl l m v cl,

l m, m , c qv c. I xc

cmc m, ENP AP llw cmc w U: c cl

ccl c ENPI, c l l, w FTA cv,

l-m Sl E M mlm EU

m.

M mly, cmc w l xclvly cv E

cmc c m, xml mccy m (S 2002; EU-

U Ac Pl 2005). T xml w, xc lc

2004, EU ex post ll- m cmy U (2005). I ,

EU w cc w mcc lc U 2006 2007, l w

reward U w WTO cc c. I c mccy m, linkage

mechanisms cmc c w U EU wll vl: v v -

cmm (ly l PCA) w cmc (PCA 1998; Sl 2005).

I , FTA EU Sl E M most aracve rewards for

E (Klly 2006; Mlyv/Scwc 2008) wl v high local support

(Rmv C 2008). T EU ly cm y l (xmly 90

c x m) v (75 c 2007) U. A m m,U xc cc FTA Sl E M lm y

m lly xcl mj EU v c l vy y cll

c (Myw/Cy 2006; Em l. 2006). T clly c ymmy

w EU U weakens c incenves.

T ymmy l v c y . Al

mlly cl c lcl cy cmc c , U

EU, y vl m c l. EU c l ccvly

x cl 1994 Ey C Ty (ECT) (l l lw) EU y.15

U lm cy R y, ll c m EU

q y vc.16 Rcly, vm Tym EU l

15 T Ey C c l lw l vm v mw

vm y c. T EU Mmm U c--

l y w U Dcm 2005. T Cmm l Blc S C

S y c v w U m v

E y m. I l 2006, Cmm c l mv w -l y

m (E Cmm 2007).

16 T EU l U m l ym INOGATE (I Ol G T

E). T mm w lc 1995, v 2004-06 vlv 21 c (m c- -cmm c). Hwv, m m mm cly c,

c v m U l ym.


17/28


w mlm W Sm jc lv C v G U

E. T, wv, c l jc m m, wc

cl U y m EU (S 2007; S 2008; Lyv 2008).

4.3 Jusce and Home Aairs: the EUs Primary Interest?

B ENP, EU demands w U w c c c (CBC),

m mm, my l c m , w jcv

mm l c- cm (Kl 2007). W ENP,

EU y w vc-l m. T m l EU m

vc Jc Hm A linkage-oriented: TWINNING TAIEX. TWINNING m

vl ccy lc m. I 2006, EU mlm

w jc, 22 jc l. U q TWINNING JHA

m c l-m c mc vy

l w, xml cvv m ccy wll c EU

cc (Wcm 2007). O cy, TAIEX c w m consultave character

wlcm y mc lw-lvl . Fm, AP JHA l wll-vl

linkages w ENP ll lvl y. T v Ml T EU-l JHA

. T ly mlm, m, vl y v

-cll Scoreboard, cl j y ll m wly

EU l lm (Occ 2007). U ly ENP cy

c m, wc l cv l m . Fm ll

m y UEPLAC (U-E Plcy Ll Avc C) vcl lw U (Wm 2006).

S , U y l wl- EU cc c v

l ml ENP (Wcm 2007) m v vy ccl m rewards.

U -v vl c ll EU mm 2005 vly

wl EU m m xc v mlc mll U

c. N c status quo ante, -v m

U w E EU mm l EU lm 2004 2007.

Cmm l cl mw c , wc negave impact local percepon

E, clly -EU w (Kvc 2007; Sl 2008).

I , m v c JHA y y l

rewards, clly EU cc w c cmc . A l,

2008, U ly m c w EU

JHA ( xml v cc w EU-mm Rm Bl) (Sl 2008).

A l demand, AP EU-U c c mm Mlv,

y c xl cc T, mly l Mlv. T EU cv

cc cm clly cl Mlv.17 I 2006, EU cll, Yc

17 I 2005, EU Scl Rv EU Mlv w m c c-

c lm EU l cc.


18/28


c w cm l l T c w Mlv. 18 The Ukrainian

mv cvly m x y Tl R, m . EU-U

c l vy mc l JHA (w ly m EU B

Ac M Mlv-U).19 F , EU cly m wll

U vm mv l m y c cc l.

4.4 Answering the Dependent Variable: the Level of Europeanizaon in Ukraine

A m v, vl w vl mly EU

P R U (2008) x ly Rmv C (Rmv C 2008)20.

T R w vll m mlm EU-U AP. Fm m

ml cv, Rmv y ( m m 2005-07) l 224 227

vm m cml w c AP, ly 11 ( 15 c) 73 m ()

c l AP v lll. T vwlm mjy (62 85 c) m

ll cml (61 lly mlm, l m21 AP

mlm).

I w cm m lycl mw, cc Rmv

y - m mccy m l cv w c (19 39). T

ly m, w mlm . I

cl, P R cc w l w lm c

, cc c w c.22 A m

, l, w mlm cmly : m l (30 lly mlm, c 22 ly mlm 9 ),

(7/6/1) JHA (2/1/0). T Rmv x vy c x

l w P R m. T EU c U c

l WTO cc, FTA , llv xm cm,

mm EUBAM. T v m v vl

m U . Fm, w vl y w vy ymmy .

T vw y cm: wl P R U m

y c xml mlm Mmm

18 T w l m lll m y m R- T -

cl y Mlv cm.

19 T EU B Ac M Mlv U (EUBAM) cc 24 mll

2005-09. D x m, E Cmm c M R Rc-

Mcm (4 mll) (EUBAM 2007). I , EU lc 9.9 mll jc cll Imv-

m B Cl Mlv-U (BOMMOLUK) (Pc 2005).

20 Fm 2006 2008 Rmv C cc vy 101-103 x l l

l v cl l vm , vm c c, -

vml lycl c jl vl cc U E

Plcy, cl, mlm U-EU Ac Pl.

21 I l l--l cc.

22 T EU cc wy c m: cl mm w -w

lw w lm, c .


19/28


U Ey mlm q y Rmv C lw: ly

4 27 v cml, 15 lly cml 9 mlm

(Rmv C 2008: 2).

All ll, Rmv y v , mlm c 2007 v l U lm wc l lw vw. F c

AP mlm vy mc l cly

New Enhanced Agreementw EU U (Rmv C 2008: 2). O cy, EU

mc cc l New Enhanced Agreement.

5. Ccl

I , w vl lycl mw l Neighbourhood Europeanizaon

ENP lc. Tcl mcl vc mly m cc

c ENP-cc: cm m w w cly. Smlly,

cmc ly w l c c m E

mx. I m l xl v l c. I

cl NATO cl ly cmlmy l cy l cv.23

D E cmlc w EU m, w v EU-U Ac

Pl y l m ENP lc mccy m, cmc c,

JHA wc w v vl c cly EU m,

cv w, c cl , m l, lcl c

m w.

O ccl m c y v -w ml EU cm

w w cly rewards and local percepon of demands cv vl

cv ENP lc U. T-w mccy m w cv O

Rvl w EU ll- m , l EU v c WTO-

mm. Aly, l y mcc c (Pl

2008). Dmccy m w ly l cv w, lw w

lw lcl c -w mccy m. O cy, m- mccy

m xclly m lcl U cy lw m

w. E JHA m U wll cv w EU-yl

m. Dm vc m E E , c,

m, EU w cy . U w EU y.

Nvl, ly lcy m l c

U vly c y . I c, w v l

mv E, ly y wll ly -m. T l, v

ll, cmc , clly l FTA m. U clly ENP cy

23 T c G ly mly m c mc cy

ENP c .


20/28


wc cmc cv m m. I l y l EU-rst-strategy

mc R EU y lcy c ENP l w.

T ly l m substanal asymmetries c m

c w EU U c ll m, cl economic (Ukraine:fast and high; EU: slow and low) and JHA (Ukraine: free visa regime, addional rewards; EU: mulple-

applicable small rewards, no further concessions) m. I , ymm clly

c ccy ENP cc m v. Acc , xl

lm m ll: w m w c cmlc v,

lv cv .

T lcl ly U c O Rvl (vm l) c

cl mxm E ENP. Dmc m vy m lcl

. I cx, ENP c catalyst main driver E. T

l mc m c E. O c y

w c wll mc mv l m c

vc, mccy E m c mlm

ENP. P U m consequence of the home-driven dynamic for

reform. U m ENP- m mm cv

mw ml. I mv cvc w EU c m EU

mm, wc ENP . Sc mv l c

c m ENP .


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L

Afanasyeva, Elena/Hammermann, Felix/Schweickert, Rainercm: Fm Sv E, : Il Jl Ecmc.

Anastasakis, Othon 2005: T E Bl, : Bw Jl Wl A 12:1,77-88.

Andrei, Tudorel/Teodorescu, Daniel 2005: T L Bw C, Dvlm, MlyEx: M C Acc NATO, : Il Jl EcmcDvlm 7:1, 1-24.

Axt, Heinz-Jrgen/Milososki, Antonio/Schwarz, Oliver2007: E - w Fl. Lcund Forschungsfragen, : Plc Vljc 48: 1, 136-149.

Barany, Zoltan 2004: NATO Pcl Avc, : Jl Dmccy 15: 1, 63-76.

Barb, Esther/Johansson-Nogus, Elisabeth 2008: T EU m c : EN Plcy, : Il A 84: 1, 81-96.

Beichelt, Timm 2007: Dmccy m E E cx EN Plcy (ENP), : E U S Ac (EUSA), 10 BlCc, 17-19 My 2007, Ml, C.

Boonstra, Jos 2007: NATO Rl Dmcc Rm. Dmccy m, : Fc lRlc Icl y l Dl Ex (FRIDE), W P, 1 My 2007, S.

Brzel, Tanja A./Risse Thomas 2004: O S F All! EU Plc Pm Hm R,Dmccy Rl Lw. Dmccy m, P W Dmccy Pm y C Dvlm, Dmccy, Rl Lw, 4-5 Oc 2004, S Uvy.

Brzel, Tanja A./Risse Thomas 2007: E: T Dmc Imc EU Plc, : J,K/Pllc, M A./Rm, B (E.): H E U Plc, L,483-504.

Council Decision 1999: A -E c cm c 2000-2006 (Tm III), 1999/311/EC, Ccl E, Bl.

Cowles, Maria Green/Caporaso, James A./Risse, Thomas (E.) 2001: Tm E. E Dmc C, Ic, NY.

Crawford, Gordon 2000: E U Dvlm C- Pm Dmccy, :Bll, P (E.): Dmccy Ac. Il C- Dmccy,London,90-127.

Di Tommaso, Maria L./Raiser, Marn/Weeks, Melvyn 2007: Hm Gw Im? Il C,Exl Ac, Dm Il Rm T Ecm, :

Ecmc Jl 117: 520, 858-881.

Emerson, Michael2004: E Gvy Ml Dmc, CEPS W P N.214, C E Plcy S, Bl.

Emerson, Michael2004: ENP: Sy Plc? CEPS W P N. 215, C EPlcy S, Bl.

Emerson, Michael2004c: E Cc Rl: T Alycl Fmw, CEPSPlcy B N. 59, C E Plcy S, Bl.

Emerson, Michael2005: T Rlc D: E U Pm Dmccy N, CEPS W Dcm N. 223, C E Plcy S, Bl.

Emerson, Michael 2008: Plc w U, 2005-20: S Q U, : CEPS W

Dcm N. 281, C E Plcy S, Bl.


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Emerson, Michael/Edwards, Huw/Gazizullin, Ildar/Lcke, Mahias/Mller-Jentsch, Daniel/Nanivska,

Vira/Pyanytskiy, Valeriy/Schneider, Andreas/Schweickert, Rainer/Shevtsov, George/Shumylo,

Olga 2006: T c w E U U, CEPSPc, C E Plcy S, Bl.

Emerson, Michael/Noutcheva, Gergana/Popescu, Nicu 2007: E N Plcy Tw Y: Tm I ENP l, CEPS Plcy B 126, C E Plcy S,Bl.

Epstein, Rachel A. 2005: NATO Elm S Dmccy: Evc Exc, :Scy S 14: 1, 63-105.

EU Ukraine Acon Plan 2005; : ://c../wl///c_l/___l_.; 8 Dcm 2008.

EU Delegaon to Ukraine 2004: E U jc l lcin Ukraine, www.l.c../313201.ml; 8 Dcm 2008.EU Press Releases Rapid2008: T E P Am Nw C EURl w E N, : ://.//RlAc.?c=IP/08/1858&m=HTML&=0&l=EN&L=n; 8 Dcm 2008.

EU Progress Report Ukraine 2008: Imlm E N Plcy 2007,Cmm S W Dcm, SEC (2008) 402, 3 Al 2008, Bl.

EUBAM 2007: Al R 2007, : ://www.m./l/500-599/500/R_2008_ENGL.; 8 Dcm 2008.

Euracv2007: EU U cm lc, 17 Sm 2007, : ://www.cv.cm//lm/---cm-lc/cl-166781; 7 Dcm2008.

Euracv2008: Smm v U M, 14 Mc 2008, : ://www.cv.cm//lm/mm-v--m/cl-170976; 8 Dcm2008.

Eurobullen 2008: Nw Am Ac wll lv U Mm ,E Cmm Dl U, 11 Nvm 2008.

European Commission 2007: Sc Ey Rvw; : ://c../y//2008/2008_11_2_.m; 11 Nvm 2008.

Featherstone, Kevin 2003: Ic: I Nm E, : F, Kv/Rll, ClM. (E.): T Plc E, Ox, 3-26.

Ferrero-Waldner, Benita 2006: Rm mccy m, P cc y E Plm Allc Ll Dmc E: DmccyPm: T E Wy, 7 Dcm 2006, E Cmm, Bl.

French, David/Meijenfeldt, Roel 2006: A E F Dmccy P. Al Dmccy Cc E Plm w v EUmccy c wl-w, Bl, v. M.

George, Alexander L./Benne, Andrew 2005: C S Ty Dvlm Scl Scc,Cm.

Grabbe, Heather2001: Hw D E Ac CEE Gvc? Cly, D Dvy, : Jl E Plc Plcy 8: 6, 249-268.

Grabbe, Heather2006:T EU Tmv Pw: E Cly Cl E E, B.

Gromadzki, Grzegorz/Sushko, Oleksandr/Vahl, Marius, Wolczuk, Kataryna/Wolczuk, Roman 2005: Wll O Rvl ? EUU l 2005 2006, Ww.

Hague, Rod/Harrop, Marn 1998: Cmv Gvm Plc, B.

Hummer, Waldemar 2005: D U Nc - Nccl v c mVv, : I 28: 3, 231-245.


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Jacoby, Wade/Cernoch, Pavel2002: T Pvl EU Rl C Cc Rl Plcy, : Linden,Rl (E.): Nm N: T Imc Il O Cl E E S, Lm, 317-341.

Jahn, Egbert2007: A . V I wc Bl M m E c I, : O 57: 2-3, 35-55.

Kelley, Judith 2006: Nw W Ol W: Pm Plcl Rm Nw EN Plcy, : Jl Cmm M S 44: 1, 29-55.

Kempe, Iris 2007: Zwc Ac Rl. D Ec Nccl, : O57: 2-3, 57-68.

Knelangen, Wilhelm 2007: A N Fm, Scy Jc?, : Vwc, J/L, K-Ol (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-Plcy Tw Nw N, Ol, 78-101.

Kobzar, Svitlana A. 2006: T E U Fc Dmc U, Pv cc Nw Pcv Cmy U: Plc, Hy, Cl, Uvy T, 17-19 Mc 2006.

Kravchenko, Vladimir2007: U-EU V Rm: D E w mc?, : Zl Nl,N. 35, 22 - 28 Sm 2007, : ://www.mw./1000/1550/60557/; 8 Dcm 2008.

Kuzio, Taras 2006: I U P E F?, : T W Qly 29: 3, 89-108.

Lang, Kai-Olaf 2007: E N Plcy: W D W S, W A W H?Cll EU-Plcy Tw Nw N, : Vwc, J/L, K-Ol. (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-Plcy w NwN, Ol, 15-23.

Lavenex, Sandra2004: EU Exl Gvc W E, : Jl E Plc Plcy11: 4, 680-700.

Lavenex, Sandra/Lehmkuhl, Dirk/Wichmann, Nicole 2007: D Nccl Ec

U: wc Hm w Gvc, i: Tmml, I (E.): DEc U: Gvc Plcy-M, W, 367-388.

Lavenex, Sandra/Schimmelfennig, Frank2006: Rl w W E, : Jl CmmM S (JCMS) 44: 1, 137-154.

Levitsky, Steven/Way, Lucan A. 2006: L v Lv. R Il m Rm C, : Cmv Plc 38: 4, 379-400.

Lippert, Barbara 2007: B ENP: Tw M Sly P, : Vwc,J/L, K-Ol. (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-PlcyTw Nw N, Ol, 181-196.

Lukyanov, Fyodor 2008: R EU: T P W Ay, : E-A S 60: 6,

1107-1119.Mahncke, Dieter/Gsthl, Sieglinde (E.) 2008: E N A Pm Pc EU

N Plcy, Bl.

Maier, Sylvia/Schimmelfennig, Frank 2007: S Vl: Dmccy Hm R, : Weber,Kj/Sm, Mcl E./ B, Mcl (E.): Gv E N: P Py?, Mc Nw Y, 39-57.

Maurer, Andreas/Haerder, Max2007: Alv Fll Mm EU, : Vwc, J/L, K-Ol (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-Plcy Tw Nw N, Ol, 197-216.

Mayhew, Alan/Copsey, Nathaniel2006: T E N Plcy: T C U, : SEISm P, 1, Uvy Sx, 7-19.

McFaul, Michael2005: T m P-Cmmm, : Jl Dmccy 16: 3, 5-19.


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McFaul, Michael/Aslund, Anders 2006: Rvl O: T O U DmccB, W.

Melnykovska, Inna/Schweickert, Rainer 2008: Bm- T-w: W Dv Cvc U I w E S?, : S E Blc SS 8: 4, 445-468.

Noutcheva, Gergana/Emerson, Michael2007: Ecmc Scl Dvlm, : W, Kj/Sm, Mcl E., B, Mcl (E.): Gv E N: P Py?, Mc Nw Y, 76-96.

Occhipin, John D. 2007: Jc Hm A: Imm Plc, i: W, Kj/Sm, Mcl E., B, Mcl (E.): Gv E N: P Py?, Mc Nw Y, 114-133.

OConnell, Kevin 2008: EU V Plcy: Sq Ccl N JHA Ojcv, i:Mc, D/Gl, Sl (E.): E N A. Pm Pc EU N Plcy, Bl, 115-134.

ODonnell, Clara/Whitman, Richard G. 2007: D Pm-Zc. D Kl ENP,: O 57: 2-3, 95-104.

PCA 1998: P C- Am w E Cmm

Mm S, U; : ://-lx../LxUSv/LxUSv.?=CEL EX:31998D0149:EN:NOT; 8 Dcm 2008.

Pop-Eleches, Grigore 2007: Bw Hcl Lc Pm W I:Dmcc Cly Cmmm, : E E Plc Sc 21: 1, 142-161.

Popescu, Nicu 2005: T EU Mlv Sl Cc N, : EU-ISS OcclP 60.

Pridham, Georey1999: Cmly w E U Dmcc Cly: TlPy L Rm Cc Slv 1993-1998, : E-A S 51: 7, 12211244.

Pridham, Georey2000: EU Acc mc lc: Plcy c cv ymc cl E, : Pcv E Plc Scy 1: 1, 49-74.

Prodi, Romano 2002: A W E A Pxmy Plcy Ky Sly, : Sc l Sx ECSA-Wl Cc: Pc, Scy Sly Il Dl Rl EU, 5-6 Dcm 2002, Bl, E Cmm.

Puglisi, Rosaria 2008: A Ww Wl? Olc F Plcy U, i: Fc,S/Pl, R/Wlc, Ky (E.): U, Q V? Cll P 108, P,55-86.

Radaelli, Claudio M. 2003: T E Plc Plcy, : F, Kv/Rll, ClM. (E.): T Plc E, Ox, 27-56.

Razumkov Centre 2008: Am U-EU Ac Pl Imlm 2005-2007, :Nl Scy Dc 100: 6, 2-21.

Rhein, Eberhard 2007: T E N Plcy: A Ccl Am. EN Plcy. Cll EU-Plcy Tw Nw N, : Vwc,J/L, K-Ol. (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-Plcyw Nw N, Ol,39-47.

Sandler, Todd/Hartley, Keith 1999: T Plcl Ecmy NATO, Nw Y.

Sasse, Gwendolyn 2002: T EU Cmm Sy U: A R U -ECc, : Lw, A (E.): T EU U. N, F, P?, Fl T Ec Rc, L.

Schimmelfennig, Frank2007: E Rl O, Plcl Cly, DmccTm E E, : E E Plc Sc 21: 1, 126-141.

Schimmelfennig, Frank/Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2004: Gvc y Cly: EU l c c Cl E E, : Jl E Plc Plcy 11: 4,

661-679.


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Schimmelfennig, Frank/Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2005: Ic: Ccl E Cl E E, : Scmml, F/Slm, Ulc (E.): TE Cl E E, Ic L, 1-28.

Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2006: E w mm c , : Lv Rvw E Gvc 1: 3, : www.lvvw./l-2006-3; 25 Fy 2009.

Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2007: T E N Plcy. A cmm Ty Plcy, i: W,Kj/Sm, Mcl E./B, Mcl (E.): Gv E N: P Py?, Mc Nw Y, 195-208.

Sherr, James 2007: Ey Scy: A L, R m EU, : Zl Nl, UIl Scl Plcl Wly 9: 638, : ://www.mw./1000/1030/56095/; 8Dcm 2008.

Silina, Taana 2008: T-R Pl G?, : Zl Nl, U Il Scl PlclWly 25: 704, : ://www.mw./1000/1550/63478/; 18 Nvm 2008.

Smith, Karen E. 2001: W Ac Pm Dmccy, : Pv Alx/Zl, J(E.): Dmcc cl E E. Vlm 2: Il l

c. Ox, 31-57.

Solana, Javier2007: Ivw Zl Nl, U Il Scl Plcl Wly 34: 663, :://www.mw./1000/1550/60477/; 8 Dcm 2008.

Solonenko, Iryna 2005: T E U Dmccy Pm: T C U, : TRm Jl Plcl Scc 2, 57-69.

Stent, Angela 2008: R Rvl P F Plcy, : E-A S 60: 6,1089-1106.

Stratenschulte, Eckart D. 2005: U: U j: c! D Al EcNccl, : O 55: 2, 15-23.

Vachudova, Milada A. 2005: E Uv: Dmccy, Lv, I Cmmm,

Ox.

Veselovsky, Andriy2008: E I Wy, : Zl Nl, U IlScl Plcl Wly 43: 722, : ://www.mw./1000/1550/64718/; 8 Dcm 2008.

Vincentz, Volkhart 2007: T E N Plcy: A Ecmc Pcv, : Vwc,J/L, K-Ol (E.): E N Plcy. Cll EU-PlcyTw Nw N, Ol, 117-128.

Vinhas de Souza, Lcio/Schweickert, Rainer/Movchan, Veronica/Bilan, Olena/Burskovsky, Igor2006:NowS N, Y Sll S F: Rl w U E U, : Hvylyy,Ol/ V S, Lc (E.): R Gw CIS C, Bl, 144-190.

Vobruba, Georg, 2007: Ex Ew. D EU-Nccl Dym E,

: O 57: 2-3, 7-20.Von Franqu, Friederike 2008: Ml l Im A- Scl: Zl, Mv

Imlmw l A B-Hw Kv,Bl.

Whitmore, Sarah 2006: U E I Rl Plm, : W-EW P, Ox B Uvy, : ://w-./c//Wm 2007.; 8 Dcm 2008.

Wichmann, Nicole 2007: T Ic Bw Jc Hm A EN Plcy: T Sc Lc, Ojcv Pcc, : CEPS WDcm 275, C E Plcy S, Bl.

Wolczuk, Kataryna 2008: U Rl w EU Cx EN Plcy, : Fc, S (E.) 2008: U: Q V? Cll P N. 108,P.


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Zangl, Bernhard2001: B C Bc I. Nmc m GATT, WTO EG, :Sw Plcl Scc Rvw 7: 2, 49-80.

Ax

Table A1 Impact of EU Integraon on Quality of Instuons in Transion Countries

Measured by the World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI), 1996 - 2005

POLS POLS POLS FE

EU-Integration 0.177*** 0.236*** 0.166*** -0.004

(-5.03) (-5.99) (-4.6) (-0.07)

EU-Potential -0.708 0.036 -0.069

(-0.79) (-0.29) (-0.71)

NATO 0.064 0.056 0.087 0.227***

(-0.77) (-0.61) (-1.06) (-3.78)

WESTERN 0.605*** 0.726*** 0.648***

(-7.25) (-11.02) (-9.57)

AID -0.017** 0.018 -0.013 -0.006

(-2.19) (-1.54) (-1.42) (0.27)

LIBERALISATION 0.319*** 0.303*** 0.163**

(-6.74) (-5.63) (-2.56)

TENSIONS -0.23*** -0.149

(-4.24) (-1.65)

adj. R-squared 0.93 0.89 0.93 0.27

Observations 164 164 164 164

N: POLS l OLS . FE cy x c m. * (**, ***) c

10 (5, 1) c lvl. I v y lm, w l

v m EU , NATO, A, Ll.

D Vl: EU-I: m vy vl m w

EU m PCA, SAA, ENP AP -EU mm C

Am, mm c ( Dcl Lxm Smm 1997

Cl E E c Tl Smm 2003 W

Bl) cc ( ) w EU mm.

T vl m 0 = m 5 = mm. EU-Pl: m-v


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mmy; ql 1 ll c xc Am, Aj, Bl, G, K,

Kyy Rlc, Mlv, R, Tj, Tm, U U. NATO:

mmy vl ql 1 ll y llw NATO Mm Ac Pl. WESTERN:

vl ql 1 clc Cy m cl cy,

w ql 0. AID: cl Dvlm Ac Ocl A ( GDP),

v v c w y. LIBERALISATION: v c

c ll xc ll, m 1 (lw)

4,66 (). TENSIONS: y vl ql1 w cc y

ql 0 w y cc.

Sc: EU Am D (://./c/y/1990-1999/x_.m; w

mmy); NATO (www..; w mmy); CIA Wl Fc Ol (://www.

c.v/ly/lc/-wl-c); EBRD, Wl Dvlm Ic

Wl B; D Cc Hl I Il Cc R-

c (www..; w mmy); Wl B Dvlm Ic 2008.


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T Kll-Fc - Ec Acmc Exc

Iv Rc

T Kll-Fc (KFG) w mm l-c y Gm Rc F 2008. I c-c KFG v cclly ml vm

wc vv c c c l w y c w mll j c.

T Kll-Fc T Tmv Pw E c E Bl-B- l c w v- c . I xm l EU -m c , ly mcm c l xl c c :

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