nca workshop 2014 copy
TRANSCRIPT
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The Wild World Of Wicks! NCA Workshop 2014
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Challenges of Candles Today
1 – More Wax Blends with Soy 2 – End of Life Safety 3 – Lower Outside glass Temps 4 – Less Post Extinguishing Sooting 5 – Higher Fragrance Loads 6 – Multi Wicked Candles 7 – More Demanding Consumers
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Key ASTM Standards for Candles*
Cautionary Labeling Standard Reference #: ASTM F-2058Effective Since: 2000This standard sets forth specifications for the warning label that cautions consumers to always keep a burning candle within sight; never place a candle on or near anything that can catch fire; and to keep candles out of the reach of children and pets. Reference title: Standard Specification for Cautionary Labeling for Candles Burned in A HomeHeat Strength of Glass Containers Standard Reference #: ASTM F-2179Effective Since: 2002This standard establishes scratch test and temper specifications for the proper annealing of glass containers used for candles, as well as thermal shock differential requirements.Reference title: Standard Specification for Annealed Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass Containers that are Produced for Use as Candle Containers Fire-Safety Design Standard Reference #: ASTM F-2417Effective Since: 2004This standard establishes maximum flame height, tip-over limits, secondary-ignition proscriptions, and end-of-useful life specifications.Reference title: Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candles Candle Accessories Reference #: ASTM F-2601 Effective Since: May 2007 This standard sets forth specifications for the fire-safety manufacture, labeling and testing of candle accessories (e.g., candle rings, candle burners, potpourri burners). It is expected that this standard will be expanded in 2008 to include candle holders and other accessories.
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Why is the Wick Important?1. Controls All Aspects of a Candles’
Burning!Flame size, Consumption rate, etc…
2. Controls Hot Scent Throw!Burn pool formation, Evaporation, etc…
3. Controls the Quality of a Candle’s Burn!= Customer Brand Loyalty= Repeat Sales
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The Two Basic Forms of Cotton Wicks
Flat Braided – Coreless “Flat” braided cotton wick that curls outward when burning. Examples are PLY, HTP , ECO, CD, LX, etc...
Round Braided – Cotton braided jacket around a central core like paper, zinc, or cotton. Examples are A&P C,Z,&P, RRD, PK, WU C, WU Z, etc…
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Wick Burning ProfileStraight Burning Flame Curling Burning Flame
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Characteristics of Flat Braids PROS Wick curls to outside, less mushrooming Flame is elongated horizontally toward curl More likely to be “self-trimming” No core so less potential wick clogging Maintains liquid flow in viscous formulations CONS Curling pulls heat source off center, hang up In acidic environments wick can curl too far In deep burn pools wick can lean to one side
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Characteristics of Round Wicks PROS Straight flame profile, concentric burn pool More rigid in liquid wax, stays centered Can be “self-trimming” when sized precisely Cores add additional heat in combustion Physically more rigid during manufacturing CONS Potential for more mushrooming Denser core could clog overtime Larger sizes can/need to be trimmed more often
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Anatomy of a Flame
LIQUID WAX
HEAT LIGHT
OXYGEN
OXYGEN OXYGEN
OXYGEN
Candle Candle
N00XYGEN
VAPORIZEDWAX
Glow Zone 2000 F Blue Zone 2500 FBl
ue Z
one
2500
F
Dark Zone 1800 FDar
k Zo
ne 1
800
F1500
F
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Van der Waals Force, Adhesion, Tension, Pressure
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THE VARIABLES IN CANDLE COMBUSTION
1. Infinite Permutations of Formulas2. Varying Composition of Organic
Components in Candles3. Infinite Ambient Burning Conditions4. Completely Uncontrolled Nature of
an Open Candle Flame
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General Test Burning Guidelines
Wick Selection Is Only Finalized On Finished Formulations – Changes to Formula Will Change The Burn
Burn A Control Sample - ASTM Burn at Least 1 Candle with NO
Wick Trimming Experience Different Cycles – Short
To Abusive
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Test To Find Wick Type First, Then Exact Size
Product Line – Easy To Burn, Majority, Hard To Burn
Easier To Burn – Light Colored With More Flammable Diluents
Harder To Burn – Dark colors, Cinnamon Notes, Essential Oils Like Patchouli
General Test Burning Guidelines
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Excessive Flame Height on Initial Lighting
Tall Thin FlameConstant Soot FormationExtended Time to Stabilize Flame
Size Initial Lighting Depression
Low PressureArea
AcceleratedBuoyancy
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Excessive Combustion Sooting in General
Vaporized Fuel
Fuel Broken Down
Extre
me H
eat
Escaping Soot (carbon particles)
Liquid Fuel
Escaping Soot (carbon particles)
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Excessive Flame Height During Last Half of Candle
1. Trapped Heat Accumulates2. Lower Viscosity Increases Liquid Flow3. Overheating Increases in Last 50% of
Candle to the End of Life
• Narrowing Top• Area of Trapped Heat• Over 50%
Consumption
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SOLUTIONSExcessive Flame Heights and Smoking During Burn Cycles
1. Test Burn 1 or 2 Sizes Smaller of The Same Style Wick
2. Test Burn Different Style Wicks With Tighter, Denser Braiding for Better Liquid Flow Control – Try Wicks with Curling Burn Profiles Instead of Straight Profiles
3. Conservative Wick Selection4. Trapped Heat Aids in Liquefying Candle5. In Large Jars Try 2 Smaller Wicks Instead of 1
Large Wick
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Carbon Accumulation on the Wick
LIQUID WAX
2000 F2000
F
N00XYGEN
N00XYGEN
OXYGEN OXYGEN
VAPORIZEDWAX
Partially Reduced
Wax Molecules
Falling Back Onto The Wick
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Excessive Outside Container Temperature
Of Metal Containers
1. Metal Absorbs and Radiates Heat2. Conservative Wick Clip
Selections RIGHT WICK – SIZED CORRECTLYWRONG WICK – TOO HOT
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Post-Extinguishing Sooting
LIQUID WAX
SOOT Partially Reduced
Molecules
PROLONGED SMOKING
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SOLUTIONSFor Carbon Buildup – Excessive Heat –
Post Extinguishing Sooting 1. Test Burn Wicks 1 or 2 Sizes Smaller of
The Same Style 2. Test Burn Different Style Wicks With
Bending Burn Profile3. Conservative Wick Selection4. Test Burn Different Style Wicks With
Tighter, Denser Braiding for Better Metering of the Liquid Wax
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Optimum Candle PerformanceHOT THROWMinimal SootFlame Height
Burn Time Drama Free Experience Controlled by
The Wick!Controlled by
The Wick!
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Thank
You