nebosh revision guide igc 1 (1)

8/16/2019 Nebosh Revision Guide IGC 1 (1)

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NEBOSH Revision Guide

S/NM

k

Exam Year/Question

NoQUESTION ANSWER

The scope and nature of occupational health and safety (1.1.)

The moral, social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in the workplace (1.2.)

The role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety (1.3.)

1

6

4

4

6

4

4

December 2012: 3a

September 2012: 1a

June 2010; 7a

March 2010; 8a

December 2010; 10a

March 2009; 8a

Outline the main health

and safety

responsibilities of an

employer.

The employer has the legal duty to put in place suitable arrangements for health and safety at the workplace

ensuring it is safe and free of health risks. They are morally required to provide safe and healthy working condition;

socially/legally required to provide safe place of work (safe and without risk to health), safe plant & equipment (well

serviced and inspected), safe systems of work (safe procedures for all activities), instruction, information & training

(to improve workers awareness of hazards and risks associated with their work), supervision and competent staff (for

adequate levels of supervision).

The employer via management is expected to provide a written health and safety policy, asses and manage risk to

employees and other who may be affected by the company’s activities and consult with employees about their risks

at work and current preventive and protective measures.

2

2

4

2

December 2012: 3b

September 2012: 1c

March 2010; 8b

Identify actions an

enforcement authority

might take if it finds that

an employer is not

fulfilling their

responsibilities.

Failure of an employer to fulfil its obligations constitutes a breach of the health and safety legislation and can lead to

the following: The enforcement agency may:

• Issues advice or warning either verbally or in writing requiring that an improvement

is made within a given period of time;

• Require the cessation of the activity or shut down the work place until improvements are made.

• Prosecute the organization in criminal courts which might result in punishment in the form of a fine.

3

8

4

8

8

December 2012: 6

September 2012: 1d

June 2010; 2

March 2010; 10

Identify possible costs to

an organisation

following an accident in

the workplace.

Accident in a work place is likely to be caused by inadequate standards of workplace health and safety. The

associated cost to the organisiation can be direct or indirect.

Direct costs are those measurable cost directly arising from the accident such as those arising from lost

production and time, dealing with the subsequent investigations; cost of plant damage and replacement,

paying those involved during absences as a result of the accident or ill-health, having to recruit and train

replacement labour; costs arising from the possibility of action by the enforcement authorities or by a civil

claim from the injured parties and the inevitable rise in insurance premiums.

The indirect costs arises indirectly as a consequence of the accident and includes a reduction in staff

morale which could lead to industrial unrest and

high staff turnover, damage done to the organisation’s reputation which could

lead to a loss of orders and a subsequent decrease in its profitability.


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4

4

4

4

4

September 2012: 1b

June 2010; 7b

December 2010; 10b

March 2009; 8b

Outline the main health

and safety

responsibilities of a

worker

Article 19 of C155 outlines the responsibilities of the worker to include the following:

Workers have the responsibility to cooperate with their employer to fulfill their safety obligations

Workers are to take reasonable care for their own safety and that of their fellow workers as well as those

who may be affected by their actions or omission.

Workers are to report accidents and any dangerous situations at the workplace.

Workers are expected to safely use any equipment provided for them and not tamper with it.

Workers are to adhere to safety rules, instructions and procedures.

5 8 June 2010; 8

The number of

absences due to work-

related upper limb

disorders in an

organisation is

increasing.

Identify the possible

sources of information

that could be used when

investigating this

problem.

Sources of information which could be used in investigating the situation described in

the question include :

Internal Sources

Risk assessments and job safety analyses where the need for repetitive action has been identified;

Accident and ill-health data/reports together with an analysis of records of absenteeism;

Worker records which would provide information on age and any reported disability;

Relevant information from safety committee meetings and from supervisors particularly of the complaintsthey have received; the results of surveys, questionnaires and interviews with workers;

External Sources

Published information such as guidance from the enforcing authority and/or manufacturers and that

available from trade bodies and other employers.

6 6 September 2010; 3a

A serious accident has

occurred to a worker

and there will be costs

to the organisation as a

result.

(i) Identify THREE costs

which are likely to be

insured.

(ii) Identify THREE costs

which are likely to be

uninsured.

Insured costs:

Damage to plant, buildings and equipment

Compensation paid to workers

Medical cost Legal costs and third party cost

Uninsured cost:

Production downtime and delays

Hiring and training new employees

Loss of goodwill and business reputation

Accident investigation time


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7 2 September 2010; 3b

Outline reasons why it is

important that an

organisation maintains

employer’s liability

insurance.

It is important that an organisation maintains employers’ liability insurance because it may be a legal requirement

which is compulsory in most countries and apart from promoting the morale of the workforce by giving them some

comfort from a financial point of view, it is important to cover some losses that may foreseeable occur following an

accident.

8 8 September 2010; 10

Outline why it is

important that all

persons in an

organisation are aware

of their roles and

responsibilities for

health and safety.

This is important so every party will be aware of their duties in relation to health and safety. Ensuring that all persons

in an organisation are aware of their roles for health and safety will assist in defining their individual responsibilities

and will indicate the commitment and leadership of senior management. A clear delegation of duties will assist in

sharing out the health and safety workload, set up clear lines of reporting and communication and will assist in

defining individual competencies and training needs particularly for specific roles such as first aid and fire.

9

8

8

8

December 2010; 2

September 2009; 1a

March 2008; 3

Explain the reasons for

maintaining and

promoting good

standards of health and

safety in the workplace.

There are three basic reasons for maintain g and promoting good standards of health and safety in the work place.

These are

1. Moral expectation of good standard of health and safety, the need to provide a reasonable standard of care

and to reduce the injuries, pain and suffering caused to workers by accidents and ill-health. It is morally

unacceptable that workers are injured or killed at work and society demand that workers are safe while at

work.

2. Social/Legal requirement by law governing the conduct of businesses and organizations in respect to health

and safety of the workplace. Organizations are required to comply with these laws which are primarily

concerned with concerned with the need for the employer to provide a safe place of work, safe plant and

equipment, safe systems of work, competent workers and a high standard of training and supervision.

3. Economic and financial reasons: because accidents and ill health has direct and indirect cost to the

organisation, promoting good standards of health and safety in the work place will prevent accidents and in

turn avoid these cost such as avoidance of criminal penalty and compensation claims, avoidance of costs

associated with accident investigations, avoidance of costs associated with accidents such as the hiring or

training of replacement staff and the possible repair or replacement of plant and equipment.

4. Other reasons include to maintain a more highly motivated workforce resulting in an

improvement in the rate of production and product quality; and maintaining the image and reputation of the

organisation with its various stakeholders.


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106

4

September 2009; 1b

September 2012: 1d

Identify sources of

information that an

organisation may use to

help maintain and

promote good standards

of health and safety in

the workplace.

These sources could be internal or external.

External sources include:

legislation including directives and regulations; ILO codes of practice, conventions, guidelines and

recommendations together with those produced nationally which are usually country specific;

Information produced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Agency for Safety and

Health at Work;

International standards such as those from ISO and BSI;

Guidance produced by the various enforcement agencies; manufacturers’ data; information produced by

trade associations, trade unions and professional bodies; safety journals and magazines

Internal sources include:

Accident, ill-health data and information emanating from completed risk assessments,

inspections and audits

Medical records, maintenance reports, safety committee meeting minutes

11

6

8

September 2009; 1c

September 2012: 6

Outline possible

reasons why good

standards of health andsafety in the workplace

may not be achieved

Reasons why good standards of health and safety may not be achieved in the

workplace include:

A lack of management commitment;

Poor morale among the workforce and a lack of motivation;

Frequent changes in the organisation;

The need to comply with different and conflicting standards.

Lack of resources possibly due to a harsh economic climate; conflicting demands with priority being given to

production targets and meeting deadlines;

Poor communication and consultation with the workforce;

Failure to provide adequate training leading to a lack of awareness amongst workers;

Failure to complete risk assessments and to produce safe systems of work and method statements

Behavioral issues; when workers sometimes make mistakes or deliberately act unsafely.


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Key elements of health and safety management systems (2.1)

The purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety (2.2.)

The key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy (2.3.)

12 4 September 2012: 5a

Outline why it is

important for anorganisation’s health

and safety policy to

include targets

The statement of intent section of the health and safety policy may set quantifiable targets for the organisation. This

is important because It allows performance to be measured and progress assessed over time

It provides a tangible goal for staff to aim for

It helps to drive continual improvement in the work place.

13 2 September 2012: 5aGive the meaning of the

term ‘benchmarking’.

Benchmarking is the process of comparing current performance targets or setting targets against past performance

or against the performance of other similar organisation/industry.

14 2 September 2012: 5a

Give TWO examples of

health and safety

performance information

that can be used for

benchmarking.

Health and safety performance information that can be used for benchmarking include:

Accident rates

Active monitoring

Lost time injuries

158

8

June 2010; 9

September 2012: 7

Identify documents that

may be examined when

reviewing an

Organisation’s health

and safety management

system.

During a review of an organisation’s health and safety management system, documents that may be examined

include:

The health and safety policy

Completed risk assessments and safe systems of work;

Health and safety monitoring records such as of inspections, audits and surveys that have been carried out;

accident and incident data including accident investigation reports and reports on near misses;

Health surveillance records;

Records of the maintenance of equipment together with information on any failures that have occurred;

Details of the emergency procedures in place and records of any complaints made by workers


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16 4 June 2010; 11a

Identify a range of

health and safety

targets that may be

included in the

‘statement of intent’

section of a health and

safety policy.

Compliance by the organisation with the requirements of relevant legislation;

A reduction in the number of accidents and cases of ill-health;

The completion of an assessment of all risks in the workplace and its review within a defined time scale;

The provision to all workers of the necessary information, instruction and training to ensure their

competence;

The maintenance of exposure levels below defined limits

Full consultation with the workforce on health and safety issues and the provision of sufficient resources to

achieve health and safety targets.

178

8

December 2010; 1b

December 2012: 8

Outline the issues that

are typically included in

the arrangements

section of a health and

safety policy

The arrangement sections of the Health & Safety policy deals with the general arrangements that exists to manage

health and safety. issues that are typically included in the arrangements section are:

1. Risk assessments and safe systems of work including those operations where a permit to work might be

needed;

2. Specific hazards within the organisation such as the presence of hazardous substances or working alone;

3. Safety monitoring procedures and those associated with the environment such as noise and waste

disposal;

4. Arrangements for the provision of safety equipment and personal protective equipment;

5. Arrangements for the control of contractors and visitors; the provision of safety training to workers;

Procedures for the reporting and investigation of accidents and incidents;

6. Procedures to be followed in the event of fire or other emergencies;

7. Arrangements for the provision of welfare facilities including first aid; medical arrangements and health

surveillance Arrangements for communicating with and consulting workers

8. Arrangement for proper house keep and compliance monitoring

18

8

6

8

September 2009; 4

December 2010; 1c

December 2012: 4

Outline the

circumstances that may

require a health and

safety policy to be

reviewed.

Outline reasons why an

organization should

It is generally good practice to review the safety policy to ensure it is up to date and accurate, however Safety Policy

can be reviewed when:

1. There are significant changes in the structure of the organisation, the type of work it does and/or a change

of premises;

2. There is introduction of new or changed processes or work methods due to new technology or newly

implemented systems.

3. There are major changes in key personnel and changes to the organizational management structure

(MD/CEO)


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review its health and

safety performance

4. There has been a change in legislation;

5. Following consultation with the workforce

6. Following an enforcement action by a regulatory/enforcement agency

7. Audits, risk assessments, monitoring exercises or accident investigations show that the policy is no longer

effective or relevant;

8. A sufficient period of time has elapsed since the previous review to suggest that another one is due.

198

8

March 2009; 2

September 2010; 11

Outline the key

elements of a health

and safety management

system.

1. Policy: a clear statement of intent, setting the main health and safety aims and objectives of the company

and the commitment of management.

2. Organisation for health and safety: a strategy adopted to ensure the allocation of responsibility to

appropriate members of staff, with the emphasis on achieving competency, control, communication and

consultation.

3. Planning and implementation: Involving carrying out risk assessments, the setting of standards and targets

and the introduction of appropriate control measures to achieve them.

4. Evaluation: proactive and reactive monitoring systems to provide data on the achievement or non-

achievement of the objectives and targets set.5. Action for Improvement/Review and audit: carried out to check whether what was planned was actually

taking place, to consider options for improvement and to set new targets where necessary

20

6

6

6

4

March 2008; 2a

March 2010; 2a

December 2010; 1a

June 2010; 11b

Outline the general

content/purpose of the

THREE sections of a

health and safety policy.

The ‘statement of intent’ section demonstrates management’s commitment to health and safety and sets

the safety goals and objectives for the organisation

The ‘organisation’ section allocates health and safety responsibilities within the company, to ensure

effective delegation and to set up lines of communication. It helps to clearly define responsibilities for

fulfilling safety obligations.

The ‘arrangements’ section sets out in detail the systems and procedures to implement the policy covering

issues such as controlling hazards, monitoring compliance and arrangements for consultation and

communication with employees

212

2

March 2008; 2b

March 2010; 2b

Explain why the health

and safety policy should

be signed by the most

senior person in an

organisation.

The signature of the most senior person in the organisation would demonstrate management commitment

to health and safety.

The signature also authorizes and enforces the policy and signifies that the person has the ultimate

responsibility for health and safety in the organisation.


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Organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, directors, managers, supervisors, workers and other relevant parties (3.1)

Concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organization (3.2)

Human factors which influence behavior at work (3.3)

22 5 December 2012: 9a

Outline the health and

safety duties of

designers,

manufacturers and

suppliers of articles and

substances.

They have responsibilities relating to the health and safety of their products to:

Ensure for plants and equipment that they are adequately designed, constructed and tested to be safe and

fit for their intended purpose Ensure their products come with sufficient and appropriate instructions for easy, safe use and operation

Ensure they are well packaged and labeled

Ensure that for chemicals and substances, that they come with appropriate information such as the Material

Safety and Data Sheet (MSDS)

Ensure that for chemicals and substances that they are appropriately tested and their hazardous properties

understood.

23 3 December 2012: 9b

If those in the supply

chain fail to carry out

their duties, outline

health and safety

consequences in the

workplace.

Failure to carry out their duties could lead to the production of unsafe plants, equipment and insufficient information

on chemicals and substances. This can lead to injury (from burns, shocks etc.) in the work place from unsafe

operation of equipment,

24

8

8

8

June 2010; 3

September 2012 : 11

March 2008; 7

Contractors are carrying

out a major building

project for an

organisation. Outline

how this organisation

could reduce the risks to

contractors both

before and during the

building project.

SELECTING THE RIGHT CONTRACTOR: One of the first steps the organisation should take is to select a

competent contractor taking into account previous involvement in similar types of work, references provided

by former clients and the quality of the risk assessments and method statements produced.

PLANNING THE WORK VIA INFORMATION EXCHANGE: The organisation should also ensure that the

contractor has adequate resources and has allowed sufficient time to enable the work to be completed

safely.

it would be necessary to share information on the particular risks in the working area for instance the

presence of vehicles including fork lift trucks and the danger of falling materials; the presence of hazardous

materials such as asbestos and the location of services such as electricity, water and gas; general site

safety rules such as a smoking policy and reference to the host employer’s safety policy; requirements for

permits to work for certain work activities; accident reporting procedures; emergency procedures; and the

location of welfare facilities including first aid.

A period of induction training for the contractor’s workers would be a useful method for alerting them to


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these matters.

COORDINATING AND MONITORING THE WORK TO ENSURE CONTRACTOR IS WORKING TO

AGREED SAFETY STANDARD: It is also important to have an ongoing cooperation and coordination with

the contractor, with regular monitoring of performance in ensuring the health and safety of both the

contractor’s and the organisation’s workers and this can best be done by the appointment of a responsible

contact person.

25 8 March 2010; 5

Outline ways in which

an organisation could

encourage workers to

be involved in setting

and maintaining high

standards of health and

safety.

Involving workers in risk assessments, accident investigations and the development of safe systems and

procedures;

Setting up suggestion schemes and acting on the ideas and recommendations put forward;

Organising training courses and information programmes on the benefits of good safety standards;

Supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;

Introducing an effective two-way communication system

Introducing a system of award and reward to recognize achievement;

importantly ensuring that management set a good example for the workforce to follow

268

8

September 2010; 4

March 2009; 4

Two organisations share

the same worksite.

Outline how the

organisations could

work together to help

ensure the workplace is

safe and healthy.

In order to achieve good health and safety standards in the workplace, the two organisations could:

1. Hold regular meetings, share information and risk assessments and avoid carrying out incompatible

processes; prepare and agree joint site rules for the workplace for example for assembly points and

smoking areas;

2. set up joint procedures for the management of visitors and contractors and agree on procedures for the

management of traffic and the movement of vehicles;

3. Carry out joint inspections and monitoring of the workplace;

4. Draw up and jointly emergency procedures

5. Agree on a policy for the management of waste and obtain advice on health and safety matters from a

shared consultant.

272

2

December 2010; 3a

March 2008; 5a

Give the meaning of the

term ‘health and safety

culture’.

The culture of an organisation is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies

and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, the organisation’s

health and safety management. It is the organizational shared attitude, values, beliefs and behavior relating to health

and safety.

286

6

December 2010; 3b

March 2008; 5b

Identify the factors that

could have contributed

to the deterioration of

Factors that could have contributed to the deterioration of health and safety culture include:

Poor management system and procedures especially relating to health and safety

Lack of management commitment to safety


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the health and safety

culture within the

organisation.

Organizational changes and deterioration in welfare facilities.

High staff turnover and external influences

Presence of blame culture

Interpersonal issues among workers

Lack of workers consultation and involvement

Lack of resources resulting in overload health and safety was not given the same priority as other objectives such as production or quality

292

2

December 2010; 6a

March 2008;4a

Explain the difference

between consulting and

informing workers on

health and safety

issues.

“Informing” is a one way process involving the provision of relevant information by management to workers whereas

“Consulting” is a two way process where account is taken of the views of workers before any decision is taken.

306

6

December 2010; 6b

September 2009; 9b

Explain how

arrangements for

consultation with

workers may be made

more effective.

Arrangements for consultation with workers might be made more effective by:

1. The establishment of safety committees; consultation with elected representatives; planned direct

consultation at departmental meetings, team meetings, tool box talks and staff appraisals; consultation aspart of an accident or incident investigation or as part of a risk assessment;

2. Day to day informal consultation by supervisors with their team at the workplace; discussion as part of

safety circles or improvement groups; questionnaires and suggestion schemes and the provision of

consultation training to both management and workers.

3. If formal meetings are to be held, it is important to ensure that there is a correct balance between

management and worker representation; that an agenda is set and the meeting is well managed by the

chair; that the business of the meeting is not side tracked by discussion of non-health and safety issues;

that minutes of and report back from the meeting are made available to the workforce as a whole and that

actions agreed are carried out without undue delay

31 8 March 2009; 3

Outline why it is

important that all

persons are aware of

their roles and

responsibilities for

health and safety in an

organisation.

This is important so every party will be aware of their duties in relation to health and safety. Ensuring that all persons

in an organisation are aware of their roles for health and safety will assist in defining their individual responsibilities

and will indicate the commitment and leadership of senior management. A clear delegation of duties will assist in

sharing out the health and safety workload, set up clear lines of reporting and communication and will assist in

defining individual competencies and training needs particularly for specific roles such as first aid and fire.


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32 4 March 2008;4b

Outline the health and

safety issues on which

employers should

consult their workers.

The reports of Risk assessment carried out

Use of personal protective equipment

the introduction of any measure at the workplace that may substantially affect workers health and safety

such as a change in the materials being used;

Planned or implemented changes in organizational structure;

The arrangements for appointing and/or nominating competent persons to assist in complying with thehealth and safety requirements;

The introduction of emergency procedures; welfare issues; incentive schemes and the introduction of

policies on smoking, alcohol and substance misuse.

How health and safety behavior at work can be improved (3.4)

Principles and practice of risk assessment (3.5)

Preventive and protective measures (3.6)


Identify possible sources

of information that might

help the manager carry

out the risk assessment.

Task and work analysis information

Health and safety legislations

Manufacturers information and data sheets

Incidents and accident records

Formal inspection report of a work place

34 4 December 2012: 11a

Identify the benefits of

health and safety

training to:

(i) The employer; (ii)

The worker.

Reduces the accident and absence rates

Increases awareness on health and safety

Reduces number of workers complaints

Boost staff morale

Improves compliance with safe system of work

Improves workers productivity

35 4 December 2012: 11b

Identify when health and

safety training would be

provided to workers.

1. When a worker changes job

2. When there is a process change. i.e the way in which the work is done changes there by exposing the

worker to new hazards

3. New technology: when the organization adopts a new technology that the worker may be unfamiliar with.

4. When there are changes in law governing health and safety and creates the need for training

5. When the worker is newly employed in the organisation.


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36 8 September 2012 : 3

Identify how induction

training programmes for

new workers can help to

reduce the number of

accidents in the

workplace.

1. It allows the worker to obtain knowledge about the organisation in a safe manner

2. Improves the safety behavior and habit of the worker

3. Makes the worker aware of the safe systems of work and the various report procedures for incidents

4. helps the worker improve on their perception of risk

5. improves workers competence in relation to health and safety

37 4 September 2012 : 8a

Outline why it is important

for an organisation to

consider the number and

type of accidents that

have occurred at its

workplace.

1. To understand and obtain information about the trends and patterns of the accidents

2. To enable update of risk assessment

3. To identify corrective and preventive actions

4. To analyze for immediate and root causes of the accidents

5. To meet regulatory requirements requesting that accidents are recorded

38 4 September 2012 : 8b

Outline common

immediate causes of

accidents; (ii) common

root (underlying) causes

of accidents.

Common immediate causes of accidents are:

Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions – these will occur at the time and place of the accident e.g slippery floor, poorly

connected power cables.Common underlying causes of accidents are:

Failures in management system such as :

Failure to provide adequate levels of supervision

Failure to provide appropriate PPE

Failure to provide training.

39 3 June 2010; 4a


term ‘risk’ AND give a

workplace example.

Risk is the probability/likelihood that the potential of harm would be realized or will occur and its possible consequence and

severity in terms of injury, damage or harm.

Example: Risk of and a shopping mall collapsing is for example medium (6). Probability of its collapse = 2 (Low) x

the Severity of the collapse = 3 (High)

405

10

June 2010; 4b

March 2010; 1c

Identify the key stages of

a risk assessment.

1. IDENTIFY: Identifying the hazards associated with a particular activity or task performed at the workplace;

2. IDENTIFY WHO MAY BE HARMED: deciding who might be harmed including operators, maintenance staff and

cleaners and groups especially at risk including young workers and the disabled;

3. EVALUATE THE RISK: evaluating the likelihood and probable severity of the harm that might be caused;

assessing the adequacy of existing control measures and deciding whether additional controls should be

introduced;

4. RECORD: recording the significant findings of the assessment


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5. REVIEW AND UPDATE: reviewing it at a later date and revising the findings when necessary.

414

4

June 2010; 6a

September 2009; 2b

Identify reasons why

young workers could be

at a greater risk of

accidents at work.

1. Lack of knowledge, experience or training;

2. The individual’s stage of physical development

3. immaturity; underdeveloped communication skills; over enthusiasm

4. the tendency for young workers to take more risks and to respond more readily to peer group influences

424

6

June 2010; 6b

September 2012 : 10b

Outline control measures

that could be taken to

minimise risks to young

workers.

Induction training, careful supervision and mentoring by an experienced fellow worker; The completion of risk assessments with young person’s specifically in mind;

The provision of clear lines of communication with young workers;

placing restrictions on the types of work and the number of hours to be worked

Introducing a programme of specific health surveillance for young workers.

433

2

March 2010; 1a

September 2012 : 10a


term ‘hazard’ AND give

an example of a

workplace hazard.

A ‘hazard’ is something with the potential to cause harm or loss.

Example is a trailing cable across the hall way constitutes a hazard as it can cause a trip/fall

44

4

4

4

March 2010; 1d

March 2008; 1b

December 2012: 5b

Outline the criteria

which must be met for

the assessment to be

‘suitable and sufficient’.

1. For a risk assessment, to be deemed suitable and sufficient, it should

indicate the competence of the assessor together with any specialist advice that has been sought;

2. identify all significant hazards and risks arising from or connected with the activity to be carried out;

3. identify all the persons at risk including workers, other workers and members of the public with reference to

those who might be particularly at risk;

4. Evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of existing control measures and identify other protective

measures that may be required to control the risk to an acceptable level;

5. Enable the organisation identify and prioritize measures that must be taken to protect people from harm;

6. Record the significant findings of the assessment;

7. Identify and set the period of time for which the assessment is likely to remain valid.

45 2 March 2010; 4a


term ‘hierarchy of

control’.

A compilation of procedures designed to control risks which are considered in order of significance, effectiveness or

priority, from elimination to wearing personal protective equipment

46 6 March 2010; 4b

Outline, with examples,

the general hierarchy

that should be applied

with respect to

Elimination – altering the design or changing the process to completely remove the risk.

Substitution – replacing harmful and hazardous chemicals with less hazardous substances.

Engineering controls – isolation from hazard, separation/segregation, and partial enclosure and safety devices e.g.

interlock switches.


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controlling health and

safety risks in the

workplace.

Administrative control – safe systems of work, reducing exposure, reducing time of exposure, information, training

and supervision.

PPE – for example ear plugs, gloves, eye protection and respiratory masks.

47 8 March 2010; 11

Give the meaning of theterm ‘perception’. And

Outline ways in which

workers’ perceptions of

hazards in the

workplace might be

improved.

Perception is defined as the way that people interpret and make sense of information detected and presented by

their senses, in relation to their surroundings.

Perception can be improved by

Increasing awareness in the individual by safety campaigns, toolbox talk or posters and to increase

knowledge by means of t raining.

Developing training programmes to increase awareness of the hazard and its consequences.

identify, perhaps by the use of surveys, the reasons for workers’ misperceptions in order to increase

awareness and challenge currently held views

Making hazards more obvious (for example, by the use of signs) and addressing environmental factors,

such as lighting and noise, which might cause distraction or otherwise hinder the perceptual processes.


An organisation needs

to review its provision of

health and safety

training to workers and

managers.

Identify the factors that

should be considered

when developing aprogramme of health

and safety training.

1. The completion of a training needs analysis is an important first step in the development of any programmeof training and for the scenario described this would have to take into account the work activities of the

organisation, the hazards and risks involved and the organisation’s accident history.

2. An assessment of the workers’ existing knowledge, taking into account their previous experience, the levels

and types of training already received and any indications of any deficiencies such as from incident data or

by observation.

3. Consideration should be given to the content of the additional training needed including that which may be

required by legislation, the number of workers to be trained and the resources involved in terms of financial

costs, time and facilities.

4. A further factor would include the competence and expertise of in-house staff to provide the requiredtraining, the possible need to involve external sources and the benefits and disadvantages of using

classroom or on the job presentation.

5. Consultation with workers and their representatives in order to seek their commitment to, and their views on

the proposed programme


Identify measures that

might be used to assess

the effectiveness of

1. Post training assessment and evaluation by trainers, the trainees themselves and their supervisors;

2. Monitoring accident rates and sickness absences;

3. Monitoring levels of compliance with laid down procedures such as the wearing of personal protective


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health and safety

training.

equipment;

4. The results of attitude surveys; and the number of concerns raised by workers with respect to health and

safety.

50 4 September 2010; 1c

Some jobs require that

work is carried out by a

competent person.Identify what checks

could be made to

assess whether a

person is competent.

Check the qualifications and the possession of a specific license such as for driving a heavy goods vehicle;

Check employment history and experience; Check for and verify membership of a professional body;

Check for previous training and success in any relevant examination and/or test; and any references and

recommendations that might be available

51 4 September 2010; 1d

Give reasons why it is

important for an

employer to keep a

record of the training

provided to each

worker.

1. To provide proof of a worker’s expected level of competence;

2. To identify when additional or refresher training might be needed;

3. To enable a review of the effectiveness of any training to be carried out;

4. To assess the progress of the training programme against targets;

5. To provide evidence to be used in any future accident investigations or legal actions and to demonstratecompliance with legal obligations

requirements.


Identify the four

categories of workplace

safety signs AND give

an example of EACH.

Prohibition Signs – for example, no smoking or no pedestrians;

Warning or Hazard Signs – for example, toxic or flammable;

Mandatory Signs– for example, hearing protection or hard hat must be worn;

Safe condition Signs – for example, first aid or fire exit.


Identify EIGHT possible

risks to the health and

safety of a cleaner in an

office.

1. Ergonomic risk arising from the manual handling of waste and heavy floor cleaning machines which could

be inadequate for the task to be performed.

2. Cuts/Dust: Contact with hazardous substances such as cleaning materials, and sharps or broken glass in

the waste and could be exposed to dust during the cleaning process.

3. Electric Shock: Some of the equipment to be used would be electrically driven and this would involve

electrical hazards particularly if the equipment was faulty, not subjected to regular maintenance and was not

used in conjunction with a residual current device.

4. Falls: If the cleaner needs to carry out some work at height to clean windows or high surfaces and there

would be the danger of falling.

5. Risks arising from the working environment would include the temperature of the office particularly if the


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heating or air conditioning was turned off

6. Security Risk: if working alone and unsupervised, with little means of communication with a nominated

person and no security procedures in place, there would always be the risk of him/her being subjected to

violence from an intruder.

54 44

September 2010; 7aSeptember 2009; 2a


term ‘hazard’. And Givethe meaning of the term

‘risk’.

1. A ‘hazard’ is something with the potential to cause harm or loss.

2. Risk is the probability/likelihood that the potential of harm would be realized or will occur and its possible

consequence and severity in terms of injury, damage or harm.


Identify FOUR means of

hazard identification that

may be used in the

workplace.

1. Carrying out inspections, observations and safety audits;

2. Completing task and/or job analyses and risk assessments;

3. The study of data on accidents and near miss incidents including the investigation reports;

4. Reference to legislation and its accompanying guidance and manufacturers’ documents such as safety data

sheets; Carrying out health surveillance and consulting with members of the workforce.

568

8

December 2010; 4

September 2009; 7

Due to its limitationspersonal protective

equipment (PPE) should

only be considered after

other control measures.

Outline the limitations of

using PPE.

5. PPE does not remove the hazard but attempts to minimize the impact on the user.

6. PPE may not provide adequate protection because of such factors as poor selection, poor fit because offacial features such as beards, incompatibility with other types of PPE, contamination, and misuse or non-

use by workers.

7. PPE is likely to be uncomfortable and relies for its effectiveness on a conscious action by the user which

raises issues such as training and supervision.

8. In certain circumstances, its use can actually create additional risks, for instance, impaired vision by

googles and warning sounds masked by hearing protection.

Its initial supply and subsequent cleaning, maintenance and replacement cost money.

578

8

December 2010; 8

March 2009; 9

Identify EIGHT health

and safety hazards

relevant to the role of a

long distance delivery

driver.

1. The duration of the journey, the hours of driving with the possibility of fatigue;

issues connected with the route to be followed and the different road conditions (Isolated route or traffic

congested route);

2. The weather and other environmental factors (rain, snow or sunny);

3. inadequate vehicle maintenance and the possibility of breakdown;

4. the manual and/or mechanical handling of the goods being carried and other hazards associated with them

such as exposure to chemicals;

physical hazards such as exposure to noise and vibration;

5. the possibility of accidents or collisions;


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18/30


5. Perceived lack of consultation with staff by management;

6. A poor safety culture within the organisation;

7. Fatigue, illness and stress; lack of concentration because of boredom and repetitive work tasks; poor

working conditions;

8. Mental and/or physical capabilities not taken into account;

9. Inadequate supervision and a failure to enforce compliance with the procedures; peer group pressure; afailure to recognize risks and ultimately a willful disregard of the safety procedures.

62 16 March 2008; 1a & c

outline the key stages of

the risk assessment

process,

identifying the issues

that would need to be

considered at

EACH stage;

(c) Outline the factorsthat the employer

should take into account

when selecting

individuals to assist in

carrying out the required

risk assessment.

a. The initial step would be to identify the hazards followed by identifying the individuals who could be harmed and

how. This includes the members of staff, contractors, visitors, clients, disabled, pregnant women and young children.

Then the next stage would be to evaluate the risk, which means taking into account the likelihood and severity of the

harm and decide appropriate precautions to take. Followed by recording the findings and implementing them, then

finally, review the risks and update if required.

c. They need to consider the individuals training in hazard identification in conducting risk assessment and theirprevious experience. The individual’s experience with the particular processes or activities being carried out in the

workplace. Their ability to interpret and understand standards and regulations. Their level of understanding or

familiarity of the plant equipment or machinery being used. Their communication and effective reporting skills

are also important and whether they are aware of their own limitations. Finally their commitment and attitude toward

the task at hand.

63 8 March 2008; 6

Outline, with examples,

the general hierarchy

that should be applied in

order to control health

and safety risks in the

workplace.

1. Elimination: The possibility of eliminating the risks either by designing them out, changing the process or

contracting the work out.

2. Substitution: reduction of the risks by, for example, the substitution of hazardous substances with otherswhich were less hazardous reducing exposure time for example by job rotation.

3. Engineering Control: The application of engineering controls such as guarding, the provision

of local exhaust ventilation systems, the use of reduced voltage systems or residual current devices

4. Administrative Controls: use of permit to work systems etc.

5. Personal Protective Devices (PPE): provision of personal protective equipment such as ear defenders or

respiratory protective equipment.

Sources of health and safety information (3.7)


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Factors that should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work for general work activities (3.8)

Role and function of a permit-to-work system (3.9)


Identify FOUR examples

of a confined space that

may be found in aworkplace.

Sewer

Tank

Chamber

Pit

Pipe

Silo

65 10 December 2012: 1b

Outline the typical

content of a safe system

of work for entry into a

confined space.

A safe system of work for confined space entry will identify the following:

Level of supervision required

Competency requirement of the workers

Atmospheric testing and monitoring requirements

Permit to work control requirements

Ventilation that may be required

PPE requirements for workers

Safe and quick access and egress methods

Fire prevention methods

Emergency and rescue arrangements

Suitable lighting for the confined space environment

Isolation and lock off of mechanical hazards

66 6 December 2012: 1c

Outline the emergency

arrangements that might

be required for entry into

a confined space.

67 2 December 2012: 10a


term ‘safe system of

work’

A safe system of work is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination of work in order to identify the

hazards. It defines a safe method of working that eliminates or minimizes hazards associated with the work.

68 6 December 2012: 10b

Outline what is meant

by the following types of

controls within a safe

1. Technical or engineering control are applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk, this may

involve the use of barriers to isolate the worker from the hazard.


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21/30


permit-to-work system. the permit to work system.

3. The competency of staff performing the task

4. The standard of the management and monitoring of the system and the complexity of the system that

has been introduced

5. Environmental considerations and human factors such as stress or fatigue

6. The acceptance of the system by those involved.

734

4

March 2010; 6a

September 2012 : 2a

why it is important to

involve workers in the

development of a safe

system of work;

1. It is important to involve workers in the development of a safe system of work because of their knowledge of

the particular working environment involved and what will work in practice.

2. Their involvement will also encourage and establish their ownership of the system and will compel them to

use and follow it once it has been implemented.

3. Their involvement will emphasise management’s commitment to health and safety and help to raise its

profile within the organisation.

744

4

March 2010; 6b

September 2012 : 2a

Why it is important for

safe systems of work to

have written

procedures.

1. Writing provides a clear method of communicating procedures to the workforce.

2. The procedures may contain complex information that will need to be consulted on more than one occasion

to ensure the correct sequence of operations is followed.3. It is preferable to procedures written down rather than pass them on by word of mouth, a method that may

not always guarantee consistency in their presentation.

4. A written document will also be needed for audit purposes and could be used as evidence in defending an

enforcement action or a civil claim.

5. The use of written procedures may well be a requirement of the organisation’s quality assurance

procedures.

75 8 December 2010; 9

Outline the factors that

should be considered

when developing a safe

system of work

1. Nature and details of the task or activity to be performed, such as might be provided by a job safety

analysis;

2. The equipment and materials to be involved or used for the various job;3. Information or guidelines provided by manufacturers;

4. The number of workers who will carry out the activity, their level of their competence and training and the

possibility that some may be vulnerable;

5. The inherent and contingent hazards and risks taking into account the particular environment where the

tasks are to be carried out;

6. The adequacy of the control measures in place;

7. Relevant legal requirements or international standards related to health and safety;


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8. The need for consultation with and involvement of workers; emergency procedures and the systems for

monitoring and supervision.

762

2

March 2009; 6a

June 2010; 1a


term ‘permit-to-work’.

A permit-to-work (PTW) system is a formal, documented safety procedure, forming part of a safe system of work,

which ensures that all necessary actions are taken before, during and after particularly high-risk work.

77 2 March 2009; 6b

Identify THREE types of

work that may require apermit-to-work, AND

give the reasons why in

EACH case.

Working on live electrical systems, where there is a high danger of electrocution. Working at heights, where there is

a chance of falling from a great high which could lead to severe injuries. Working in confined spaces where there is

chance of limited ventilation or exit points for example in the case of toxic fumes being released. Others include

machinery maintenance and hot work e.g. welding.

78 8 March 2008; 11

Outline how induction

training programmes fornew workers can help to

reduce the number of

accidents in the

workplace.

1. Induction training programmes will help by:

2. Making the workers aware of the hazards and risks in the workplace;

3. Introducing them to the safe systems of work and the various procedures including those for emergencies

that must be followed;

4. Making them aware of any restricted areas;

5. Training them in the correct use of tools and equipment and ensuring they are fully conversant with the use,maintenance and arrangements for reporting deficiencies of any personal protective equipment that has

to be used.

6. Informing new workers on the procedures for reporting hazards and incidents, the sources of help, advice

and

mentoring that are available to them and of their own responsibility for ensuring accidents and incidents are

kept to a minimum.

7. Encourage workers to adopt a positive attitude to health and safety and to counter the negative attitude that

can often be created by peer pressure

Emergency procedures and the arrangements for contacting emergency Services (3.10)Requirements for, and effective provision of, first-aid in the workplace (3.11)

Active and reactive monitoring (4.1.)

79 2 September 2012 :2b

Outline reasons why it is

important for first aiders

to receive refresher

training.

Refresher training is important because first aid skills tend to fade over time though lack of practice. The training will

therefore help to ensure the first aiders remain competent.

80 4 June 2010; 5a Outline what is meant 1. Active (proactive) monitoring involves taking the initiative/action before things go wrong within an


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by the terms:

(i) ‘active (proactive)

monitoring’;

(ii) ‘reactive monitoring’

within an organisation.

organisation in respect of health and safety issues and ensuring appropriate health and safety systems and

procedures are in place.

2. Reactive monitoring is concerned with looking at events that have occurred in order to learn from mistakes

and establishing what systems and procedures can and should be put in place to prevent a recurrence.

81

4

4

4

June 2010; 5b

September 2009; 3b

March 2008; 9b

Explain TWO active

(proactive) monitoring

methods that can be

used when assessing

an organisation’s health

and safety performance

1. Inspections – regular scheduled activities identifying existing conditions and comparing them with agreedperformance objectives;

2. Surveys – which focus on a particular activity such as manual handling or workers’ attitudes towards safety;

3. Audits – involving a comprehensive examination of all aspects of an organisation’s health and safety

performance against stated objectives;

4. Sampling – which targets specific areas of occupational health and safety such as unsafe work practices;

5. Tours – unscheduled workplace checks on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective

equipment;

6. Health surveillance – involving health screening by the use of techniques such as audiometry;

7. Benchmarking – where the performance of an organisation in certain areas of health and safety iscompared

with that of other organisations with similar processes and risks.

81

8

4

4

March 2010; 3

December 2010; 11a

December 2010; 11b

Identify:

(a) FOUR active

(proactive); (b) FOUR

reactive means by

which an organisation

can monitor its health

and safety performance.

Active means:

1. Inspections – regular scheduled activities identifying existing conditions and comparing them with agreed

performance objectives;

2. Surveys – which focus on a particular activity such as manual handling or workers’ attitudes towards safety;

3. Audits – involving a comprehensive examination of all aspects of an organisation’s health and safety

performance against stated objectives;

4. Sampling – which targets specific areas of occupational health and safety such as unsafe work practices;5. Tours – unscheduled workplace checks on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective

equipment;

Reactive means:

1. accident and ill-health statistics and reports;

2. incidents of reported near-misses and dangerous occurrences;

3. Property damage;

4. Actions taken by the enforcement authorities;


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5. The number of civil claims;

6. Analysis of absences and lost time; complaints by workers

83

6

6

6

September 2010; 2b

March 2009; 7b

September 2012 : 2a

Outline the factors to beconsidered when

making an assessment

of first-aid requirements

in a workplace.

1. The number of trained first-aid personnel and first-aid facilities available

2. The size of the organisation; the distribution and composition of the workforce including the special needs of

workers such as trainees, young workers and the disabled;

3. The types of hazard and level of risk present;4. The past history of accidents and their type, location and consequences;

5. The proximity of the workplace to emergency medical services;

6. The special needs of travelling for remote or lone workers and the provision of personal first aid kits or

mobile phones;

7. The need to train the first aid personnel in special procedures;

8. The ability to provide continued cover over different shifts and for sickness, leave and other absence;

9. Comparison of the facilities provided with those required by law.

84 8 December 2010; 7

Outline factors that

would determine the

frequency with which

health and safety

inspections should be

undertaken in a

workplace.

1. Compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and International Labour Organisation (ILO)

guidelines;2. The nature of activities undertaken at the workplace and their associated level of risk;

3. The distribution of the workforce which could include vulnerable members such as the young and/or

disabled where high standards of health and safety would have to be maintained;

4. The results from previous inspections and audits and the company’s record of compliance with established

standards;

5. Recommendations made following risk assessments;

6. Records of accident history and the outcomes of accident investigations;

Records of enforcement action taken or advice given by the enforcement authority;

7. The introduction of new equipment, processes or safe systems of work;8. Manufacturers’ recommendations and requirements from insurance companies;

9. Outcome of consultation with or as a result of complaints from workers.

854

4

September 2009; 3a

March 2008; 9a

Explain how accident

data can be used to

improve health and

safety performance

within an organisation.

Accident data could be used to identify trends and problem areas and give the opportunity for remedial

action; to enable improvement in resource allocation; to make comparisons with others; to inform and stimulate

discussion at joint consultation meetings with the workforce; to identify the costs of accidents and to set new targets


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864

4

September 2009; 10a

September 2012 :2b

Outline the role of

workplace health and

safety inspections.

1. A workplace inspection is a general examination of health and safety performance at a particular point in

time. It demonstrates management commitment to health and safety.

2. it helps to identify workplace hazards; implement immediate corrective action where possible; to ensure

compliance with the law and with laid down standards;

3. It also helps to recommend improvements and further controls when these are seen to be necessary;

4. it serves as a means to observe employee behaviour, for example, in the use of personal protective

equipment; and to listen to and consult with workers on health and safety issues;

5. It provides opportunity to review previous findings and recommendations and to provide a summary report

to individual managers on standards in their areas of control

872

2

September 2009; 10b

September 2012 :2b

Give TWO strengths of

using a checklist when

carrying out an

inspection.

1. Using a checklist to complete a health and safety inspection of a workplace enables prior preparation and

planning to be made so that the inspection is structured and systematic;

2. Reduces the chance that important areas or issues might be missed;

3. Provides an immediate record of findings on a pre-defined template

Ensures a consistent approach by those carrying out the inspection;

4. The checklist cab be easily adapted or customised for different areas; and provides an easy method forcomparison and audit.

882

2

September 2009; 10c

September 2012 :2b

Give TWO weaknesses

of using a checklist

when carrying out an

inspection.

1. Over reliance on a checklist may lead to a blinkered approach by “inspectors” with the possibility that

significant risks might be missed;

2. The checklist may not be reviewed and updated to account for changes to work processes or equipment;

3. Inspections may become routine with no follow up questions being asked;

4. The system/checklist may be too objective and restrictive with no scope for peripheral issues to be

considered;

5. Untrained persons might be tempted to conduct inspections and that the procedure is subject to human

error and/or abuse

89 3 September 2009, 11a

Identify THREE types of

emergency in the

workplace that may

require the evacuation

of workers.

1. Fire or explosion,

2. Accidental release of toxic chemicals or gases,

3. Bomb alerts or other terrorist activities,

4. Weather related emergencies (Storm, Floods, Huricanes)

5. Earthquakes.

90 5 September 2009; 11bExplain why it is

important to develop

1. The need to comply with legal requirements;

2. The need to be prepared for foreseeable emergencies;


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emergency procedures

in the workplace.

3. The need to ensure the safety and protection of the workers including those dealing with the emergency,

and to assist the safe evacuation of persons including those with specific needs such as visitors and the

disabled;

4. To provide information on the action to be taken, not only by workers but also by neighbours and others

who might be affected by the emergencies such as in a shared or joint occupancy premises;

5. To allocate specific responsibilities to certain workers in the event of an evacuation being necessary;

6. To be able to mitigate the effects of adverse events and to restore the situation to normal;

7. To ensure the procedures are made available to any relevant emergency services and to ensure business

continuity

91 8 March 2009; 5

Give the reasons why

hazards to the health of

workers may not be

identified during aworkplace inspection.

1. The nature of the hazard may not be well understood as for example with those arising from contact with

biological agents;

2. Lack of measuring equipment such as for noise;

3. The effects may be chronic rather than immediate;

4. The hazard not being visible as with certain gases or that arising from radiation;

5. Unwillingness of individuals to admit there are problems with their health;6. Health is given a low priority in the organisation;

7. The person carrying out the inspection concentrating on the more immediate and often safety hazards;

8. Lack of competency of the inspector

922

2

March 2009; 7a

September 2010; 2a

Identify TWO main

purposes of first-aid

treatment.

1. The preservation of life and/or the minimisation of the consequences of injury until medical help is obtained

2. The treatment of minor injuries that would not receive or do not need medical attention.

3. First aiders are have the basic role to preserve life, preserve deterioration and promote recovery.

93 8 March 2008; 10

Identify FOUR types of

emergency that would

require an organisationto have an emergency

procedure.

(b) Explain why visitors

to a workplace should

be informed of its

emergency procedures.

1. Fire or explosion,

2. Accidental release of toxic chemicals or gases,

3. Bomb alerts or other terrorist activities,

4. Weather related emergencies (Storm, Floods, Huricanes)

5. Earthquakes

b. So that in the event of an emergency they know how to react accordingly and calmly so that they don’t put workers

at higher risk or cause greater obstruction. The organization has a moral responsibility to keep the visitors safe plus it

is their duty of care by law.

Investigating incidents (4.2)


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Recording and reporting incidents (4.3)

Health and safety auditing (5.1)

94 8 December 2012: 7


following different types

of incident AND identify

a relevant example for

EACH: Injury, Ill-heal,

Dangerous Occurrence

& Damage Only

1. Injury Accident is an unplanned , unwanted event that leads to a personal injury

2. Damage only accident is an unplanned , unwanted event that leads to a damage of equipment or property

3. Work related ill health is a disease or medical condition caused by a person’s work e.g. noise induced

hearing loss

4. Dangerous occurrence are events that have to be reported to relevant authorities by law even though no

injury or ill health may have resulted. E.g – failure of the load bearing part of a crane.

95 2 June 2010; 10a

A workplace accident

has occurred and an

investigation is to take

place. Give the meaning

of the term ‘immediate

causes’.

The immediate causes of an accident are physical symptoms which can be seen or sensed such as unsafe acts by

individuals or unsafe conditions in the workplace.

96 2 June 2010; 10b


immediate causes that

could have

contributed to a

workplace accident

1. Failure or breakdown of equipment

2. The use of incorrect tools and the involvement of incompetent or unauthorised personnel

3. The failure to replace guards on machinery;

4. Failure to wear personal protective equipment

5. Poor standard of housekeeping.

97 2 June 2010; 10c


term ‘underlying (root)

causes’

Underlying/root cause refers to failures in the management system or lack of management control.

98 2 June 2010; 10d


root causes that could

have contributed to a

workplace accident.

1. Failure to complete risk assessments and introduce safe systems of work;2. Inadequate procedures for routine maintenance operations;

3. Poor and inadequate level of supervision; a failure to provide an acceptable level of training for operations

where competence was required; and a failure to recognise and manage the presence of stress in

operatives.

99 8 March 2010; 7

A machine has leaked

hot liquid into a work

area. No-one has been

1. The investigation of ‘near-miss’ incidents and the identification of their underlying causes might allow

preventive action to be taken before something more serious occurs.

2. It also gives the right message that all failures are taken seriously by the employer and not just those that


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injured. Outline reasons

why it is important for an

organisation to

investigate ‘near miss’

incidents.

lead to injury

3. It allows for greater understanding of the deficiencies in existing management systems such as risk

assessments and safe systems of work can be identified and rectified.

100 8 March 2010; 9

Outline reasons why an

organisation should

review its health and

safety performance.

• To find out if the organization is on target and if not, to identify the reason

• To set out what should be done changed to continually improve. For eg. What can be done if there were risk that

were not properly controlled.

• Review is necessary, because monitoring is an essential part of management system.

• Reviews are a requirement of ISO certification, an accreditation to a management system such as OHSAS 18001


Explain the meaning of

the term ‘health and

safety audit’.

A health and Safety Audit is a systematic critical examination of a health and safety management system, involving a

structured process for the collection of independent information with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and

reliability of the system, identifying its strength and weaknesses and suggesting corrective action when this was

thought to be necessary


(b) Identify the

advantages of:

(i) an internal auditor;

(ii) an external auditor.

In carrying out a health

and safety audit.

The possible advantages of using an internal auditor for a safety audit would include familiarity with the workplace,its tasks and processes and an awareness of what might be practicable for the industry; ability to see improvements

or a deterioration from the last audit; familiarity with the workforce and an individual’s qualities and attitude;

The workforce might be more at ease with someone who was part of the organisation; and an audit which was

relatively less costly and easier to arrange.

An external auditor on the other hand is more likely to possess the necessary auditing skills and credibility; will not

be inhibited from criticising members of management or the workforce; is more likely to be up to date with legal

requirements and best practice in other companies and will view the organisation’s performance through a fresh pair

of eyes.

103 3 September 2010; 8c

Outline why the audit

findings should be

presented to the senior

management of an

organisation.

They have the authority both to require appropriate action to be taken and to authorise the resources that might be

necessary;

To enable them to demonstrate leadership and commitment from the top;

To enable them to give praise or reward where this has been earned but also to take disciplinary action against

workers in cases where this is thought to be necessary;

To enable them to consider and reset their goals and objectives for the future and to comply with their personal

responsibilities either under legislation or under international standards and best practice


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104 8 September 2010;9

Identify the information

that should be included

in an accident

investigation report.

The personal details of the injured person including his/her work history and training records; the date, time and

location of the accident and whether it was reportable or not; the nature and type of injury sustained; a description of

the activity that was being carried out at the time of the accident; the immediate and root causes of the accident;

an assessment of any breaches of the legislation that have been committed; the names of witnesses to the accident

and their statements; any relevant drawings and photographs; recommendations for the remedial action that should

be taken to prevent a recurrence and an estimation of the cost implications of the accident for the organisation.

105 4 December 2010; 5a

Identify FOUR reasons

why accidents should be

reported and recorded

within a workplace.

1. The implementation of initial action such as the provision of first aid and the preservation of the accident

scene;

2. To enable an investigation to be carried out to prevent a recurrence

3. To identify weaknesses in the safety management system;

4. To aid the compilation of accident statistics and the identification of trends providing some measure of

health and safety performance;

5. To meet the national reporting requirements and/or company rules;

6. For use in civil claims or to satisfy insurance requirements;

7. To help in the identification and reduction of loss; and to inform the review of risk assessments.

106 4 December 2010; 5b

Outline factors that

might discourage

workers from reporting

workplace accidents.

ignorance or lack of understanding of the reporting procedures if such procedures did in fact exist;

A culture of non-reporting often enforced through peer pressure;

A reluctance to lose time from the job in hand; the possibility of retribution by management; to preserve the

company’s or department’s safety record particularly when an incentive scheme is in operation; to avoid receiving

first aid or medical treatment for whatever reason; overcomplicated reporting procedures and an aversion to form

filling and apathy caused by lack of obvious management response to earlier reported accidents.

1078

8

September 2009; 8

March 2008; 8

Outline the immediate

AND longer term actions

that should be takenfollowing an accident at

work that has caused

serious injury to a

worker.

isolating services and making the area safe; administering first aid treatment and contacting the emergency services;

informing the next of kin and offering counselling and support; notifying the regulatory authority if appropriate;

collecting initial evidence such as photographs and sketches and the names of witnesses; setting up theaccident investigation team and investigating the accident; determining the root and underlying causes of the

accident; making and implementing recommendations to prevent a recurrence of the accident and ensuring feedback

is provided to the workforce; collecting evidence to be used in any possible litigation following the accident and

managing the provision of information to the media.

108 8 March 2009; 1a

Outline the key features

of:

(i) a health and safety

A workplace inspection involves the straightforward physical inspection of a workplace, and/or the activities or

equipment within it. It is carried out by supervisors and/or safety representatives at regular intervals and checklists

are often used. The inspection looks for unsafe acts and conditions and results in a short report of its


30/30


inspection;

(ii) a health and safety

audit.

findings suggesting remedial action that should be taken.

A safety audit, on the other hand, is a systematic critical examination of an organisation’s health and safety

management system, involving a structured process including the use of a series of questions and the examination

of documentation, to collect independent information with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and reliability of the

system and suggesting corrective action when this is thought to be necessary. It is carried out by trained auditors,

who may be internal or external to the organisation.

109 12 March 2009; 1b

Explain how the findings

of an audit may be used

to improve

12health and safety

performance

The findings of a safety audit may be used in a number of ways to improve health and safety performance such as:

identifying strengths and weaknesses in the management system; identifying compliance and non-compliance and

the reasons for the latter thus informing and enabling remedial actions; enabling comparison and benchmarking with

other similar organisations; assisting with the allocation and prioritisation of resources; communicating its findings to

management and staff and so giving an indication of the organisation’s commitment to health and safety and finally,

by means of subsequent audits at regular intervals, assisting in the continual improvement of the management

system.

110 4 March 2009; 11a

Outline why an

organisation should

have a system for the

internal reporting of

accidents.

For the compilation of accident statistics and the identification of trends;

To satisfy legal requirements;

To aid investigation and prevent a recurrence or to identify weaknesses in the safety management system;

For use in civil claims or to satisfy insurance requirements;

To help in the identification and reduction of loss; and to inform the review of risk assessments

1114

4

March 2009; 11b

December 2010; 5b

Identify the reasons why

workers might not report

accidents at work.

The employee may not be aware of the companies reporting procedure. Peer pressure from other employees or

family and not willing to take time off work. The fear of getting blame from management. To keep the department’s

safety record clean or low especially if there is an incentive scheme. To avoid receiving any medical treatment or

first-aid for any reason. The reporting procedure can be over-complicated or too tedious so it discourages

employees. Lack of involvement from managers and having no responses to previously reported incidents.

nebosh revision guide igc 1 (1)

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