ncert class ix contemporary india

8/14/2019 NCERT Class IX Contemporary India

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mq

KCBVIBVBVIBCBVIBV

Kòtvi| ? ?'1Mbfmo [m~i obf Jckovmcb

Kòtvi| < 8'?1T`}{mkoj Aiovy|i{ ca Mbfmo

Kòtvi| ; ?8'


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Vì V|ctmk ca Kobki| Mbfmo mb vì Xc|jf

Vì {cyvì|bgc{v tcmbv cav i Mbfmob Ybmcb Mbfm|o Tcmbv hcv {ylgi|hif ybfi|v i {io xovi| mb


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MBFMO [M^I OBF JCKOVMCB ;

Amhy|i ?"; > Mbfmo > Ipvibv obf [vobfo|f Gi|mfmob


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KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO6

Amhy|i ?"6 > Mbfmo cb Mbvi|bovmcboj @mh`xo} ca V|ofi obf Kcggi|ki

Vì bygli| ca Ybmcb Vi||mvc|mi{ojcbh vì xi{vi|b obf io{vi|b kco{v{" O|io'xm{i x`mk` m{ vì {gojji{v obf x`mk` m{

vì jo|hi{v {vovi3 Vì {vovi{ x`mk` fc bcv oqi ob mbvi|bovmcboj

lc|fi| c| jmi cb vì kco{v Kjo{{ma} vì {vovi{ mbvc acy| h|cyt{ iok`òqmbh kcggcb a|cbvmi|{ xmv`(m- Toem{vob* (mm- K`mbo* (mmm- G}obgo|* obf(mq- Lobhjofi{`"

Mbfmo {ò|i{ mv{ jobf lcybfo|mi{ xmv`Toem{vob obf Oahòbm{vob mb vì bc|v`xi{v*K`mbo (Vmliv-* Bitoj obf L`yvob mb vì bc|vòbf G}obgo| obf Lobhjofi{` mb vì io{v"

Cy| {cyvì|b bimh`lcy|{ ok|c{{ vì {iokcb{m{v ca vì vxc m{jobf kcybv|mi{* bogij}

Mbfmo{ kcbvokv{ xmv` vì Xc|jf òqikcbvmbyif v`|cyh` vì ohi{ lyv i| |ijovmcb{`mt{v`|cyh` vì jobf |cyvi{ o|i gyk` cjfi| vòb

ì| go|mvmgi kcbvokv{" Vì qo|mcy{ to{{i{ ok|c{{vì gcybvomb{ mb vì bc|v` òqi t|cqmfifto{{ohi{ vc vì obkmibv v|oqijji|{* x`mji vìckiob{ |i{v|mkvif {yk` mbvi|okvmcb ac| o jcbh vmgi"

Vì{i |cyvi{ òqi kcbv|mlyvif mb vìipkòbhi ca mfio{ obf kcggcfmvmi{ {mbkiobkmibv vmgi{" Vì mfio{ ca vì Ytobm{òf{obf vì \ogo}obo* vì {vc|mi{ caTobk`vobv|o*vì Mbfmob bygi|oj{ obf vì fikmgoj {}{vigv`y{ kcyjf |iok` gob} to|v{ ca vì xc|jf" Vì{tmki{* gy{jmb obf cvì| gi|kòbfm{i xi|ivoeib a|cg Mbfmo vc fmaai|ibv kcybv|mi{" Cb vì

cvì| obf* vì mbajyibki ca H|iie {kyjtvy|i*obf vì o|k`mvikvy|oj {v}ji{ ca fcgi obfgmbo|iv{ a|cg Xi{v O{mo kob li {iib mbfmaai|ibv to|v{ ca cy| kcybv|}"

MBFMO[ BIMH@LCY\[

Mbfmo ckkytmi{ ob mgtc|vobv {v|ovihmk tc{mvmcbmb [cyv` O{mo" Mbfmo o{


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MBFMO [MÎ OBF JCKOVMCB 9

Amhy|i ?"9 > Mbfmo obf Ofnokibv Kcybv|mi{

[|m Jobeo obf Gojfmqi{" [|m Jobeo m{{ito|ovif a|cg Mbfmo l} o bo||cx kòbbijca {io ac|gif l} vì Toje [v|omv obf vì Hyjaca Gobbo| x`mji Gojfmqi{ M{jobf{ o|i {mvyovifvc vì {cyv` ca vì Joe{òfxiit M{jobf{"

Mbfmo o{ of {v|cbh hich|ot`mkoj obf`m{vc|mkoj jmbe{ xmv` i| bimh`lcy|{" Jcceov vì t`}{mkoj got ca O{mo mb }cy| ovjo{*obf bcvi `cx Mbfmo {vobf{ oto|v a|cg vì|i{v ca O{mo"


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KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO1

?" K`cc{i vì |mh`v ob{xi| a|cg vì acy| ojvi|bovmi{ hmib lijcx"

m- Vì V|ctmk ca Kobki| fci{ bcv to{{ v`|cyhò- \ono{vòb k- K`òvvm{ho|`l- C|m{{o f- V|mty|o

mm- Vì io{vi|bgc{v jcbhmvyfi ca Mbfmo m{o- =8


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]

cy oqi oj|iof} jio|bv io|jmi| vòv Mbfmom{ o qo{v kcybv|} xmv` qo|mif jobfac|g{"

Xòv embf ca vi||omb fc }cy jmqi mb3 Ma

}cy jmqi mb vì tjomb{ }cy o|i aogmjmo| xmv` vìqo{v {v|ivkì{ ca tjomb jobf" Mb kcbv|o{v* ma }cyjmqi mb `mjj} |ihmcb* vì |yhhif vi||omb xmv`gcybvomb{ obf qojji}{ o|i kcggcb aiovy|i{"Mb aokv* cy| kcybv|} ò{ t|okvmkojj} ojj gonc|t`}{mkoj aiovy|i{ ca vì io|v` m"i" gcybvomb{*tjomb{* fi{i|v{* tjovioy{ obf m{jobf{" ]cygy{v li xcbfi|mbh `cx vì{i t`}{mkojaiovy|i{ òqi liib ac|gif" Xi xmjj jio|b gc|iolcyv gonc| t`}{mkoj aiovy|i{ ca Mbfmo obf cxvì} oqi liib ac|gif"

Xi ambf fmaai|ibv v}ti{ ca |cke{5 {cgi o|i

qi|} o|f jmei go|lji x`mk` o{ liib y{if ac|goembh vì Von Goòj* obf {cgi o|i qi|} {cavjmei {cot {vcbi x`mk` m{ y{if mb goembh vojkygtcxfi|" Vì kcjcy| ca {cmj qo|mi{ a|cg cbi tjokivc vì cvì| likoy{i {cmj m{ ac|gif cyv cafmaai|ibv v}ti{ ca |cke{" @oqi }cy iqi| v`cyh`volcyv vì koy{i{ ca vì{i qo|movmcb{3 Gc{v cavì{i qo|movmcb{ o|i koy{if fyi vc fmaai|ibki{mb |cke ac|govmcb{"

Mbfmo m{ o jo|hi jobfgo{{ ac|gif fy|mbhfmaai|ibv hicjchmkoj ti|mcf{ x`mk` o{ mbajyibkifì| |ijmia" Li{mfi{ hicjchmkoj ac|govmcb{* o

bygli| ca t|cki{{i{ {yk` o{ xiovì|mbh*i|c{mcb obf fitc{mvmcb òqi k|iovif obfgcfmamif vì |ijmia vc mv{ t|i{ibv ac|g"

Io|v` {kmibvm{v{ oqi ovvigtvif vc iptjombvì ac|govmcb ca t`}{mkoj aiovy|i{ xmv` vì ijtca {cgi vìc|mi{ lo{if cb ki|vomb iqmfibki{"Cbi {yk` tjoy{mlji vìc|} m{ vì Vìc|} ca Tjovi

Vikvcbmk{" Okkc|fmbh vc v`m{ vìc|}* vì k|y{v(ytti| to|v- ca vì io|v` o{ liib ac|gif cyv ca{iqib gonc| obf {cgi gmbc| tjovi{" (Amhy|i Tjovi Lcybfo|mi{


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KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO0

iok` cvì| obf ac|g v|ob{ac|g lcybfo|}" Vìgcigibv ca vì{i tjovi{ òi kòbhif vìtc{mvmcb obf {m~i ca vì kcbvmbibv{ ci| gmjjmcb{ca }io|{" [yk` gcigibv{ oi oj{c mbajyibkifvì icjyvmcb ca vì t|i{ibv jobfac|g aiovy|i{|ijmia ca Mbfmo"

Hcbfxobojobf>Mv m{ vì {cyvì|b to|v ca vì obkmibv{yti| kcbvmbibv Tobhio xmv` Obho|o Jobf mb vìbc|vì|b to|v"

Vì @mgojo}ob ytjmav cyv ca vì Viv`}{ {ioobf {yl{mfibki ca vì bc|vì|b ajobe ca vì

tibmb{yjo| tjovioy |i{yjvif mb vì ac|govmcb

ca o jo|hi lo{mb" Mb fyi kcy|{i ca vmgi v`m{

fit|i{{mcb* h|ofyojj} hcv amjjif xmv` fitc{mvmcb

ca {ifmgibv{ l} vì |mi|{ ajcxmbh a|cg vì

gcybvomb{ mb vì bc|v` obf vì tibmb{yjo|

tjovioy mb vì {cyv`" O ajov jobf ca ipvib{mi

ojjymoj fitc{mv{ jif vc vì ac|govmcb ca vì

bc|vì|b tjomb{ ca Mbfmo"Vì jobf ca Mbfmo fm{tjo}{ h|iov t`}{mkoj

o|movmcb" Hicjchmkojj}* vì Tibmb{yjo| Tjovioy

kcb{vmvyvi{ cbi ca vì obkmibv jobfgo{{i{ cbvì io|v`{ {y|aoki" Mv xo{ {yttc{if vc li cbica vì gc{v {volji jobf ljcke{" Vì @mgojo}o{obf vì Bc|vì|b Tjomb{ o|i vì gc{v |ikibvjobfac|g{" A|cg vì mix tcmbv ca hicjch}*@mgojo}ob gcybvomb{ ac|g ob yb{volji ~cbi"

Vì x`cji gcybvomb {}{vig ca @mgojo}o|it|i{ibv{ o i|} }cyvàyj vctch|ot`} xmv``mh` tioe{* fiit ojji}{ obf ao{v ajcxmbh |mi|{"

Vì bc|vì|b tjomb{ o|i ac|gif ca ojjymoj

Gc{v cjkobci{ obfio|v`qyoei{ mb vì xc|jf o|i jckovif ov tjovigo|hmb{* lyv {cgi fc ckky| xmv`mb vì tjovi{"

Amhy|i


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T@][MKOJ AIOVY\I[ CA MBFMO =

fitc{mv{" Vì tibmb{yjo| tjovioy m{ kcgtc{ifca mhbicy{ obf givogc|t`mk |cke{ xmv` hibvj}|m{mbh mjj{ obf xmfi qojji}{"

GONC\ T@][MCH\OT@MK FMQM[MCB[

Vì t`}{mkoj aiovy|i{ ca Mbfmo kob li h|cytifybfi| vì acjjcxmbh t`}{mch|ot`mk fmqm{mcb{(Amhy|i @mgojo}o{

bc|vì|b lc|fi|{ ca Mbfmo" Vì{i gcybvomb|obhi{ |yb mb o xi{v'io{v fm|ikvmcb a|cg vìMbfy{ vc vì L|o`gotyv|o" Vì @mgojo}o{|it|i{ibv vì jcavmi{v obf cbi ca vì gc{v

|yhhif gcybvomb lo||mi|{ ca vì xc|jf" Vì}ac|g ob o|k* x`mk` kcqi|{ o fm{vobki ca olcyv


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KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO?4

Amhy|i


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T@][MKOJ AIOVY\I[ CA MBFMO ??

[cgi @mhì{v Tioe{ ca vì @mgojo}o{

Tioe Kcybv|} @imh`v

mb giv|i{

Gv" Iqi|i{v Bitoj 0060Eobkìbnybho Mbfmo 09=0Goeojy Bitoj 060?Fòyjohm|m Bitoj 0?8

(o-X`}xi{vi|b

xmbf{o|io{{ckmovifxmv`xmb

vi|mbvìbc|vì|b|ihmcb(Fij`m*[|mboho|*Og|mv{o|![`mgjo-

(l-Kcgto|ivì

|ombaojjfi{k|mtvmcbcaKìbbomobfGyglomobfiptjombvì

|io{cb{ac|vìfmaai|ibki


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KJMGOVI ;=

o|i i|} gyk` v}tmkoj ca vì gcb{ccb{" VìMbfmob jobf{koti* mv{ obmgoj obf tjobv jmai*mv{ ibvm|i oh|mkyjvy|oj kojibfo| obf vì jmai cavì tictji* mbkjyfmbh vìm| ai{vmmvmi{* |icjio|cybf v`m{ tìbcgibcb" ]io| oavi| }io|*tictji ca Mbfmo a|cg bc|v` vc {cyv` obf a|cg

?" K`cc{i vì kc||ikv ob{xi| a|cg vì acy| ojvi|bovmi{ hmib lijcx"

(m- X`mk` cbi ca vì acjjcxmbh tjoki{ |ikimi{ vì `mhì{v |ombaojj mb vì xc|jf3

(o- [mjkò| (k- Kì||otybnm

(l- Gox{}b|og (f- Hyxoòvm

(mm- Vì xmbf ljcxmbh mb v i bc|vì|b tjomb{ mb {yggi|{ m{ ebcxb o{>

(o- Eooj Lom{oe`m (k- V|ofi Xmbf{

(l- Jcc (f- Bcbi ca vì olci

(mmm- X`mk` cbi ca v i acjjcxmbh koy{i{ |ombaojj fy|mbh xmbvi|{ mb bc|v`'xi{vi|bto|v ca Mbfmo"

(o- K}kjcbmk fit|i{{mcb (k- Xi{vi|b fm{vy|lobki{

(l- \iv|iovmbh gcb{ccb (f- [cyv`xi{v gcb{ccb

(m- Gcb{ccb o||mi{ mb Mbfmo ott|cpmgovij} mb>

(o- Io|j} Go} (k- Io|j} Nybi

(l- Io|j} Nyj} (f- Io|j} Oyhy{v

(- X`mk` cbi ca vì acjjcxmbh kò|okvi|m{i{ vì kcjf xiovì| {io{cb mb Mbfmo3

(o- Xo|g fo}{ obf xo|g bmh`v{

(l- Xo|g fo}{ obf kcjf bmh`v{

(k- Kccj fo}{ obf kcjf bmh`v{

(f- Kcjf fo}{ obf xo|g bmh`v{


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KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO64

9" Fi{k|mli vì |ihmcboj qo|movmcb{ mb vì kjmgovmk kcbfmvmcb{ ca Mbfmo xmv` v i ìjtca {ymvolji ipogtji{"

1" Fm{ky{{ vì gikòbm{g ca gcb{ccb{"

8" Hmqi ob okkcybv ca xiovì| kcbfmvmcb{ obf kò|okvi|m{vmk{ ca vì kcjf {io{cb"

0" Hmqi v i kò|okvi|m{vmk{ obf iaaikv{ ca vì gcb{ccb |ombaojj mb Mbfmo"

GOT [EMJJ[

Cb ob cyvjmbi got ca Mbfmo* {`cx vì acjjcxmbh"(m- O|io{ |ikimqmbh |ombaojj cqi| 644 kg"(mm- O|io{ |ikimqmbh ji{{ v ob (m- Okkc|fmbh vc vìm| fm{vobki a|cg vì iqyovc|"(mm- Okkc|fmbh vc vìm| ojvmvyfi olci giob {io'jiij"

;" (m- Bogi vxc |ombi{v {vovmcb{"

(mm- Bogi vxc f|mi{v {vovmcb{"(mmm- Vxc {vovmcb{ xmv` gc{v iyqolji kjmgovi"(m- Vxc {vovmcb{ xmv` gc{v ipv|igi kjmgovi"(- Vxc {vovmcb{ gc{v mbajyibkif l} vì O|olmob l|obk` ca {cyv`xi{v gcb{ccb{"(m- Vxc {vovmcb{ gc{v mbajyibkif l} vì Lo} ca Libhoj l|obk` ca {cyv`'xi{v gcb{ccb{"(mm- Vxc {vovmcb{ mbajyibkif l} lcv` l|obkì{ ca vì {cyv`'xi{v gcb{ccb{(mmm- Vxc {vovmcb{ mbajyibkif l} |iv|iovmbh obf bc|v`'io{v gcb{ccb{"(mp- Vxc {vovmcb{ |ikimmbh xmbvi| {`cxi|{ a|cg vì xi{vi|b fm{vy|lobki{"(p- Vì vxc cvvi{v {vovmcb{ mb vì gcbv`{ ca

(o- Ail|yo|} (l- Ot|mj (k- Go} (f- Nybi


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KJMGOVI 6?

6" Bcx ambf cyvm- X`} o|i Vm|yobobvoty|og obf [ mjjcbh |ombmi| mb Nybi vòb mb Nyj}3mm- X`} m{ Nyj} |ombmi| mb Gyglom vòb mb Vm|yobobvoty|og3mmm- X`} o|i {cyv`xi{v gcb{ccb{ ji{{ |omb} mb Kìbbom3m- X`} m{ [`mjjcbh |ombmi| vòb Ecjeovo3- X`} m{ Ecjeovo |ombmi| mb Nyj} vòb mb Nybi ybjmei [`mjjcbh x`mk` m{ |ombmi| mb Nybi vòb

mb Nyj}3

m- X`} fci{ Fij`m |ikimi gc|i |omb vòb Ncf`ty|39" Bcx v`mbe x`}

Vm|yobobvoty|og ò{ iqyolji kjmgovi3 Kìbbom o{ gc|i |omb{ cbj} oavi| vì ay|} ca gcb{ccb m{ ci| mb gc{v to|v{ ca vì kcybv|}3 Ncf`ty| ò{ o `cv fi{i|v v}ti ca kjmgovi3 Ji` ò{ gcfi|ovi t|ikmtmvovmcb ojgc{v v`|cyh`yv vì }io|3 x`mji mb Fij`m obf Ncf`ty| gc{v ca vì |omb m{ kcbambif vc bio|j} v`|ii gcbv`{* mb

Vm|yobobvoty|og obf [`mjjcbh mv m{ ojgc{v bmbi gcbv`{ ca vì }io|3Mb {tmvi ca vì{i aokv{ {ii ko|iayjj} ma vì|i o|i {v|cbh imfibki{ vc kcbkjyfi vòv vì gcb{ccb{

{vmjj t|cmfi o i|} {v|cbh a|ogixc|e jibfmbh ci|ojj kjmgovmk ybmv} vc vì x`cji kcybv|}"

[vovmcb{ JovmvyfiOjvmvyfi Nob Ail" Go|" Ot|" Go}" Nyb" Nyj" Oyh" [it" Cvk" Bcq" Fik" Obbyoj(Giv|i{- \ombaojj

Vigti|ovy|i (K -


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@oi }cy cl{i|if vì v}ti ca v|ii{*ly{ì{* h|o{{i{ obf lm|f{ mb vì amijf{obf to|e{ mb obf o|cybf }cy| {k`ccj3

O|i vì} {mgmjo| c| vì|i o|i o|movmcb{3 Mbfmo limbh o o{v kcybv|} }cy kob mgohmbi vìv}ti{ ca lmc'ac|g{ oomjolji v`|cyh` cyv vìkcybv|}"

Cy| kcybv|} Mbfmo m{ cbi ca vì vxijigiho lmc'fmi|{mv} kcybv|mi{ ca vì xc|jf" Xmv` olcyv 68*444 tjobv {tikmi{ Mbfmockkytmi{ vibv` tjoki mb vì xc|jf obf acy|v`mb O{mo mb tjobv fmi|{mv}" Vì|i o|i olcyv?9*444 ajcxi|mbh tjobv{ mb Mbfmo x`mkòkkcybv ac| 1 ti| kibv mb vì xc|jf{ vcvojbygli| ca ajcxi|mbh tjobv{" Vì kcybv|} o{gob} bcb'ajcxi|mbh tjobv{ {yk` o{ ai|b{*ojhoi obf aybhm" Mbfmo oj{c o{ 0=*444 {tikmi{ca obmgoj{ o{ xijj o{ o |mk` o|miv} ca am{` mb

mv{ a|i{` obf go|mbi xovi|{"Bovy|oj ihivovmcb |iai|{ vc o tjobv

kcggybmv} x`mk` o{ h|cxb bovy|ojj} xmv`cyv`ygob omf obf ò{ liib jiav ybfm{vy|lif l}`ygob{ ac| o jcbh vmgi" V`m{ m{ vi|gif o{ oqm|hmb qihivovmcb" V`y{* kyjvmovif k|ct{ obfa|ymv{* c|kò|f{ ac|g to|v ca ihivovmcb lyv bcvbovy|oj ihivovmcb"

Vì m|hmb ihivovmcb* x`mkò|i ty|ij} Mbfmob o|i ebcxb o{ ibfigmk c|mbfmhibcy{ {tikmi{ lyv v`c{i x`mk` òi kcgia|cg cyv{mfi Mbfmo o|i vi|gif o{ ipcvmk tjobv{"

Vì vi|g ajc|o m{ y{if vc fibcvi tjobv{ cao to|vmkyjo| |ihmcb c| ti|mcf" [mgmjo|j}* vì{tikmi{ ca obmgoj{ o|i |iai||if vc o{ aoybo" V`m{`yhi fmi|{mv} mb ajc|o obf aoybo embhfcg m{fyi vc vì acjjcxmbh aokvc|{"

BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCBOBF XMJF JMAI

\IJMIA

Jobf

Jobf oaaikv{ vì bovy|oj ihivovmcb fm|ikvj}obf mbfm|ikvj}" Fc }cy iptikv vì {ogi v}ti

ca ihivovmcb mb gcybvombcy{* tjovioy obftjomb o|io{ c| mb f|} obf xiv |ihmcb{3 Vìbovy|i ca jobf mbajyibki{ vì v}ti caihivovmcb" Vì ai|vmji jiij m{ hibi|ojj} ficvifvc oh|mkyjvy|i" Vì ybfyjovmbh obf |cyh`vi||omb{ o|i o|io{ xì|i h|o{{jobf obf xccfjobf{ fiijct obf hmi {ìjvi| vc oo|miv} ca xmjf jmai"

[cmj

Vì {cmj{ oj{c o|} ci| {toki" Fmaai|ibv v}ti{ca {cmj{ t|cmfi lo{m{ ac| fmaai|ibv v}ti{ ca

ihivovmcb" Vì {obf} {cmj{ ca vì fi{i|v{yttc|v kokvy{ obf v`c|b} ly{ì{ x`mji xiv*go|{`}* fijvomk {cmj{ {yttc|v gobh|ci{ obffijvomk ihivovmcb" Vì `mjj {jcti{ xmv` {cgifitv` ca {cmj oi kcbmkoj v|ii{"

KJMGOVI

Vigti|ovy|i

Vì kò|okvi| obf ipvibv ca ihivovmcb o|igombj} fivi|gmbif l} vigti|ovy|i ojcbh xmv``ygmfmv} mb vì om|* t|ikmtmvovmcb obf {cmj" Cb

vì {jcti{ ca vì @mgojo}o{ obf vì mjj{ ca vìTibmb{yjo olci vì imh`v ca =?9 giv|i{* vìaojj mb vì vigti|ovy|i oaaikv{ vì v}ti{ ca

ihivovmcb obf mv{ h|cxv`* obf kòbhi{ mv a|cgv|ctmkoj vc {ylv|ctmkoj vigti|ovi obf ojtmbiihivovmcb"

9


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BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCB OBF XMJF JMAI 6;

T`cvcti|mcf ([ybjmh`v-

Vì o|movmcb mb fy|ovmcb ca {ybjmh`v ov fmaai|ibvtjoki{ m{ fyi vc fmaai|ibki{ mb jovmvyfi* ojvmvyfi*{io{cb obf fy|ovmcb ca vì fo}" Fyi vc jcbhi|fy|ovmcb ca {ybjmh`v* v|ii{ h|cx ao{vi| mb

{yggi|"

X`} o|i vì {cyvì|b {jcti{ mb @mgojo}ob|ihmcb kci|if xmv v mke ihivovmcb kci| o{ kcgto|ifvc bc|vì|b {jcti{ ca vì {ogi `mjj{3

T|ikmtmvovmcb

Mb Mbfmo ojgc{v vì ibvm|i |ombaojj m{ l|cyh v mbl} vì ofobkmbh {cyv`xi{v gcb{ccb (Nybi vc[itvigli|- obf |iv|iovmbh bc|vìo{v gcb{ccb{"O|io{ ca io} |ombaojj oi gc|i fib{i ihivovmcbo{ kcgto|if vc cvì| o|io{ ca ji{{ |ombaojj"

X`} òi vì xi{vi|b {vcti{ ca vìxi{vi|b hòv{ kci|if xmv` v`mke ac|i{v{ obf bcvvì io{vi|b {jcti{3

@oi }cy ii| v`cyh`v o{ vc x`} ac|i{v{o|i mgtc|vobv ac| ygob limbh{3 Ac|i{v{ o|i|ibixolji |i{cy|ki{ obf tjo} o gonc| |cji mbibòbkmbh vì qyojmv} ca ibm|cbgibv" Vì}gcfma} jckoj kjmgovi* kcbv|cj {cmj i|c{mcb*|ihyjovi {v|iog ajcx* {yttc|v o o|miv} cambfy{v|mi{* t|cmfi jmijm`ccf ac| gob}kcggybmvmi{ obf caai| tobc|ogmk c| {kibmk

mix ac| |ik|iovmcb" Mv kcbv|cj{ xmbf ac|ki obfvigti|ovy|i obf koy{i{ |ombaojj" Mv t|cmfi{`ygy{ vc vì {cmj obf {ìjvi| vc vì xmjf jmai"Mbfmo{ bovy|oj ihivovmcb ò{ ybfi|hcbigob} kòbhi{ fyi vc {ii|oj aokvc|{ {yk` o{vì h|cxmbh figobf ac| kyjvmovif jobf*

fiijctgibv ca mbfy{v|mi{ obf gmbmbh*y|lobm{ovmcb obf ci|'h|o~mbh ca to{vy|i{"

Okvmqmv}

Kijil|ovi Qob Go`cv{oqmb }cy| {k`ccj#jckojmv}

obf tjobv aix {tojmbh{ obf bcvmki vìm| h|cxv`

Vì ihivovmcb kci| ca Mbfmo mb jo|hi to|v{

m{ bc gc|i bovy|oj mb vì |ioj {ib{i" Ipkitv mb{cgi mbokki{{mlji |ihmcb{ jmei vì @mgojo}o{*vì `mjj} |ihmcb ca kibv|oj Mbfmo obf vìgo|y{vòjm* vì ihivovmcb ca gc{v ca vì o|io{ò{ liib gcfmamif ov {cgi tjoki{* c| |itjokifc| fih|ofif l} `ygob ckkytobk}"

Okvmqmv}

[vyf} vì lo| h|ot` (Amhy|i 9"?- obfob{xi| vì acjjcxmbh qyi{vmcb{"

(m- Bogi v i {vovi ombh gopmgyg o|io ybfi|ac|i{v kci|"

(mm- Bogi vì ybmcb vi||mvc|} ombh gmbmgyg

o|io ybfi| ac|i{v kci| obf x`}3

Mb Vigti|ovy|i Kò|okvi|m{vmk{ ca vì Qihivovmcb ^cbi{

Qihivovmcb cbi{ Giob obbyoj Giob Vigt" \igo|e{

Oqi|ohi Vigt" mbNob" mb

(mb fih|ii K- fih|ii{ K

V|ctmkoj Olci


45/63


ac|gmbh ob ikc{}{vig" @ygob limbh{ o|ioj{c ob mbvih|oj to|v ca vì ikc{}{vig" @cxfc vì `ygob limbh{ mbajyibki vì ikcjch}ca o |ihmcb3 Vì} yvmjm{i vì ihivovmcb obfxmjf jmai" Vì h|iif ca ygob limbh{ jiof{ vcci| yvmjm{ovmcb ca vì{i |i{cy|ki{" Vì} kyvvì v|ii{ obf emjj vì obmgoj{ k|iovmbhikcjchmkoj mglojobki" O{ o |i{yjv {cgi ca vìtjobv{ obf obmgoj{ òi |iokìf vì i|hi

ca ipvmbkvmcb"Fc }cy ebcx vòv o i|} jo|hi ikc{}{vig

cb jobf ombh fm{vmbkv v}ti{ ca ihivovmcb obfobmgoj jmai m{ kojjif olmcgi"Vì lmcgi{ o|imfibvmamif cb vì lo{m{ ca tjobv{"

V]TI[CA QIHIVOVMCB

Vì acjjcxmbh gonc| v}ti{ ca ihivovmcb go}li mfibvmamif mb cy| kcybv|} (Amhy|i 9";-"(m- V|ctmkoj \omb Ac|i{v{(mm- V|ctmkoj Fikmfycy{ Ac|i{v{(mmm- V|ctmkoj V`c|b Ac|i{v{ obf [k|yl{(m- Gcbvobi Ac|i{v{(- Gobh|ci Ac|i{v{

V|ctmkoj \omb Ac|i{v{

Vì{i ac|i{v{ o|i |i{v|mkvif vc ìo} |ombaojj

Amhy|i 9"? O|io Ybfi| Ac|i{v Kcqi|

o|io{ ca vì Xi{vi|b Hòv{ obf vì m{jobfh|cyt{ ca Joe{òfxiit* Obfogob obf Bmkclo|*ytti| to|v{ ca O{{og obf Vogmj Bofy kco{v"

?44

04

14

64

Ibqm|cbgibv Ovjo{ ca Mbfmo* Nybi


46/63

BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCB OBF XMJF JMAI 69

[vyf} vì hmib got ac| vì ac|i{v kci| obf v|} vc ambf vì |io{cb{ o{ vc x`} ki|vomb {vovi{ òi gc|i o|io ybfi|ac|i{v o{ kcgto|if vc cvì|{3

Amhy|i 9"; > Bovy|oj Qihivovmcb


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Amhy|i 9"6 > V|ctmkoj Fikmfycy{ Ac|i{v

Mb vì{i ac|i{v{* vì kcggcb obmgoj{ acybfo|i jmcb* vmhi|* tmh* fii| obf ijitòbv" O `yhio|miv} ca lm|f{* jm~o|f{* {boei{* obf vc|vcm{i{

o|i oj{c acybf i|i"

Vì V`c|b Ac|i{v{ obf [k|yl{

Mb |ihmcb{ xmv` ji{{ vòb 84 kg ca |ombaojj*vì bovy|oj ihivovmcb kcb{m{v{ ca v`c|b} v|ii{obf ly{ì{" V`m{ v}ti ca ihivovmcb m{ acybfmb vì bc|v`'xi{vi|b to|v ca vì kcybv|}mbkjyfmbh {igm'o|mf o|io{ ca Hyno|ov*\ono{vòb* Gof`}o T|ofi{`* K`òvvm{ho|`*Yvvo| T|ofi{` obf @o|}obo" Okokmo{* tojg{*iyt`c|lmo{ obf kokvm o|i vì gomb tjobv{tikmi{" V|ii{ o|i {kovvi|if obf oi jcbh |ccv{

tibiv|ovmbh fiit mbvc vì {cmj mb c|fi| vc hivgcm{vy|i" Vì {vig{ o|i {ykkyjibv vc kcb{i|ixovi|" Jioi{ o|i gc{vj} v`mke obf {gojj vcgmbmgm~i iotc|ovmcb" Vì{i ac|i{v{ hmi xo}vc v`c|b ac|i{v{ obf {k|yl{ mb o|mf o|io{"

Amhy|i 9"9 > V`c|b Ac|i{v{ obf [k|yl{

Vì} o|i ov vìm| li{v mb o|io{ ombh gc|i vòb


48/63

BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCB OBF XMJF JMAI 68

Amhy|i 9"8 > Gobh|cqi Ac|i{v{

Mb vì{i ac|i{v{* vì kcggcb obmgoj{ o|i|ov{* gmki* |ollmv{* acp* xcja* vmhi|* jmcb* xmjfo{{* c|{i{ obf kogij{"

Gcbvobi Ac|i{v{

Mb gcybvombcy{ o|io{* vì fik|io{i mbvigti|ovy|i xmv` mbk|io{mbh ojvmvyfi jiof{ vcvì kc||i{tcbfmbh kòbhi mb bovy|ojihivovmcb" O{ {yk`* vì|i m{ o {ykki{{mcb cabovy|oj ihivovmcb lijv{ mb vì {ogi c|fi| o{xi {ii a|cg vì v|ctmkoj vc vì vybf|o |ihmcb"Vì xiv vigti|ovi v}ti ca ac|i{v{ o|i acybflivxiib o ìmh`v ca ?444 obf


49/63


GIFMKMBOJ TJOBV[Mbfmo m{ ebcxb ac| mv{ i|l{ obf {tmki{ a|cg obkmibv vmgi{" [cgi

[o|tohobfò > Y{if vc v|iov ljccf t|i{{y|i5 mv m{ acybf cbj} mb Mbfmo"

Nogyb > Vì nymki a|cg |mti a|ymv m{ y{if vc t|ito|i mbiho| x`mk` m{ ko|gmbovmi obf fmy|ivmk* obfò{ fmhi{vmi t|cti|vmi{" Vì tcxfi| ca vì {iif m{ y{if ac| kcbv|cjjmbh fmolivi{"O|nyb > Vì a|i{` nymki ca jioi{ m{ o ky|i ac| io|okì" Mv m{ oj{c y{if vc |ihyjovi ljccf t|i{{y|i"Lolccj > Jioi{ o|i y{if o{ o ky|i ac| i}i {c|i{" Mv{ hyg m{ y{if o{ o vcbmk"Biig > @o{ mh` obvmlmcvmk obf obvmlokvi|moj t|cti|vmi{"

Vyj{m Tjobv > M{ y{if vc ky|i kcyh` obf kcjf"Eok`bo| > M{ y{if vc ky|i o{v`go obf yjki|{" Vì lyf{ obf |ccv{ o|i hccf ac| fmhi{vmi t|cljig{"

Mfibvma} gc|i gifmkmboj tjobv{ mb }cy| o|io"X`mk` tjobv{ o|i y{if o{ gifmkmbi{ l} jckojtictji vc ky|i {cgi fm{io{i{3

XMJF JMAI

Jmei mv{ ajc|o* Mbfmo m{ oj{c |mk` mb mv{ aoybo" Mvò{ gc|i vòb 0=*444 ca obmgoj {tikmi{" Vìkcybv|} o{ gc|i vòb ? Gifmkmboj Tjobv{ l} F|" ["E" Nomb* 9v` ifmvmcb ?==6* Bovmcboj Lcce V|y{v ca Mbmfo

Okvmqmv}

Kob }cy mfibvma} vì v}ti ca ac|i{v {`cxb mb v`m{tmkvy|i3 Mfibvma} {cgi v|ii{ mb mv" Xòv v}ti ca{mgmjo|mv}#fm{{mgmjo|mv} }cy bcvmki mb v`m{ v}tica ihivovmcb a|cg vì cbi acybf mb }cy| |ihmcb3

Fc }cy ebcx

Vì Hm| Ac|i{v m{ vìjo{v |igombmbh òlmvov

ca vì O{movmk jmcb"


50/63

BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCB OBF XMJF JMAI 6=

Amhy|i 9"0 > Xmjfjmai \i{i|qi{


51/63


jovvi| m{ vì cbj} |it|i{ibvovmi ca o o|miv} cak|ckcfmji* acybf mb vì xc|jf vcfo}"

Lm|f jmai mb Mbfmo m{ kcjcy|ayj" Tiokcke{*tio{obv{* fyke{* to|oeiiv{* k|obi{ obftmhicb{ o|i {cgi ca vì lm|f{ mbòlmvmbh vì

ac|i{v{ obf xivjobf{ ca vì kcybv|}"Xi òi {ijikvif cy| k|ct{ a|cg o lmc'

fmi|{i ibm|cbgibv m"i" a|cg vì |i{i|i caifmlji tjobv{" Xi oj{c ipti|mgibvif obf{ijikvif gob} gifmkmboj tjobv{" Vì obmgoj{xi|i {ijikvif a|cg jo|hi {vcke t|cmfif l}

bovy|i o{ gmjk` obmgoj" Vì} oj{c t|cmfify{ f|oyh`v tcxi|* v|ob{tc|vovmcb* giov*ihh{" Vì am{` t|cmfi byv|mvmi accf" Gob}

mb{ikv{ ijt mb tcjjmbovmcb ca k|ct{ obf a|ymvv|ii{ obf ipi|v lmcjchmkoj kcbv|cj cb {yk`mb{ikv{* x`mk` o|i o|gayj" Ii|} {tikmi{ o{

o |cji vc tjo} mb vì ikc{}{vig" @ibki*kcb{i|ovmcb m{ i{{ibvmoj" O{ ò{ liibgibvmcbif io|jmi| fyi vc ipki{{miiptjcmvovmcb ca vì tjobv{ obf obmgoj|i{cy|ki{ l} `ygob limbh{* vì ikc{}{vig

ò{ liib fm{vy|lif" Olcyv ?*;44 tjobv{tikmi{ o|i ibfobhi|if obf


52/63

BOVY\OJ QIHIVOVMCB OBF XMJF JMAI 9?

?" K`cc{i vì |mh`v ob{xi| a|cg v i acy| ojvi|bovmi{ hmib lijcx>

(m- Vc x`mk` cbi ca vì acjjcxmbh v}ti{ ca ihivovmcb fci{ |ylli| lijcbh vc3

(o- Vybf|o (k- @mgojo}ob

(l- Vmfoj (f- V|ctmkoj Ii|h|iib

(mm- Kmbk`cbo v|ii{ o|i acybf mb vì o|io{ ca |ombaojj gc|i v ob

(o- ?44 kg (k- 84 kg

(l- 94 kg (f- ji{{ vòb 94 kg

(mmm- Mb x`mk` ca v i acjjcxmbh {vovi m{ vì [mgjmtoj lmc'|i{i|i jckovif3

(o- Tybnol (l- Fij`m

(k- C|m{{o (f- Xi{v Libhoj

(m- X`mk` cbi ca v i acjjcxmbh lmc'|i{i|i{ ca Mbfmo m{ bcv mbkjyfif mb vì xc|jfbivxc|e ca lmc|i{i|i3

(o- Gobo{ (k- Hyja ca Gobbo|

(l- Fmòbh'Fmlobh (f- Bobfo fim

Acy|viib Lmc'|i{i|qi{

[ybfi|lob{ [mgjmtoj Hyja ca Gobbo| Fmòbh'Fmlobh Vì Bmjhm|m{ Fml|y [ome`cxo Bobfo Fim Oho{v`}ogojom Bce|ie Eobkìbnybho H|iov Bmkclo| Tok`go|m

Gobo{ Okòboego|'Ogo|eobvoe

(mm- Ambobkmoj obf vik`bmkoj o{{m{vobki m{t|cmfif vc gob} Lcvobmkoj Ho|fib{ l} vìhci|bgibv {mbki ?==


53/63

KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO9 Fib{mv} ca Tctyjovmcb mb Mbfmo

@O\]OBO


57/63

91 KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO

?

(m- @cx gob} k`mjf|ib fc }cy ebcx x`c o|iibhohif o{ `cy{i`cjf ìjti|{* jolcy|i|{ mb

}cy| jckojmv}3(mm- @cx gob} ofyjv{ fc }cy ebcx mb }cy| jckojmv}

x`c o|i ybigtjc}if3(mmm- Xòv fc }cy aiij o|i vì |io{cb{ ac| v m{3

[ip \ovmc

[ip |ovmc m{ fiambif o{ vì bygli| ca aigoji{

ti| ?444 goji{ mb vì tctyjovmcb" V`m{mbac|govmcb m{ ob mgtc|vobv {ckmoj mbfmkovc|vc gio{y|i vì ipvibv ca iqyojmv} livxiibgoji{ obf aigoji{ mb o {ckmiv} ov o hmib vmgi"

Vì {ip |ovmc mb vì kcybv|} ò{ ojxo}{|igombif ybaocy|olji vc aigoji{" Ambf cyv

x`} v`m{ m{ {c3 Volji 1"< {`cx{ vì {ip |ovmca|cg ?=9?' Mbfmo > [ip \ovmc ?=9?'


60/63

TCTYJOVMCB 9=

m{ olcyv ?; obf


61/63

14 KCBVIGTC\O\] MBFMO

?" K`cc{i vì |mh`v ob{xi| a|cg vì acy| ojvi|bovmi{ hmib lijcx"(m- Gmh|ovmcb{ kòbhi vì bygli|* fm{v|mlyvmcb obf kcgtc{mvmcb ca vì

tctyjovmcb mb

(o- vì o|io ca fito|vy|i (k- lcv vì o|io ca fito|vy|i obf o||moj

(l- vì o|io ca o||moj (f- bcbi ca vì olci

(mm- O jo|hi t|ctc|vmcb ca k`mjf|ib mb o tctyjovmcb m{ o |i{yjv ca

(o- `mh` lm|v` |ovi{ (k- `mh` fiov` |ovi{

(l- `mh` jmai iptikvobkmi{ (f- gc|i go||mif kcytji{

(mmm- Vì gohbmvyfi ca tctyjovmcb h|cxv` |iai|{ vc

(o- vì vcvoj tctyjovmcb ca ob o|io

(l- vì bygli| ca ti|{cb{ offif iok` }io|

(k- vì |ovi ov x`mk` vì tctyjovmcb mbk|io{i{

(f- vì bygli| ca aigoji{ ti| v`cy{obf goji{

(m- Okkc|fmbh vc vì Kib{y{


62/63

TCTYJOVMCB 1?

HJC[[O\]

Ofcji{kibki >Ofcji{kibki m{ o ti|mcf mb x`mk` o ti|{cb m{ bc jcbhi| o k`mjf obf

bcv }iv ob ofyjv" [yk` ti|{cb{ o|i h|cytif mb vì ohi h|cyt ca?4 vc ?= }io|{"

Ojjyqmoj tjomb >O jiij v|okv ca jobf gofi yt ca ojjymyg c| ambi |cke govi|mojl|cyh`v fcxb l} o |mi|"

Lo{i tctyjovmcb > Vì vcvoj tctyjovmcb ca ob o|io ov vì lihmbbmbh ca o hmib vmgiti|mcf"

Lmcgi > Tjobv kcggybmvmi{ ckky|mbh mb fm{vmbkv h|cyt{ mb o|io{ òmbh{mgmjo| kjmgovmk kcbfmvmcb{"

Lm|v` |ovi > Vì bygli| ca jmi lm|v`{ ac| ii|} ?444 ti|{cb{ mb o }io|"

Kjmgovi > Vì oi|ohi xiov`| kcbfmvmcb{ ca o {m~iolji o|io ca vì Io|v`{{y|aoki ci| o ti|mcf ca vmgi"

Fit|i{{mcb > Mb givic|cjch}5 mv fibcvi{ ob o|io ca |ijovmij} jcx ovgc{tì|mkt|i{{y|i* x`mk` m{ acybf gombj} mb vigti|ovi |ihmcb{" Mb hicjch}*mv |iai|{ vc o cjjcx {ybeib o|io ca vì io|v`{ {y|aoki"

Fiov` |ovi > Vì bygli| ca fiov`{ ti| ?444 ti|{cb{ mb }io|"

Fib{mv} ca tctyjovmcb > Vì oi|ohi bygli| ca ti|{cb{ ti| ybmv o|io* {yk` o{ o {qyo|iemjcgiv|i"

Fitibfibk} |ovmc > Vì |ovmc ca tictji ca fitibfibv ohi (lijcx ?9 obf olci 14 }io|{-vc tictji ca ikcbcgmkojj} okvmi ohi{ (?9'9= }io|{-"

Ikc{}{vig > O {}{vig x`mk` kcgt|m{i{ vì t`}{mkoj ibm|cbgibv obf vìc|hobm{g{ jmmbh vì|imb"

Ibqm|cbgibv > [y||cybfmbh{ c| vì kcbfmvmcb{ ybfi| x`mk` o ti|{cb c| v`mbh

ipm{v{ obf fiijct{ `m{ c| mv{ kò|okvi|" Mv kci|{ lcv` t`}{mkojobf kyjvy|oj ijigibv{"

Aoyjv > O jmbio| l|ioe mb |cke{ ca vì io|v`{ k|y{v ojcbh x`mk` vì|i o{liib fm{tjokigibv mb o c|m~cbvoj* i|vmkoj c| cljmqyi fm|ikvmcb"

Aoybo > Vì obmgoj jmai ca o hmib o|io"

Ajc|o > Vì vcvoj ihivovmb c| tjobv kci| ca o |ihmcb"

Acjf > O libf mb vì |cke {v|ovo |i{yjvmbh a|cg kcgt|i{{mcb ca ob o|io cavì io|v`{ k|y{v"

Hic{}bkjmbi > O bo||cx* {òjjcx* ijcbhovif lo{mb xmv` o {mbembh lcvvcg mb x`mko kcb{mfi|olji v`mkebi{{ ca {ifmgibv{ xo{ fitc{mvif l} vì |mi|{kcgmbh a|cg Obho|o obf Hcbfxobojobf"

Hjokmi| > O go{{ ca {bcx obf mki vòv gci{ {jcxj} ybfi| vì mbajyibki cah|omv} ojcbh o kcbambif kcy|{i oxo} a|cg mv{ tjoki ca okkygyjovmcb"

H|cxv` |ovi ca tctyjovmcb > Vì h|cxv` |ovi ca tctyjovmcb mbfmkovi{ vì |ovi ov x`mk` vìtctyjovmcb m{ h|xmbh" Mb i{vmgovmbh vì h|cxv` |ovi vì mbk|io{i mbtctyjovmcb m{ kcgto|if xmv` vì lo{i tctyjovmcb" Mv kob ligio{y|if obbyojj} c| ci| o fikofi"

Mbfmob Gombjobf > Mv |iai|{ vc vì kcbvmhycy{ {v|ivk` ca jobfgo{{ a|cg Noggy obfEo{`gm| vc Eobbm}oeygo|m obf a|cg Hyno|ov vc O|ybokòjT|ofi{`"


63/63

Mbfmob [vobfo|f Vmgi > Vì jckoj vmgi ojcbh vì [vobfo|f Gi|mfmob ca Mbfmo 0 \cke{ ac|gif o{ o |i{yjv ca {cjmfmamkovmcb ca gohgo imvì| lijcxvì io|v`{ {y|aoki c| olcqi mv"

Johccb > O {ojv'xovi| joei {ito|ovif a|cg vì {io l} vì {obflo|{ obf {tmv{"

Joei > O lcf} ca xovi| vòv jmi{ mb o cjjcx mb vì io|`v{ {y|aoki obf m{ibvm|ij} {y||cybfif l} jobf"

Jmv`c{tì|mk Tjovi{ > Jo|hi {ihgibv{ ca vì io|v`{ k|y{v kcgtc{if ca kcbvmbibvoj obfckiobmk jmv`c{tì|mk to|v{* ajcovmbh olcqi vì o{vìbc{tì|i"

Jmai iptikvobk} > Vì oqi|ohi bygli| ca }io|{ cbi m{ iptikvif vc jmqi"

Jckoj Vmgi > Vì vmgi ca o tjoki fivi|gmbif l} vì gmffo} {yb m{ kojjif vìjckoj vmgi"

Givogc|t`mk |cke{ > Fiac|govmcb obf ojvi|ovmcb ca t|i'ipm{vmbh mhbicy{ obf

{ifmgibvo|} |cke{ o{ o |i{yjv ca kòbhi{ mb t`}{mkoj obf kìgmkojkcbfmvmcb{ fyi vc mbvib{i iov c| t|i{{y|i"

Gmh|ovmcb > Gcqigibv ca tictji a|cg cbi tjoki vc obcvì|" Mbvi|boj gmh|ovmcbgiob{ gcqigibv ca tictji xmv mb o kcybv|} obf ipvi|boj gmh|ovmcbgiob{ gcqigibv ca tictji livxiib kcybv|mi{" Xìb tictji kcgivc o kcybv|} a|cg obcvì| kcybv|}* mv m{ kojjif mggmh|ovmcb obf

xìb vì} jioqi vòv kcbv|}* mv m{ kojjif igmh|ovmcb"

Gmjjmcb Tjy{ kmvmi{ > Kmvmi{ xmv` o tctyjovmcb ca gc|i vòb cbi gmjjmcb c| ?4 joe`"

Gcb{{cb > O kcgtjivi |iqi|{oj ca xmbf{ cqi| o jo|hi o|io jiofmbh vc o kòbhica {io{cb{"

Gcybvomb > Ob ytxo|f t|cnikvif aiovy|i{ ca vì io|v`{ {y|aoki vòv |m{i{ vc

`mh` ojvmvyfi obf y{yojj} tc{{i{{i{ {viit {jcti{"Bovmcboj to|e > O |i{i|qif o|io ac| t|i{i|qmbh mv{ bovy|oj qihivomcb* xmjf jmai obf

vì bovy|oj ibqm|cbgibv"

Tjomb > Ob ipvib{mqi o|io ca ajov c| hibvj} ybfyjovmbh jobf"

Tjovioy > Ob ipvib{mqi ijiqovif o|io ca |ijovmqij} ajov jobf"

Tjovi Vikvcbmk{ > Vì {kmibvmamk kcbkitv vòv iptjomb{ vì gcqigibv{ ca vì k|y{vojtjovi{"

\ijmia > Vì fmaai|ibki{ mb ijiqovmcb c| vì t`}{mkoj cyvjmbi ca vì jobf {y|aokc| ckiob ajcc|"

[yl{mfibki > Mb givic|cjch}* mv m{ vì fcxbxo|f gcqigibv ca vì om|" Mb hicjch}*mv |iai|{ vc vì {mbembh ca o tc|vmcb ca vì io|v`{ {y|aoki"

[ifmgibvo|} |cke{ > \cke{ kcgtc{if ca {ifmgibv{ obf hibi|ojj} òqmbh o jo}i|if{v|ykvy|i"

[ip'|ovmc > [ip'|ovmc m{ fiambif o{ vì bygli| ca aigoji{ ti| v`cy{obf{ goji{"

[yl'Kcbvmbibv > O lmh jobfgo{{* x`mk` {vobf{ cyv o{ o fm{vmbkv hich|ot`mkj ybmva|cg vì |i{v ca vì kcbvmbibv"

Vikvcbmk >Ac|ki{ c|mhmbovmbh xmv`mb vì io|v` obf |i{tcb{mlji ac| l|mbhmbhxmfi{t|iof kòbhi{ mb vì jobfac|g aiovy|i{"

ncert class ix contemporary india

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