ncc art104 1
TRANSCRIPT
Nicephore Niepce, View from his Window at La Gras, c1827, heliographGernsheim Collection, Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
EARLY-PHOTOGRAPHY
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,Still Life in Studio, c1837, daguerreotypeEastman House, Rochester, New York
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,View of the Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1838, daguerreotypeBayerische National Museum, Munich
NadarSarah Bernhardt, 1859
William Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr, oil on canvas, 1873, Sterling and Francine Clark
Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts
Jean-Léon Gérôme, Pygmalion and Galatea, c1890, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
French Academic Painting
REALISM
• A movement in French art that sought to convey a truthful and objective vision of contemporary life. Realism emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1948 that overturned the monarchy of Louis-Philippe and developed during the period of the 2nd Empire under Napoleon III.
• The Realists democratized art by depicting modern subjects drawn from everyday lives of the working class.
Gustave Courbet, Self-Portrait, Man with a Pipe, c1846-7
The Avant-GardeChallenged the primacy of history painting…favored by the Salons.
Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849, oil on canvasFormerly in Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed in World War II)
Realism
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849-50, oil on canvas, 10’ x 22‘. Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Rejected by the jury of the 1855 Exposition Universelle in ParisAsserts his goal ‘to translate the customs, the ideas, the appearance of my epoch
according to my own estimation.’
Realism
Gustave Courbet, The Source of the Loue River, 1863A major tourist attraction in Courbet’s time…area folk
lore told of a Green Lady, a beautiful fairy who wandered around in summer and retired to the caves in winter.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Source, 1820, oil on canvas
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Gustave Courbet,The Source of the Loue, 1863, oil on canvasAlbright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
RealismAcademic(Neo-Classical)
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), The Artist's Studio, a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life, 1854 and 1855
JEAN-FRANCOIS MILLET
• one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers; he can be categorized as part of the movements of Realism and Naturalism.
Jean-Francois Millet,The Gleaners, 1857Salon scandal…honest depiction of rural poverty
Like Courbet’s Stonebreakers, Millet’s choice of subject was considered politically subversive…even though his style reflected his academic training…recalling the art of Michelangelo and Poussin
Jean-Francois Millet, Angelus, 1857-59
DAUMIER
Honore Daumier,Rue Transonian, 1834, lithographPhiladelphia Museum of Art
Honore Daumier,Nadar Rasising Photograph to the Height of Art, 1862, lithographMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston
Daumier, First Class Carriage, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
Honore Daumier,The Third-Class Carriage, 1862 MMA
Daumier, Third Class Carriage, watercolor, Baltimore Museum
John Everett Millais,Ophelia, 1852, oil on canvasTate Gallery, Lonson
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
John Everett Millais,John Ruskin 1853-54 oil on canvasPrivate Collection
The Critic
Thomas EakinsThe Gross Clinic1875oil on canvasJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
“REALISM” IN AMERICA
Winslow Homer,The Veteran in a New Field, 1865, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art
Édouard Manet
Spanish Singer, 1863
Manet's painting reflects the vogue in Paris for the art and culture of Spain during the Second Empire, as well as the artist's own preoccupation with Spanish themes in the 1860s. The Spanish Singer won Manet his first critical and popular success in his debut at the Salon of 1861.
Édouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass), 1863
“PROTO-IMPRESSIONISM”…Salon des Refusés
Giorgione (and Titian), Pastoral Concert (Fête champêtre)1508-09, Oil on canvas
HIGH RENAISSANCE (Venetian)
Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas, Musée d’Orsay, Paris
“PROTO-IMPRESSIONISM”
Titian
Venus of Urbino
1538oil on canvas4 ft. x 5 ft. 6 in.
Titian, The Venus of Urbino, 1538, oil on canvas
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Venetian Renaissance
Cabanel, The Birth of Venus, 1863, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvasMusée d’Orsay, Paris
AVANT-GARDE ACADEMIC(Prix de Rome)
PARIS SALON 1865
Olympia…most shocking work in the 1865 Salon…the goddess acceptable…contemporary prostitute was not.
Portrait of Zola 1868
1867, Zola proclaimed “The future is his…”and predicted that one day Luncheon on the Grass will enter the collection of the Louvre (now Musee d’Orsay since 1934)
Édouard Manet, A Bar at te Folies-Bergere, 1881-82, is a modern version of Velazquez's Las Meninas (1656-7), the most profound meditation on the portrait.
Velazquez's Las Meninas (1656-7Manet worshipped Velazquez, and transferred this aesthetic of reflection to modern times
Edgar Degas
Impressionist…core member…sought to capture fleeting moments of modern life…scenes illuminated by artificial light…adhering to his Academic training.
Degas, The Collector of Prints, 1866Havemeyer Collection MMA
The depiction of individuals, interrupted at tasks amid settings that reveal clues about their character, was developed by Degas in numerous figure paintings of the 1860s and early 1870s.
Kitigawa Utamaro, Reflective Love, from the series Anthology of Poems: The Love Section, c.1793-94 woodblock
Degas, Study for A Woman Seated beside a Vase of Flowers, 1865 Fogg Art Gallery
Degas took longer to digest the significance of the new art. It is not until mid-decade that signs of such influence became apparent.
Both pose and demeanor are uncannily anticipated by Utamaro in a print that was demonstrably present in a collection known to Degas.
Edgar Degas - A Woman Seated beside a Vase of Flowers 1865
Degas, Woman Ironing, 1873Havemeyer Collection MMA
Much as Degas was fascinated by the movements of dancers, he was also intrigued by the repetitive, specialized gestures made by laundresses as they worked. This painting, the first of three versions of the composition, is distinguished by its dramatic chiaroscuro, with the woman silhouetted against a luminous white backdrop. The artist lent it to the 1876 Impressionist exhibition, receiving praise for his "rapidly done silhouettes of laundresses."
Degas, Woman Ironing, c.1882, o/c, Reading Museum
Degas was likely aware of Utamaro’s prints…also aware of the potential erotic charge…similar taboos existed for 19th European women…popular entertainers, ironers and washerwomen often stripped down to their chemises…thus laundresses were associated with easy morals.
Edgar Degas, Yellow Dancers (In the Wings), 1874/76Oil on canvas 2nd Impressionist Exhibition
Degas, Dancers Practicing at the Barre, 1877, Havemeyer collection MMA3rd Impressionist Exhibition
Edgar Degas
Ballet Rehearsal
1874oil on canvas1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.
Edgar Degas
Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer
1879-81bronze, paint, tulle, satin, wood
Edgar Degas
The Tub
1886pastel1 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 8 3/8 in.
Bird’s-eye view and cut-off edges suggest photographic fragment and abstract arrangement of Japanese prints.This is not the erotic object of desire of academic paintings.
Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt at the Louvre: The Paintings Gallery, 1885, pastel over softground etching, drypoint, aquatint, and etching, The Art Institute of Chicago
Edgar Degas, Place de la Concorde, Oil on canvas, 1875
IMPRESSIONISM
Edgar Degas
L ’absinthe
1876oil on canvas
36 1/4 x 26 3/4 in.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892-95, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago
Paris Night Life ‘Fin de siècle' and 'La Belle Époque'
IMPRESSIONISM
• Unjured…independent from the Salon
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872, oil on canvasMusée Marmottan, Paris
Manet, Boating, 1874New Cerulean bule and synthetic ultramarineRadically cropped..Japanese-inspired compositonModernity…form…subject matter…material
Renior, Luncheon of the Boating Party (1880–81)The painting also reflects the changing character of French society in the mid- to late 19th century. The restaurant welcomed customers of many classes, including businessmen, society women, artists, actresses, writers, critics, seamstresses, and shop girls. This diverse group embodied a new, modern Parisian society.
Mary Cassatt, The Boating Party, 1893/04
Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, 1867Monet emphasized the modernization of the landscape by including railways and factories, signs of encroaching industrialization…inappropriate to the Barbizon artists.
Claude Monet, Saint-Lazare Train Station, 1877, oil on canvas. Musee d’Orsay, Paris
IMPRESSIONISM
Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen, 1894, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, Harmony in Blue, 1894,oil on canvas
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
IMPRESSIONISM COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color
Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen (in Dull Weather), 1894, oil on canvas
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral at Dawn, 1894, oil on canvas Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color
29-29 Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen, 1894, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Rouen Cathedral
COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color
Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,View of the Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1838, daguerreotype
Bayerische National Museum, Munich
Napoleon II and his perfect Baron Haussmann laid the plans for the new Paris…more open sapce, cleaner and safer.
Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898
Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898
IMPRESSIONISM
Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago
IMPRESSIONISM
Mary CassattThe Bath c1892 oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago
IMPRESSIONISM
Mary Cassatt, The Bath, c1892, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago
Suzuki Harunobu, Evening Bell, from Eight Views of the Parlor series, c1765, woodblock print, Art Institute of Chicago
IMPRESSIONISMJAPONISME (Edo Period)*japonisme" was coined in 1872 by Philippe Burty, a French art critic
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, La Goulue at the Moulin Rouge, 1891, lithograph
Philadelphia Museum of ArtHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril, 1893,
lithograph
Paris Night Life ‘Fin de siècle' and 'La Belle Époque'
James Abbott McNeill Whistler Nocturne in Black and gold 1875 oil on panelDetroit Institute of Arts
"Art for art's sake"''l'art pour l'art''
James Abbott McNeill Whistler,Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's Mother, 1871; Oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturrne: Blue and Gold--Old Battersea Bridge, 1872-75; Oil on canvas, Tate Gallery, London
Georges Seurat, A Sunday on the La Grande Jatte, 1884-1886, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
Georges Seurat, A Sunday on the La Grande Jatte (details), 1884-1886, oil on canvas
COLORY THEORY: Simultaneous Contrast
Paul Cézanne Self-Portrait c1872oil on canvasMusée d’Orsay, Paris
Paul Cézanne, A Basket of Apples, c1895, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Cézanne, Apples, oil on canvas, c1877-1878Provost and Fellows of Kings College, Cambridge
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibémus, oil on canvas, c1897The Baltimore Museum of Art
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Château Noir, oil on canvas, 1904-1906The Bridgestone Museum of Art, Tokyo
Paul Cézanne, Mont St-Victoire, 1902-4, oil on canvasPhiladelphia Museum of Art
Paul Cézanne, The Great Bathers, 1898-1906, oil on canvasPhiladelphia Museum of Art
Vincent van GoghSelf-Portrait1888oil on canvasFogg Art MuseumHarvard University
Vincent van Gogh,The Potato Eaters, 1885, oil on canvasVan Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Vincent van Gogh, Japonaiserie: Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige), 1887, oil on canvas
Utagawa Hiroshige, Sudden Shower Over Shinohashi Bridge and Atake,19th century, woodblock print
Brooklyn Museum of Art
Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas. Museum of Modern Art, New York
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night (detail), 1889, oil on canvas
Vincent Van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888, oil on canvas. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Gauguin, The Night Café at Arles, 1888, oil on canvasPushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Gauguin, The Vision after the Sermon, or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888, oil on canvas
National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh
Paul Gauguin,The Yellow Christ, 1889, oil on canvas, Albright-Knox Art
Gallery, Buffalo, New York
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Gauguin, Mana’o tupapa’u (The Spirit of the Dead Watches over Her), 1892, oil on canvas. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul GauguinWhere Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going
189754 3/4 x 147 1/2 in.
oil on canvasMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Edvard MunchThe Cry (or The Scream)1893 oil, pastel, and casein on cardboardMunch Museum, Oslo, Norway
SYMBOLISM
Edvard Munch, Anxiety, 1894, oil on canvas
Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway
SYMBOLISM
Henri Matisse, The Joy of Life, 1905-6, oil on canvas. Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pennsylvania
FAUVISM
André Derain, The Turning Road at L'Estaque, 1906, oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
FAUVISM
Henri Matisse, The Green Stripe (Portrait of Mme Matisse), 1906, oil on canvas, Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenahagen
Henri Matisse, Woman with the Hat, 1905, oil on canvas, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
FAUVISM
Henri Matisse, Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908-9, oil on canvasState Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersberg
FAUVISM
Henri Matisse, The Red Studio, 1911, oil on canvas
Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, 8' 6 1/2" x 12' 9 1/2" (259.7 x 390.1 cm) oil on canvas8' 6 1/2" x 12' 9 1/2" (259.7 x 390.1 cm). Museum of Modern Art
Henri Matisse, The Piano Lesson, 1916, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art
Seated Bamana Female FigureBamana people, Maliwood with mineral pigments, organic encrustation
Henri Matisse, Decorative Figure in an Oriental Setting, 1925, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, 1908, oil on canvasMuseum of Modern Art, New York
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Die Brücke (The Bridge)
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Berlin, 1913, oil on canvasBrücke Museum, Berlin
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Self-Portrait with Model, 1910/26, oil on canvas, Kunsthalle, Hamburg
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Bathers at Moritzburg , 1909-26, oil on canvasTate Gallery, London
Vassily Kandinsky, Cover for The Blue Rider Almanac, 1912, woodcut
Vassily Kandinsky, Blue Mountain, No. 84, 1908, oil on canvasSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)
Vassily Kandinsky, Autumn in Bavaria, 1908, oil on canvas Vassily Kandinsky, Bavarian Mountains with Villiage, 1909, oil on canvas
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)
Vassily Kandinsky, Painting with Houses, 1909, oil on canvas Vassily Kandinsky, Study for Improvisation 2, 1909, oil on canvas
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)
Vassily Kandinsky, Composition No. 2, 1910, oil on canvasSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Vassily Kandinsky, Composition IV, 1911, oil on canvasKunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, oil painting. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Non-Representational Painting
Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 30, 1913, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago
Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913, oil on canvasKunstmuseum, Basel
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)
Pablo PicassoSelf-Portrait1896Oil on canvasMuseo Picasso, Barcelona, Spain.
Pablo PicassoSelf-Portrait 1901Oil on canvas
BLUE PERIOD
Pablo Picasso, Old Guitar Player, 1902, oil on panelPablo Picasso, Absinthe Drinker, 1902, oil on panel
Kunstmuseum, Bern
BLUE PERIOD
Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, oil on canvasNational Gallery of Art, Washington DC
Pablo Picasso, Family of Acrobats with Monkey, 1905, oil on canvas
ROSE PERIOD (MAUVE PERIOD)
Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein, 1906-7, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d’Avignon1907oil paintingMuseum of Modern Art, New York
PROTO-CUBISM
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Study, 1907, drawing pencil and pastel, Kupferstichkabinett, Basel
PabloPicasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907, oil paintingMuseum of Modern Art, New York
Lumba African Mask, 19th century
Pablo Picasso, Dryad, 1908, oil on canvasThe Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
Georges Braque, The Bather, 1907, oil on canvasCollection Alex Maguy, Paris
Georges Braque, Houses on the Hill, Horta de Ebro, 1909, oil on canvasMuseum of Modern Art, New York
Pablo Picasso, Houses at L’Estaque, 1908, oil on canvas, Kunstmuseum, Bern
ANALYTICAL CUBISM
Georges Braque, Still Life with Violin and Palette, 1909-10, oil on canvas, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1910, oil on canvas, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow
ANALYTICAL CUBISM
Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, oil on canvasKunstmuseum, Basel
Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Kahnweiler, 1910, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago
ANALYTICAL CUBISM
Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, 1912, oil on canvasMusée Picasso, Paris
Pablo Picasso, Nature Mort ‘Au Bon Marché,’ 1913, oil and pasted paper on cardboardLudwig Collection, Aachen, Germany
Georges Braque, Bottle Newspaper, Pipe and Glass, 1913, charcoal and various papers pasted on paperPrivate collection, NY
Pablo Picasso, Glass of Absinthe, 1914, painted bronze with silver sugar strainer, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Pablo Picasso, Maquette for Guitar, 1912, cardboard, string, and wire, Museum of Modern Art, New York
Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians, 1921, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New York
SYNTHETIC CUBISM
Robert DelaunayChamps de Mars or The Red Tower 1911oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago
ORPHISM