Need for better Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)

Kimo van Dijk

Wageningen University / European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

kimo.vandijk@wur.nl / kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu

1st meeting FAO LEAP Technical Advisory Group on Nutrient cycles modelling and Impact Assessment FAO, Rome, Italy, 12 July 2016

Phosphorus challenges

Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:

Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-

Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.

Non-renewable at human time scale

Spatially concentrated: geopolitical dependency and tension

Relatively low price, but price volatility (2008 case)

Lower P-rock quality:

● Decreasing P content

● Increasing impurities (e.g. cadmium, uranium)

Pollution and eutrophication

Geological versus anthropogenic cycles

RESOURCE RESERVES

SINKS

Society

Crops

Animals

Industry & retail

Consumers

Non-food

Losses Inputs [90% fertilizer, and other mineral P use]

Geological cycle

Direct IMPACTS

Anthropogenic cycle

Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005

Detergent, wood, paper & fibres

Crops, fish, food products & mineral additives

Animal feed, mineral additives & live animals

Mineral fertiliser, seeds & pesticides

Solid & liquid organic waste

Organic waste

Wood, paper & fibres

Slaughter residues, solid & liquid waste

Crops & food products

Manure losses

Live animals

Leaching & runoff

Seeding materials

Input 2392

Output 1468

Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year

Van Dijk et al. 2016

Import, export and losses per sector

Van Dijk et al. (2016) 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation

Phos

phor

us q

uant

ity [G

g P/

year

]

Absolute quantity [Gg P/year]

Relative fraction of total system import, export & losses [%]

Primary P import

Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of total system primary import

% of total sector import

CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99

AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57

FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8

NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51

HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -

Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100

Van Dijk et al. 2016

EU-27 P use efficiency per sector in 2005

Van Dijk et al. 2016

CP AP FP NF HC

PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21

PUE-2 Upward output flows plus export

70 24 52 76 -

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡∗ 100

Fertilizer P consumption in EU-27 in 2010

FAOSTAT data 2010

Animal feed P origin in EU-27 in 2005

Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

Agricultural P balances per country for 2005 & period 1905-2005

Van Dijk et al., in preparation Van Dijk et al. 2016

128 Mtons P accumulated in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

Agronomic P balances in the EU

Annual regional agricultural P balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15 in 2000

Estimated cumulative P balances [kg P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005

Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012

Source: Grizzetti & Aloe, 2007

EU-27 annual soil P balances 1961-2009

Western Europe (EU-15) Eastern Europe (EU-12)

Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to drastic

decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Dom

estic

food

P su

pply

[kg/

ca/y

ear]

AnimalPlant

Domestic food P supply in EU-27 in 2005

Domestic food P supply necessary to fullfill human dietary P intake requirements at consumption level

Van Dijk et al., in preparation

Minimum P intake requirement

Mean EU P intake

Maximum P intake level

EU-27 consumption sector P losses in 2005

Van Dijk et al. (2016)

41%

12%

6%

26%

14%

Reuse of organic waste in EU-27 in 2005

Based on Barth et al. 2008

Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010

Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu; based on Eurostat 2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 & Destatis 2011

Transition towards sustainable P use

•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents) •match P requirements more closely (precision agriculture)

•utilise legacy P stores Realign P inputs

•optimise input management •minimise runoff and erosion •strategic retention zones

Reduce P losses to water

•avoid wastage •improve utilization efficiency •adopt integrated production systems

Recycle P in bioresources

•recover P in societies' wastes •produce fertilizer substitutes

Recover P in wastes

•influence dietary choice •define end-user P requirements •re-connect crop and animal production systems

Redefine P in the food chain

Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

R/P ratio for P, K & micronutrients

Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:

Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.

AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het

voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.

A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity R/P ratio = reserve / production

EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios

Van Dijk et al., in

preparation),

Modelling crop yield

responses to drastic

decreases in

phosphorus

fertilization in EU-27

2116

2170

Fertilisation scenarios of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0 % of original P application in baseyear 2005

Agricultural P management scenarios Van

Dijk

et

al.,

in p

repe

ration

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2005

2030

2055

2080

2105

2130

2155

2180

2205

2230

2255

2280

Aver

age

crop

P u

ptak

e [k

g P/

ha/y

ear]

BAU

SI

S2

S3

Per ha EU-27 crop P uptake per scenario for 2005-2300

50 %

25 %

Van Dijk et al., in preparation

- BAU: present (~2005), Business as Usual - S1: no P import via fertilizer - S2: no P import via fertilizer + compound feed - S3: as S2 + BMPs

Data quality & monitoring challenges

Data quality: trade > production > consumption > recycling

Unclear definitions & not enough detail in data

Public data is incomplete and inconsistent

Data gaps for waste flows & (new) recycling flows

Literature data mostly not recent and only specific base years

Trade databases not available for all products/materials

Data gaps requires data filling procedures & flow balancing

Industry data not publically available, sometimes commercially, but no peer reviewed

Uncertainties for most data unknown

Nutrient concentrations not monitored spatially & temporarily

From quantity to quality, from theory to practise

WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°23 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

DONUTSS Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship - workshop Ghent with science and important all stakeholders - EU Commission DG GROW support identify data needs to support decision making for industry & regulators define how and who to monitor & compare data

www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS

WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°24 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Data systems on nutrient flows should be: • Adequate, reliable, coherent and targeted to

support improved nutrient management decisions • Available at regional, national and global level • Specific to be useful for certain specific

stakeholders and sectors • Covering both quantities of flows and quality • Designed to target identification of key

management points

WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°25 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

National policy initiatives on phosphorus • Switzerland: waste ordonnance, proposal to make

obligatory P-recovery from sewage sludge and animal waste ash (or separate storage pending recovery)

• Sweden: proposal to oblige 40% recycling of P & 10% of N (including via agricultural valorisation of sewage biosolids)

• Germany: political commitment to make P-recovery obligatory in sewage works

• Netherlands: struvite allowed to the market, in regulation

WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°26 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) info@phosphorusplatform.eu

www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

Thank you for your attention

Questions? Comments? Suggestions? kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu kimovandijk@xs4all.nl Twitter: @kimovandijk Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

Additional literature and links (1)

Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.

Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.

Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.

Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.

Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013

Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe

and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653

K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New

York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM

European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf

Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu