ncm 100 history of nsg[1]

7/31/2019 NCM 100 History of Nsg[1].

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NURSING CARE

MANAGEMENT 100HISTORY OF

NURSING


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HISTORY OF NURSING

Nursing today is far different from nursing as it was

practiced years ago and it is expected to continue

changing during the 21st century. To comprehendpresent day nursing and at the same time prepare

for the future, one must understand not only past

events but also contemporary nursing practice and

the sociological and historical factors that affect it.


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FOUR PERIODS OF NURSING

DEVELOPMENTIntuitive Period Pre-historic to Christian

Period of Apprentice 6th century throughCrusaders in the 11th to 19th

Period of Modern Educated Nursing

Contemporary Nursing


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I. INTUITIVE PERIOD

Instinctive or untaught

Two Theories:

1. Theory of Self-Preservation

2. Animistic and Demonic


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Primitive Man:

Beliefs and practices of the Prehistoric Man:

1. He was a nomad. He was ruled by the

Law of Preservation, with the survival of the

fittest.

2. The female member of the family acted as acustodian and a nurse.


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3. Illness was attributed to a wide range of possiblecauses; (external and supernatural) ex.,

a) sorcery

b) magic

c) breaking a taboo can cause punishment through adisease.

d) intrusion of a disease object

e) bodily invasion by a spirit (demonic theory ofdisease)

f) loss of the soul

g) dreams


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4. Applied primitive measures to treat illness:

- amulets- talismans

- Shaman or witch doctor


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a. Deprive the sick person of rest and quiet envt. todrive away the evil spirit by;

wearing of frightening masks; yells and deafening

noisesjolting the spirit by shaking, biting, pinching, kicking,

pummeling the patient.

driving out spirits with obnoxious odors, incense

making the patient drink bile-tasting concoctions annoying the spirit by alternately plunging the patient in

hot and cold water.

treatments


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enticing the spirit to leave the body by placing anobject or animal at the patients bedside

pacifying the spirit using sacrifices

use of objects with magical powers such as fetishes,primitive curved figures presumed to carrysupernatural powers.

placating the spirits with amulet.

use of rhythmic incantations.b. trephination as a last resort, boring a hole intothe patients skull using a trephine (sharp stone) tofree the entrapped spirit.


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c. soul searching ceremony enticing thelost soul to go back into the pts body.

Community members gather around the pt.and chant the description of the event. As thesoul returns, a palm leaf is tied around thewrist of the pt to prevent the soul fromescaping.

d. Herbal medicines use of different herbsfrom plants or trees.


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II. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE

It extends from the founding of religious nursingorders in the 6th century through the crusades until

1836 when Pastor Fliedner and his wife establishedthe Deaconess School of Nursing in Kaiserwerth,Germany.

A. The Crusades were Holy wars waged in an

attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turkswho denied Christs pilgrims to visit the HolySepulcher. Military religious orders were establishedhospitals staffed with men.


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Contributions of other countries in the field of Medicine

& Nursing;

1. Babylonia was located in what is now Iraq

Code of Hammurabi code of laws that

contained the rules governing medical practice.

a. Sanitation & public health.

b. Practice of surgery and bloodletting

c. Differentiation between the practice of human

medicine & veterinary medicine.


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d. Recommended specific doctors for eachdisease.

e. Tables of fees for operations.

f. Gave each patient the right to choose among

the use of charms, medications or surgical

procedures to cure his disease.

g. Penalties for violations of the code.


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a. Hygienic Principles

- meat restriction

- choice of edible foods- prevention of leprosy

- disposing of human excreta

b. Art of Embalming

c. Papyrus Ebers

d. Egyptian Mythology

e. Imhotep Egyptian God of Medicine

2. Egypt - The Egyptian goddess Isis and her sonHerus were regarded as creators of medical arts. They

used the medium of dreams to minister to the sick.


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PapyrusEbers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ebers7766.jpg


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a. Acupuncture

- Pan Ku medical god who formed theuniverse

- Hua To exponent of acupuncture, surgeon

- Emperor Shen NungFather of ChineseMedicine, inventor of acupuncture, first to compileherbal medicines

- Chang Chung ChingChineseHippocrates

3. China


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b. Materia Medica pharmacology book of treatingwounds, infection, and muscular afflictions

c. Eating of seaweeds goiterd. Eating of liver iron/anemia

e. Opium severe pain

f. Ephedrine from Mahung tree asthma and URTI

g. Inoculation (introducing an antigen to produceantibodies) powdering smallpox scabs that wereblown thru bamboo tubes into the nostrils.


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Vedas source of practice of medicine, surgeries,

diseases of nervous and urinary

Charaka Samhita team concept

Duties of the Nurse:

Drug administration

Clever, skillful, expert, alert, talented

Devoted to the patient

Purity of both mind and body

4. India


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Contributions:

Keeping nails shortSweet smelling drugs burned in the OR

Nurses being combination of

pharmacist, PT, cooks


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a. AesculapiusGod of Medicine; single serpentstaff

b. Caduceus insignia of the medical professionc. HippocratesFather of Medicine

- rejected the supernatural as the origin of disease

- case taking and recording of findings

- reporting of successful and unsuccessful methodof medication

- no value of care if without an available qualifiednurse; only medical students should remain with theclient

5. Greece


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a. Unitarian belief in one God who is the sourceof health and illness

b. Hygiene and sanitation; compelled to followreligious orders

c. Medical functions were assigned to the priests

d. Bathing with water of purification

- contagious disease

- evil deed

- entered house of dead person

- Urethritis, gonorrhea

6. Palestine


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Greek Physicians became war prisoners

Translation of Greek terminologies into Latin termsused in Medicine

Emperor Verpasian opened school to teach

medicine using Greek

Fabiola Roman matron established 1st

generalhospital in 476 AD

7. Rome


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1. Knights of St. John Jerusalem warriors inthe battle and nurses in the hospital

2. Knights of St. Lazarus hospitals for thenursing of lepers

3. Teutonic Knights German Knights whoconverted their tents into Emergency Hospitals

4. Knights of Templers pledged to protect thepilgrim and to care for wounded Christians5. Alexian Brothers opened school of nursingfor men in Chicago

B. The Knights


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1. Deaconesses earliest order of women in thechurch concerned with care of the poor and the sick intheir homes

Qualifications:- Rotating 3 years experience in cooking, housekeeping,

laundry and linen, and nursing care for men andwomen

- Preliminary probationary period of 3 months of trial anderror for school and students

- Character reference from clergyman

- Medical certificate

- Permission from nearest male relative

Regular Orders or Religious Nursing Orders


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2. Augustinian Sisters

3. Poor Claires

4. Beguines household aids, and nursing ofthe sick

5. Oblates staffed the hospitals of Nightingaleafter their training

6. Ursuline Sisters car of the sick andeducation of girls

7. Order of the Holy Ghost

8. Benedictines


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1. St. Radegunde- left the palace to build monastery andserved patients2. St. Matildamold the Good Queen, built hospitals forlepers

3. St. Elizabeth of HungaryPatroness of Nurses;daughter of Hungarian King4. St. Catherine of Siena First Lady of the Lamp5. St. Agnes of Bohemia daughter of a royal father who leftthe palace and gave nursing care to the lepers and the sick6. St. Hildegarde wrote 2 books on medicine and naturalhistory focused on causes, symptoms, and treatment7. St. Bridget of Sweden introduced psychosomaticmedicine8. St. Frances of Rome begged for food during plague andstarvation

D. Early Nursing Saints (12th to 16th century)


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1. Roman Catholic and Protestants in US andCanada

2. Elizabeth Seton founded Sisters ofCharity

3. Harriet Tubman And Sojourner Truth -provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to

north on the Underground Railroad.

E. Pre-Civil War Nursing (Crimean War)


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1. Dorothea Lynde Dix not a nurse but appointed

as Superintendent of Female Nurses for US

government2. Mary Ann Bickerdyke widow, nursing wounded

soldiers, herb doctor

3. Clara Barton founder of American Red Cross(1882)

4. Louisa may Alcott author and nurse whovoluntered to give care to injured soldiers.

F. Nursing During the Civil War (April 12, 1861)


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1. Patient were given care in the homes.

2. 4 open hospitals in England

3. No nurses available4. Illiterate, untrained and uneducated women enteredthe nursing service

5. Women serving jail sentences were ordered to take

care of the sick6. Doctors handmaiden

- Betty Prig and Sairy Gamp took bribes from patients,stole their foods, used alcohol as tranquilizers

G. Dark Period of Nursing (17th to 19th century)


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III. PERIOD OF EDUCATED

MODERN NURSING

A. Florence Nightingale System of Education

Florence NightingaleLady with a Lamp, superintendentof female nursing establishment, Angel of Crimea

1. self-supporting school

2. decent living quarters for students

3. instructors paid both by the hospital and the school

4. correlate theories into practice

5. Focus on the whys and hows of nursing


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a. Linda Richards -Americas first trained nurse. She isknown for introducing nurses notes and doctors orders.She also initiated the practice of wearing uniforms.

b. Mary Mahoney - first African American nurse. Sheworked on the acceptance of African Americans innursing and for the promotion of equal opportunities.

c. Lilian Wald - founder of public health nursing

d. Lavinia Dock - campaigned for legislation to allownurses rather than physicians to control theirprofessions.

e. Margaret Sanger - founder of planned parenthood.

Other Known Nursing Leaders:


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III. MODERN NURSING

A. Nursing Then1. Service oriented curriculum2. 1:6 ratio3. No textbook

4. No examination5. No licensing exam6. House dresses uniforms7. Dust cap to tuck all the hair under the cap8. 1875 : no tuition fees; hospitals pay $10/month

9. Concentration on MCN10. Female nurses for female patients11. Grading System : quietness, grooming, punctuality, ward

management, technical skills12. Duties: cook, serve meal, wash/iron soiled clothes, carry

out orders


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1. BSN 5 years, 4 years, 4 years in summerconceptual approach

2. Different books

3. Quizzes and long exams4. Licensure exam

5. Required uniforms

6. Tuition and affiliation fees

7. Various fields of nursing

8. Render services to all sexes

9. Grading : clinical competence, academic,personality traits, requirements

10. Comprehensive nursing care for the sick and well

B. Nursing Now


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1873: importance of uniform

-uniform patterned after Euphemia Van

Renssekaer (blue and white stripedseersucker, trailing skirts white apron, cellarcuffs and cap

1890: required uniforms with shorter skirts and

sleeves1904: sterile gowns and linens, no masks


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IV. CONTEMPORARY

PERIODA. United Nations- International space peace

- International security

B. WHO- Health information

- Improve nutrition

- Improve environmental conditions

- Improve living standards


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Functions of Nurse:

1.Carry out therapeutic program2.Maintain physical and psychological climate

3. Include patient and family

4.Health teachings

5.Disease prevention6.Coordinate nursing functions


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C. Scientific and Technological Advances

1. Atomic Energy

2. Computers3. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents

4. Space Medicine

- Col. Pearl Tucker- Air Force Nursing

5. Future: hospital satellites


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History of Nursing in thePhilippines


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Early Beliefs and Practices

1. Beliefs about causation of disease

a. Another person (an enemy or a witch)

b.Evil Spirits

2. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by

person with powers to expel demons.

3. People believed in special gods of healing, with the

priest-physician (called word doctors as intermediary. Ifthey uses leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors)


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Early Care of the Sick

Herbmen were called Herbiceros meaning one whopracticed witchcraft.

Persons suffering from diseases without any identified

cause were believed to be bewitched by the mangkukulamor mangagaway.

Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called Pamao) wereattributed to nonos.

Midwife assisted in childbirth. During labor, the good

midwife (Mabuting hilot) was called in. if birth becamedifficult, witches were supposed to be the cause. Todispense their influence, gunpowder was exploded from abamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.


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Health Care During the Spanish

RegimeThe earliest hospitals established were the following:

1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577) establishedmainly to care for the Spanish kings soldiers, and also

admitted Spanish civilians. It was founded by Gov.Francisco de Sande.

2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) founded by BrotherJuan Clemente and was administers for many years bythe Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively

for patients with leprosy. 3. Hospital de Indio (1586) established by the

Franciscan Order, service was in general supported byalms and contributions from charitable persons.


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4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) Established in

Laguna; near a medicinal spring founded by Brother J.

Bautista of the Franciscan Order.

5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) founded by the

Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the

Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios, support was derived

from alms and rents; rendered general health service

for the people.


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Nursing During the Philippine

RevolutionThe prominent persons involved in nursing workswere:

1. Josephine Bracken wife of Dr. Jose Rizal. Installed a fieldhospital in an estate house in Tejeros and provided nursing care tothe wounded night and day.

2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro converted their house into quartersfor the Filipino soldiers, during the Philippine American War thatbroke in 1899.

3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo wife of Emilio Aguinaldo,organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of ApolinarioMabini.


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4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo second wife of EmilioAguinaldo, provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during therevolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.

5. Melchora Aquino nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave

them food and shelter.6. Capitan Salome a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija who

provided care to the wounded when not in combat.

7. Agueda Kahabagan revolutionary leader in Laguna alsoprovided nursing services to her troops.

8. Trinidad TecsonIna ng Biac na Bato stayed in the hospital atBiac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers/


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Filipino Red Cross Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the National Headquarters.

Functions of Filipino Red Cross: 1.Collection of war funds and materials through concerts, charity,

bazaars, and voluntary contributions.

2.Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers.

Requirements for membership: 1.At least 14 years old, age requirement for officer was 25 years old.

2.Of sound reputation


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Hospitals and Schools of Nursing 1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing

(Iloilo City, 1906)

2. St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila,1907)

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing(1907)

4. St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing(Quezon City, 1907)

5. Mary Johnston Hospital And School OfNursing (Manila, 1907)


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6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing

a. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing(Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903)

b. Mary Chiles Hospiatal School Of Nursing (Manila, 1911)c. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)

7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)

8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)

9. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)


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Other schools of Nursing established:

a. Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)

b.Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)

c. Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)

d.Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing (1930)

e. St. Pauls School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)

f. North General Hospital and school of Nursing (1946)

g.Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)


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The First Colleges of Nursing in thePhilippines

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing

(1946) 2. Manila Central University College of Nursing

(1947)

3. University of the Philippines College of

Nursing (1948)


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Nursing Leaders in the Philippines 1. Anastacia Giron Tupas First Filipino nurse

to hold the position Chief Nurse Superintendent;

founder of the Philippine Nurses Association. 2. Cesaria Tan First Filipino to receive Masters

degree in Nursing abroad.

3. Socorro Sirilan pioneered in Hospital SocialService in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the

chief nurse.


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4. Rosa Militar a pioneer in school healtheducation

5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza a pioneer in nursingeducation

6. Socorro Diaz first editor of the PNAmagazine called The Message

7. Choncita Ruiz first full time editor of thenewly named PNA magazine The FilipinoNurse

8. Loreto TupazDean of the PhilippineNursing; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.


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Health Nursing Organizations

Early institutions for child welfare: 1. Hospicio de San Jose (Manila, 1782)

2. Asylum of San Jose (Cebu)

3. Asylum of Looban (Manila)

4. Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City) tookcare of poor girls


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5. Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907) Milk station.

6. Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection de

la Primera Infancia worked for the passage

of child welfare legislations.

7. Public Welfare Board took over the work of

the Liga in 1915. Conducted a systematic

campaign on child hygiene in 1917.


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Nursing Organizations

1. Philippine Nurses Associationnational organization of Filipino nurses.

2. National League of Nursesassociation of nurses employed in Department ofHealth

3. Catholic Nurses Guild of thePhilippines

4. Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, IRNOP,etc.


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Definitions of Nursing


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Nigthingale - act of utilizing the environment of thepatient to assist him in his recovery.

Henderson - the unique function of the nurse is to assistthe individual, sick or well, in the performance of those

activities contributing to health or its recovery that hewould perform unaided if he had the necessary strength,will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as tohelp him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

ANA - direct, goal oriented and adaptale to the needs of

the individual, the family, and the community duringhealth and illness.


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Recipients of Nursing

A. Consumers

B. PatientsC. Clients


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Scopes of nursing

A. Promoting Health and Wellness Facilitates decisions about lifestyle that enhance the quality of life

and encourages acceptance of responsibility for ones own health.

Increases health awareness by assisting in the understanding thathealth is more than just not being ill and by teaching that certainbehaviors and factors can contribute to or diminish wellness.

Teaches wellness skills by promoting decision making so that self-care activities maximize achievement of goals that are realistic andattainable and by serving as a role model.

Encourages the use of wellness resources by providing informationand referrals.


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B. Preventing Illness Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for

pregnant women, smoking cessation programs and stress-reduction seminars.

Community programs and resources that encourage healthy

lifestyle, including aerobic exercise classes, swimnastics andphysical fitness program.

Literature and television information on diet, exercise and theimportance of good health program.

Health assessments in institutions, clinic, and communitysettings that identify areas of strength and the potential for

illness.


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C. Restoring Health Providing direct care of the person who is ill; by such measures as

providing physical care, administering medications and carrying outprocedures and treatment.

Performing diagnostic measurements and examinations (e.g. taking

BP, measuring blood sugars) that detect illness, Referring questions and abnormal findings to other healthcare

providers as appropriate.

Planning, teaching and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses suchas heart attacks, arthritis and stroke.

Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs.


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D. Caring for the dying

giving care and comforting to all

people who are dying.


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Standards of Nursing Practice

Based on ANATo describe the responsibilities for

which nurses are accountable.


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Roles and Functions of the

Nurse

Caregiver

Communicator

Teacher

Client Advocate

Counselor

Change Agent

Leader

Manager

Case Manager

Research Consumer


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Fields of Opportunities in

NursingInstitutional Nursing

Hospital Staff

NursingCommunity Health

Nursing

School Nursing

Industrial Nursing

Independent

Nursing PracticeNurses in Education

Nursing in other

fields


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Profession - an occupation that requires

extensive education or a calling that

requires special knowledge.

Definition of Terms


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Difference of Profession from

other occupationNeeds prolonged, specialized training toacquire a body of knowledge pertinentto the role to be performed.

An orientation toward service

Ongoing research

Code of ethics

Autonomy

Professional organization


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Criteria of a Profession

1. Specialized Education

2. Body of Knowledge

3. Service Orientation

4. Ongoing Research

5. Code of Ethics

6. Autonomy


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End of Topic.

ncm 100 history of nsg[1]

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