Na+: 135 – 145 mEq/LK+: 3.5 – 5 mEq/LCa++: 8.5 – 10.6 (ionized Ca++: 4.5 – 5.2 mEq/L)Cl-: 98 – 107 mEq/LMg+: 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/LPO4: 2.5 – 4.5 mEq/LGastric pH: 4 (respiratory secretions: > 5.5)Urine pH: 4.5 – 8Urine specific gravity: 1.010 – 1.030 (1.008 indicates fluid overload)SaO2: 95 – 98% (< 86% = emergency; < 70% is life-threatening)Blood pH: 7.35 – 7.45 Low pH / high PaCO2 = respiratory acidosisPaCO2: 35 – 45mm/Hg= Low pH / low HCO3 = metabolic acidosisHCO3: 22 – 26mEq/L= High pH / low PaCO2 = respiratory alkalosisPaO2: 80 – 100mm/Hg= High pH / high HCO3 = metabolic alkalosis

Central venous pressure (CVP): 3 – 12 cm/H2O < 3 = hypovolemia > 12 = hypervolemia or poor cardiac contractility

Lead: < 9 mcgAmmonia: 15 -45 mcg/dLCreatinine: (Creatinine clearance: 1.67 – 2.6 mL/sec)

Adult: 0.7-1.4 mg/dL Child: 0.4-1.2 mg/dL

BUN: 7 – 18 mg/dL (> 60 yoa: 18 – 20 mg/dL)Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT):

Fasting: 60 – 110 mg/dL … 1h: 190 … 2h: 140 … 3h: 125Glycosylated Hgb (HgbA1c): 4 – 6%Albumin: 3.5 – 5.5 g/dL (Prealbumin: 15 – 36 mg/dL)Cholesterol: < 200 mg/dLLDL: < 139 mg/dLHDL; Men:, 35 – 70 mg/dL Women: 35-85 mg/dLAmylase: 6 – 160 U/dLLipase: <200m/ ulLDH (lactate): 100 – 225 u/L

Hct (%) Hgb (g/dL) RBC (mm 3 ) WBC (mm 3 ) Men 42 – 52 13 – 18 4.6 – 6.2 5,000 – 10,000

Women 35 – 47 12 – 16 4.2 – 5.4 5,000 – 10,000Children 35 – 45 11 – 12.5 3.5 – 5.2 5,000 – 13,000

Platelets: 150,000 – 450,000 mm3 MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS:

PT: 9.5 – 12 sec (for coumadin effectiveness) 1. Physical needs like: oxygen, water, food, sleep, food, sexPTT: 20 – 39 sec (for heparin effectiveness) 2. Safety needs like: physical, safety, security, orderSed rate: 0 – 15 mm/h (male) 0 – 25 mm/h (female) 3. Love and Belonging needs like: affection, companionship, identificationAST (SGOT): 8 – 40 u/L 4. Esteem and Recognition needs like: status, success, prestigeALT (SGPT): 8– 40 u/L 5. Self-Actualization needs like: self-fulfillment, creativityBilirubin: 6. Aesthetic needs like: harmony, spiritualityTotal: 0.3 - 1 mg/dL

Indirect (unconjugated): 0.2 – 0.8 mg/dL Direct (conjugated): 0.1 – 0.3 mg/dL Newborn: 1 – 12 mg/dL (>15 is critical)

Verterbral InjuriesVertebrae Effect C3 and above Unable to care for self, life-sustaining ventilator support is essentialat C6 May use a lightweight wheelchair, feed self with devices, write and care for self, transfer from chair to bedat C7 Can dress legs; min. assistance needed; independence in wheelchair; can drive car with hand controlsat T1–T4 Some independence from wheelchair, long-leg braces for standing exercisesat L3–L4 May use crutches or canes for ambulation

Erickson’s Stages of DevelopmentAge Stage Description Infant (0-1.5) Trust vs Mistrust Needs max. comfort w/ min. uncertainty to trust himself, others, and the environmentToddler (1.5-3) Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteemPreschooler (3-6) Initiative vs Guilt Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identitySchool-Age (6-12) Industry vs Inferiority Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skillsAdolescent (12-20) Identity vs Role Confusion Tries integrating many roles into a self-image under role model and peer pressureYoung Adult (20-35) Intimacy vs Isolation Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partnerMiddle-Age (35-65) Generativity vs Stagnation Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interestsOlder Adult (65+) Integrity vs Despair Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death

Parietal lobe (1) - primary center for sensationTemporal lobe (2) - auditory reception areaFrontal lobe (3) - involved with personality, behavior, emotions,& intellectual functionOccipital Lobe (4) - primary visual receptor center

Medication Suffixes–caine local anesthetics–done opioid analgesics–mycin antibiotics–micin antibiotics–oxacin antibiotics (broad spectrum)–vir anti-virals–dine anti-ulcer agents (H2 histamine blockers)–lam anti-anxiety agents–pam anti-anxiety agents–nuim neuromuscular blockers–statin antihyperlipidemics–ide oral hypoglycemics–sone steroids–zide diuretics

Normal VS RR HR BP

Newborn 30–60 120–160 65/411 – 4 y 20–40 80–140 90-99/60-655 – 12 y 15–25 70–115 100-110/55-60Adult 12–20 60–100 < 120/80

–mide diuretics–pril ACE inhibitors (BP)–pine Ca+ channel blockers (BP) (also –amil)–olol blockers (BP) – affects sympathetic nervous system; side effects: bradycardia, hypotention, CHF,

bronchospasm or asthma attacks (can be life-threatening); dry cough is normal side effect

Wave/Interval Represents Time (sec) Boxes

P wave Atrial depolarizationNormally precedes the QRS wave 0.06 – 0.12 1.5 – 3

PR Interval

Start of P wave to QRS complexTime for atrial depolarizationTime for impulse to leave SA node and go through AV node to ventricles

0.12 – 0.2 3 – 5

QRS Complex

Start of Q wave to the end of S waveVentricular depolarization (and atrial repolarization)

< 0.12 < 3

ST segment

Time from completion of ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization

0.12 3

T wave Ventricular repolarization 0.16 4QT Interval

Combined ventricular depolarization and repolarization 0.34 – 0.43 8.25 – 10.75

For HR: divide 1500 by the number of boxes from one R wave to the next R wave

a) LOA—left occiput anterior, most common; FHR best heard below umbilicus on mother’s left sideb) LOP—left occiput posteriorc) ROA—right occiput anteriord) ROP—right occiput posteriore) LSA—left sacrum anteriorf) RSA—right sacrum anterior