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O locuin nu e doar o cldire, ci i terenulpe care st. Locuirea e ea i colectiv nu cuprinde doar construciile, ci i un spa-iu al lor, dierit de cel pe care l olosetetoat lumea. Una dintre marile problemeale cartierelor de blocuri e c nimeni nus-a gndit la aa ceva; i nu prea o ace niciacum, cnd discutm de reabilitare.

n prezent, (aproape) toate blocurile auost privatizate. ot terenul din jurul lor armas ns n domeniul public, conormconceptului iniial. Public doar n sens

strict legal, ind vorba aici despre ntinderiambigue, din care locuitorii acapareaz nmod individual sau n comun poriuni. neortul de a gestiona un teritoriu care evi-dent le depete posibilitile, autoritilerecurg la operaii-standard demolrisau autorizri de garaje i chiocuri, locuride joac i parcri i la un mijloc simplu,acela de a ngrdi i a scoate astel din jocsupraee ct mai mari. Mii de kilometri degrdulee denesc spaii verzi intangibile,deci inutilizabile i nelocuibile.

n acest capitol vom discuta un tip de

abordare alternativ a spaiului liber, cares permit transormarea non-spaiuluipublic ntr-un loc al unei comuniti: o zonsemipublic, un tampon ntre spaiul publicgeneral i cel privat comun al blocului i,mai departe, cel individual al locuinei.

Spaiul tuturor, spaiulnimnui, spaii aleunora.

A house does not imply just a building, butalso the ground on which that house iserected. Regardless o whether dwelling iso the collective or individual type, it com-

prises both the buildings and their space:one which is distinct rom the space thatbelongs to everyone else. Tat nobodyseems to have ever thought about this either in the past or now, when the rehabili-tation process is the talk o the day - is oneo the major issues we are aced with whenit comes to socialist housing estates.

oday almost every apartment block hasbeen privatized. Yet the grounds aroundthem are, according to the initial concept,public domain. Tough legally public,such stretches o land are vaguely dened

spaces, appropriated either individually orby groups o inhabitants. At the other endauthorities who attempt to manage spaceswhich they obviously can not, limit them-selves to routine operations such as thedemolition o - or the issuing o buildingpermits or - garages and kiosks; the crea-tion o playgrounds and parking lots; or sim-ply the encing o vast expanses o space.Tousands o kilometers o ences enclosegreen areas that become untouchable andthereby unusable and uninhabitable.

Tis chapter deals with an alternative

approach to open space, one that enablesthe conversion o public non-space intosome sort o communal space; in otherwords, a semi-public area, a buer betwe-en the overall public space and the privateworlds within the buildings.

Space: Everybodys,Nobodys, SomePeoples


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Pentru orice intervenie asupra spaiuluiurban, ntrebarea undamental este cui seadreseaz ea i, de apt, cine i n ce el vaolosi acest spaiu.

n Bucureti, poziia i tipologiile ansam-blurilor de locuine colective determindierene uriae. Aceste spaii nu sunt la eli, ca atare, ar trebui s ac obiectul uneistrategii dierite. Zonele reziduale aprute

n urma dezastruoaselor operaii totalitare

din centru (vezi capitolul Activare) aparinn primul rnd oraului i ar trebui s aib uncaracter public. n marile cartiere uncio-naliste (vezi capitolul Reabilitarea con-struciilor), cu greu s-ar putea determinaporiuni apte a deveni mai private.

Exist ns o mulime de operaii, da-torate mai ales generalizrii sistemuluide ronturi i incinte din anii 70 i 80 caresugereaz dierene de intimitate i protec-ie ntre dierite zone. n ciuda unui caracterincomplet i a unei arhitecturi problematice,atmosera incintelor este automat dierit

de cea a poriunilor spre strad. Credemc nu e nevoie dect de intervenii minimepentru ca aceste ansambluri s se apropiede modele urbane clasice de tipul insulei,al ronturilor de cldiri i al curii interioare:spaii mai private, cu adevrat locuibile.

Te key question every intervention in

urban public space needs to address iswhom is it aimed at, who and how will usethat particular space.

In Bucharest as much as everywhe-re else, collective housing estates dierimmensely on grounds o their location andtypology. Dierent spaces require die-rent approaches hence dierent strate-gies. Wastelands resulted rom disastroustotalitarian demolition campaigns in centralBucharest (see Activate) belong primarilyto the city and should thereore be treatedas public space. When it comes to the vast

unctionalist neighbourhoods, it is dicultto determine i some parts lend themsel-ves better to being turned into more priva-te areas (see Building Rehabilitation).

However the generalization o theront and inner courtyard system o the1970s and 80s resulted in a multitude ooperations which suggest dierent areasenjoyed dierent degrees o intimacy andprotection as compared to others. Despitethe incomplete and oten questionablecharacter o their architecture, inner cour-tyards eel inherently dierent rom their

respective street ronts. Only a minimumo interventions would be required to alignsuch ensembles to the classical modelso the urban block, street ront alignmentand inner courtyards, rendering spacesmore private and hence more livable.

Despre locuri dierite iabordri dierite

Diferent places -diferent approaches


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Denirea i gestionarea unui spaiu comunpresupun un proces participativ. Spre deo-sebire de capitolul Activare, aici nu trebuiepur i simplu realizate proiecte arhitectu-rale i urbanistice, ci trebuie determinatun numr de locuri cu potenial (spaiali, eventual, comunitar de exemplu, nansambluri n care se pot vedea tentati-

ve n sensul aproprierii spaiului) i, apoiconstruit un parteneriat ntre administraialocal i locuitori. Devine necesar o orga-nizaie care s-i aduc pe acetia mpreuni s coordoneze ntreaga aciune. Poate un ONG sau o direcie n cadrul primriilorsau al administraiei centrale, ns n oricecaz va avea orma unei echipe multidiscipli-nare (arhiteci, urbaniti, sociologi, activiticomunitari, economiti).

n continuare nu vom prezenta dectschema unui astel de mecanism de apt,un sumar al principiilor i metodelor , ur-

mat de ilustrarea printr-un studiu de caz.PaSul 1: NegoCiere Primar. Denirea unoransambluri cu potenial, elaborarea unorvariante preliminare, contactarea locatarilor,montarea parteneriatului cu administraia,discutarea variantelor.

Te denition and management o any com-munal space require a participatory process.Te prerequisite here is the identication oa number o locations which have poten-tial (both rom a spatial and a communityperspective in some ensembles onemay sense one orm or another o spaceappropriation on the part o inhabitants)rather than the direct implementation oany number o architectural and urban-planning projects as purported in Activate.

Tis would be complemented by a stagedpartnership between local administrati-on and the inhabitants. o bring the lattertogether and coordinate the entire opera-tion a dedicated body becomes necessary.Whether this should be an NGO, an agency,a central or municipal department is lessimportant than the teams multi-discipli-nary membership: it should comprise ar-chitects, planners, sociologists, communityactivists, economists).

Te ollowing is the rame o such amechanism, a mere list o principles and

methods, illustrated by a study case.STeP 1: Primary NegoTiaTioN. Identiy en-sembles with potential; elaborate prelimi-nary variants; contact inhabitants; set uppartnership with local administration; opendiscussions on preliminary variants.

Un proiect comunitar A Community Project

FUNCIUNI

DURATI

ACTORI

SPORTCULTUR

NATUR

RECREERE

SPTMNALZILNIC

PERMANENT

REZIDENI

CETENI AI ORAULUI VECINIGOSPODRII

ASOCIAII DE PROPIETARI

ASOCIERI ALE ASOCIAIILOR DE PROPIETARI

ANUALLUNAR

EDUCAIECOMER

LOCURI DE JOACSPECTACOL

FUNCTIONS

DURATION

ACTORS

SPORT

CULTURE

NATURE

RECREATION

WEEKLY

DAILY

PERMANENT

RESIDENTS

CITIZENS

NEIGHBOURS

HOUSEHOLDS

HOME OWNER ASSOCIATIONS

ASSOCIATIONS OF H.O.A.

YEARLY

MONTHLY

EDUCATION

COMMERCIAL

KIDS - SPACE

ENTERTAINMENT

Activarea spaO matrice cu dunciuni i acposibilitile dde a activa sppe durat tempermanent.

Activation o oA matrix withunctions andin principle thor short- or lactivation o o


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Activarea unui spaiu semipublicUrban Activation Of Public Space

REZ

IDENIRES

IDENTS

ASOCIERIALE

ASOCIAIILORDE

LOCATARI

ASOCIAIIDELOCATARI

HOMEOWNERASSOCIATION

ASSOCIATIONOFH.O.A

Spaiu interio(va administasociaie de AInner semi-p(to be adminisassociation o

Spaiu public urbanePublic space -unctions

AP Asociaie dHOA HomeowAssociation

AGENIE cocoordonare, cAGENCY cocoordination,communicati

PaSul 2: PuNerea N fuNCiuNe a uNui SiSTem

legal. Acest pas depinde i de ormelelegale care vor trebui denite. Asociaiile deproprietari administreaz construciile icelebrul metru dimprejurul acestora. Fra se atinge aceast autonomie, s-ar puteadeni o asociaie a asociaiilor care sgestioneze o poriune de spaiu liber ae-rent gruprii de cldiri respective. Aceast

poriune de teren ar trebui s rmn nproprietate public, ns s e administratde ctre aceast asociaie un mod de adeni legal spaiul semipublic.PaSul 3: DeCuPajul TeriTorial i fuNCioNal. Printr-un PUD sau PUZ s-ar deni zonica-rea de baz (spaii publice i spaii semi-publice) i unciunile (conorm negocierii

ntre dieriii parteneri), bugetul operaiei iproiectul propriu-zis de amenajare.PaSul 4: realizare.

STeP 2: eNforCiNg a legal SySTem.o pro-ceed urther the legal ramework has to bedened. Owners associations manage onlythe buildings and a strip o ground one-meter wide around them. In view o theirautonomy, an association o associationsshould be set up or the purpose o mana-ging the grounds attributed to a particulargroup o buildings. While these grounds will

remain public domain, their managementwill be carried out by the new association: alegally dened semi-public space.STeP 3: zoNal aND fuNCTioNal framiNg.

Devise a Local Area Plan or Urban DesignPlan to dene the basic zoning (public andsemi-public spaces) and the unctions(based on negotiations between the variouspartners); set up project budget and devisethe project plans.STeP 4: realizaTioN

Studiu de cazdin cartierul AVizualizarea usoluii. Zone psemi-publiceprotecia sau parterelorCase study: aensemble wit

Aviatiei neighVisualisation solution: Publprivate areasparking, proteactivation o bground foors

De la spaiu liber laspaiul nostru

Spaiul liber din studiulde caz Aviaiei poate transormat ntr-un spaiusemipublic, servind maiales locuitorilor din blocurileadiacente. Denind ariiparticulare i introducndunciuni noi (concentratepe nevoile locuitorilor),curile interioare ar puteadeveni cu adevrat spaii alelocuirii.ransorming open spaceinto our spaceOpen space in theAviaiei case study can betransormed into a semi-public space, o interest

mostly or the residents oadjoining housing units. Bydening specic areas andbringing in dierent newacilities, ocused on thedwellers, it can become atruly livable space.

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Cartierul Aviaiei a ost construit n anii80, ca o operaie tipic de urbanism depreabricate. Cteva module standardde blocuri P +4 din panouri mari au ost

asamblate de bine, de ru pentru a ormaincinte. Spre deosebire de alte cartierecu totul identice, poziia sa n norduloraului, adic zona principal de dezvol-tare (Pipera este la doi pai) i accesibi-litatea oarte bun au cut ca dup 1989preurile la apartamente s urce specta-culos n clasamentul general. Compoziiasocial, cuplat cu problemele unui spaiuliber deplorabil reprezint un potenialpentru succesul unui proces de reabilitare.

Am ncercat s modelm rezultatul uneinegocieri care s echilibreze toate interese-

le. Insula mare se compune de apt din douuniti distincte. Acestea vor desprite deun traseu pietonal un spaiu public prote-jat i accesibil, activat de terenuri de sport,locuri de stat i chiar o pist de alergri.De-o parte i de alta a acestui pietonal i ninteriorul ecrei incinte sunt denite douspaii semipublice, intens plantate i carevor servi ecare grupare de locuine.Oamenii nu renun nc la parcri pentrunimic n lume. Aa c soluia prevede i 150de locuri de parcare, depind necesarul de121 pentru rezideni. Majoritatea acestora ar

trebui nchiriate de ctre administraie, celedin incint vor avea acces restricionat.Cu mijloace minimale, se transorm

pustiul existent ntr-un loc complex, otrecere ntre aar la strad, pe alee ntrecuri i nuntru la noi n curte.

Studiu de caz. Unansamblu din cartierulAviaiei, Bucureti

Case Study. AnEnsemble in the Aviaieidistrict, BucharestTe Aviaieidistrict was built in the 1980s asa typical preab urban planning operation.Standard ve-storey modules made o bigpre-cast concrete panels were assembled

into some sort o courtyard structure. Unlikeother virtually identical neighbourhoods,Aviaieienjoys prime location: the district liesto the north o the city, a major developmentarea (and close to Pipera, currently the tren-diest neighbourhood). Tis and the areasimproved road accessibility sent apartmentprices here sky-high ater 1989. Te districtsgentrication coupled with the derelictcondition o its open spaces could turn itsrehabilitation into a potential success.

We tried to model the results o a nego-tiation that would balance every interest.

Studiu de caz: un ansamblu din cartierul Aviaiei

Localizare n cadrul principalei zone de dezvoltare a oraului,,n consecin preuri ridicate la apartamente. Potenial ridicatpentru a se crea dierenieri n cadrul spaiului liberCase study: an ensemble within the Aviatiei neighborhoodPosition in the main development area o the city, thereorerising dwelling prizes.Potential or dierenciating the empty space

he big block actually consists otinct units. he two will be separpedestrian area: this sae and acpublic space will have adjoining sunds, seating areas, and a runninBordering on either side o the parea and inside each inner courtydensely planted areas o the semtype will serve each group o uni

the peoples lasting interest in plots, our solution includes 150 paplaces, a igure that exceeds theces currently necessary or the rhe envisaged solution is that thrented by the city administrationcess to those within the inner coshould become restricted.

A minimum o interventions coa desert into a complex place, a trarea rom out into the street, tolanes between yards and then inown courtyard.


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Exemplu de soluie urban i peisager: se asigurnecesarul de parcri (i, n acelasi timp, o surs devenituri pentru primrie), ariile semiprivate sunt clardeinite, pasajul public ar putea activa o parte din parterepentru unciuni comerciale i servicii i ar injecta untip de recreere dinamic ntr-un spaiu de mrimeconsiderabil.Example o possible urban and landscaping solution:necessary parking is assured (in the same time an incomesource or the administration), semi-private areas areclearly deined, the public passage will activate theground loors and serve as a dynamic recreation space.

1. Pasaj pietonal2. Spaii pentru sport + baschet, alergri, joac (publice).3. Curi interioare semiprivate(amenajate conormdorinei locatarilor)4. Bnci asigurnd i delimitarea spaiilor5. Parcaje exterioare, pentru locatari i vizitatori6. Parcaje interioare (cu acces limitat)1. Public passage2. Public space or sports and play basket stands,running, gymnastics etc.3. Interior semi-private courts (used and landscapedaccording to owners)4. Benches that separate the dierent areas5. Parking space outside the block,or inhabitants and visitors6. Parking inside the block (controlled access)


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